Co-pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge with Paint Sludge: Kinetics and Thermodynamic Analysis via Iso-conversional Methods

This study explored the synergistic interaction of sewage sludge(SS)and automotive paint sludge(PS)during co-pyrolysis for the optimized treatment of sewage sludge in cement kiln systems,utilizing thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)and thermogravimetric-mass spectrometry(TGA-MS).The result reveals the coexisting synergistic and antagonistic effects in the co-pyrolysis of SS/PS.The synergistic effect arises from hydrogen free radicals in SS and catalytic components in PS,while the main source of the antagonistic effect is that,during the mechanical mixing process,the SS/PS is converted from the particulate form into a dough-like rubbery which contributes to the film-forming effect,hindering the volatilization of volatile components.SS/PS co-pyrolysis reduces the yielding of tar production while increasing coke and gas.This study will provide some in-depth insights into the co-pyrolysis of SS/PS,and offer theoretical support for the subsequent research on the collaborative disposal processes in cement kilns.

Analysis of the Effect and Influencing Factors of Rural Domestic Sewage Treatment Based on A^(2)O-MBBR Integrated Process

[Objectives] This study was conducted to solve the prominent problems in the treatment of domestic sewage in southern rural areas of China. [Methods] An integrated process treatment mode of anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic moving bed biofilm reactor (A 2O-MBBR) was proposed to analyze and study its operating effect and influencing factors. [Results] The A^(2)O-MBBR mode had good COD removal efficiency and nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance, and the water quality index of the effluent met the Class A standard of GB181918-2002. This mode is suitable for treating rural domestic sewage, and has high treatment effects in different operating periods. In spring, the average removal rates of COD, NH_(4)^(+)-N, TN, TP and SS reached (83.53 ± 2.15)%, (89.44 ± 4.97)%, (67.36±18.53)%, (88.22±11.21)% and (91.73±2.25)%, respectively;In the autumn period, the average removal rates of COD, NH_(4)^(+)-N, TN, TP and SS were (83.49±2.64)%, (89.26±9.19)%, (66.05±17.00)%, (87.48±9.68)%, and (91.13±2.35)%. [Conclusions] This study provides theoretical reference and technical support for the popularization and application of A^(2)O-MBBR integrated process.

Occurrence and Decay of SARS-CoV-2 in Community Sewage Drainage Systems

The rapid spread of the coronavirus disease(COVID-19)pandemic in over 200 countries poses a substantial threat to human health.Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),which causes COVID-19,can be discharged with feces into the drainage system.However,a comprehensive understanding of the occurrence,presence,and potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in sewers,especially in community sewers,is still lacking.This study investigated the virus occurrence by viral nucleic acid testing in vent stacks,septic tanks,and the main sewer outlets of community where confirmed patients had lived during the early days of the epidemic in Wuhan,China.The results indicated that the risk of long-term emission of SARS-CoV-2 to the environment via vent stacks of buildings was low after confirmed patients were hospitalized.SARS-CoV-2 were mainly detected in the liquid phase,as opposed to being detected in aerosols,and its RNA in the sewage of septic tanks could be detected for only four days after confirmed patients were hospitalized.The surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage could be a sensitive indicator for the possible presence of asymptomatic patients in the community,though the viral concentration could be diluted more than ten times,depending on the sampling site,as indicated by the Escherichia coli test.The comprehensive investigation of the community sewage drainage system is helpful to understand the occurrence characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage after excretion with feces and the feasibility of sewage surveillance for COVID-19 pandemic monitoring.

Design and Operation of Municipal Rain and Sewage United Pumping Station

In the process of designing a municipal rainwater and sewage pumping station,it is necessary to accurately grasp the design points,reasonably determine the scale of the rainwater and sewage pumping station,scientifically select the location and layout,and select materials reasonably.After completing the process design of the municipal rainwater and sewage pumping station and putting it into operation,in order to ensure the normal and stable operation of the pumping station,it is necessary to focus on strengthening the operation and management of diving equipment,cleaning equipment,and electromechanical equipment.The author analyzes the key points and specific design path of the process design of municipal rainwater and sewage pumping stations,and puts forward effective strategies for operation management,hoping to contribute to the scientific design and stable operation of municipal rainwater and sewage pumping stations.

Establishing an Assessment Index System for Sewage Treatment Works in China

1.Introduction The urban sewage treatment system,including sewage pipe networks and sewage treatment plants,is an important infrastructure to ensure urban social and economic operation.In the past few decades,due to the unremitting efforts of the Chinese government,the construction of China’s urban sewage treatment infrastructure has developed rapidly[1].

Research Progress Related to Rural Domestic Sewage Treatment

Rural domestic sewage treatment is an important part of the rural revitalization strategy and a key action to build a livable, livable and beautiful countryside. This paper composes and summarizes the relevant studies on rural domestic sewage treatment from the governance techniques and modes of governance subjects and research perspectives, in order to provide reference for the implementation of rural revitalization strategy and rural domestic sewage treatment research and action implementation.

RAIN-128算法的中间相遇攻击

RAIN是一族SPN结构的轻量级分组密码算法,该算法具有软硬件实现效率高、安_全性强等特点。中间相遇攻击被广泛应用于分组密码算法的安全性分析中。该文通过分析RAIN-128的结构特性和截断差分特征,利用差分枚举技术分别构造了4轮和6轮中间相遇区分器,给出了8轮及10轮的中间相遇攻击。当攻击轮数为8轮时,预计算阶段的时间复杂度为2^(68)次8轮RAIN-128加密,存储复杂度为2^(75)bit,在线攻击阶段的时间复杂度为2^(109)次8轮加密,数据复杂度是2^(72)个选择明文;当攻击轮数为10轮时,预计算阶段的时间复杂度为2^(214)次10轮加密,存储复杂度为2^(219)bit,在线攻击阶段的时间复杂度为2^(109)次10轮加密,数据复杂度是2^(72)个选择明文,分析结果显示,RAIN-128可以抵抗中间相遇攻击,并具有较高的安全冗余。

The Physico-Chemical Quality of Effluents of Selected Sewage Treatment Plants Draining into River Rwizi, Mbarara Municipality, Uganda

As population increases in urban areas, the domestic and industrial activities increase resulting in an increase in the volumes of wastewater and anthropogenic pollution, hence posing a threat to public health and environment. This study assessed the physical chemical quality of two main sewage plant effluents discharging into River Rwizi. Effluent water samples were analyzed for dissolved oxygen, colour, turbidity, total suspended solid, total iron, phosphates, alkalinity, magnesium, calcium carbonate, temperature, pH, ammonium, electrical conductivity, chloride and nitrates. Parameters were analyzed following standard methods of APHA (1985). The values obtained were compared with EPA (2001), NWSC (2015) and NEMA (1999) standards for waste water. Results showed that the mean values most of the parameters tested were higher than the recommended EPA, NWSC and NEMA standards. The mean colour was 1627.67°C and 1414.33°C in Kakoba and Taso sewage effluents respectively compared to EPA (20-150), NWSC (500) and NEMA (300) standards (p > 0.05). The mean alkalinity was 1390.17 mg/l and 1308.33 mg/l for Kakoba and Taso respectively compared with EPA (400) and NWSC (800) standards. DO had a mean concentration of 68.27 mg/l and 63.03 mg/l in Taso and Kakoba respectively compared to EPA and NEMA standard of 5 mg/l. Mg was 243.29 mg/l and 246.49 mg/l in Kakoba and Taso sewage effluents respectively compared to NEMA standard for waste water of 100 mg/l (p > 0.05). The mean pH was 8.26 and 8.16 in Taso and Kakoba sewage effluents respectively compared to NWSC and NEMA standard of 6.0 - 8.0. Phosphate mean concentration levels were 32.2 mg/l and 27.11 mg/l for Taso and Kakoba respectively compared to standards of EPA (0.5 - 0.7 mg/l) and NEMA (10 mg/l). NO3 was 10 mg/l and 5.83 mg/l in Kakoba and Taso sewage effluents respectively compared to NWSC maximum permissible limit of 5 mg/l. The mean NH4 concentration was 385.33 mg/l (Kakoba) and 50.0 mg/l (Taso) compared to the EPA guideline range (0.2 - 4 mg/l). Chloride (Cl) had a mean of 833.33 mg/l in Kakoba compared to EPA (250 mg/l), NWSC and NEMA (500 mg/l) standards. Therefore the study recommends for effective treatment of waste effluents from Kakoba and Taso sewage treatment plants before recycling in order to avoid pollution of river Rwizi.

Rural Domestic Sewage Treatment Model: Case Study Based on Dongying Section of the Yellow River Basin

The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to promote the improvement of urban and rural living environment and build livable and workable villages and beautiful villages. The development and challenges of rural domestic sewage treatment coexist. Based on the field investigation of 15 administrative villages in 3 districts and counties of Dongying City, there is a big gap between the development status of rural domestic sewage treatment and expectations. Investigate rural domestic sewage treatment cases in-depth, and condense four modes of primitive, developmental, mature and advanced in a variety of different rural domestic sewage treatment models for discussion, among which, the village sewage treatment work under the mature mode has achieved remarkable results, and is at the forefront of the current rural domestic sewage treatment. Through the multi-case analysis method, the practical dilemma of sewage treatment in different models of villages is summarized, and the feasible improvement path is explored, which contributes to the ecological protection and high-quality development of Dongying and the Yellow River Basin.

Application of Anti-clogging Ecological Soil Sewage Treatment Process in Rural Domestic Sewage Treatment and Prospects

[Objectives] By reasonable water distribution and air supply to soil, soil water permeability is maintained, and the nutrient conditions of degrading bacteria in soil are improved to effectively prevent soil clogging. [Methods] Through the innovation and improvement of traditional soil sewage treatment technology, the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soil for sewage purification are utilized to enhance the pollutant decomposition ability of soil microorganisms and maintain soil water permeability.[Results] It has no secondary pollution, and can effectively remove pollutants such as COD_(Cr), TN, TP, NH_3-N, etc. in sewage. [Conclusions] The operation and maintenance cost is low, and the land can be reused, while water and nutrients can be restored to the land.

The Hydrodynamic Behaviour of Euboean Gulf Coastal Areas and the Mixing of the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Urban Sewage Discharged into Them under the Influence of Climate Change

The hydrodynamic circulation within the marine environment is a complex phenomenon, characterized by the interplay of strong tidal forces, atmospheric influences, and bathymetric features. The physical and hydrodynamic attributes of this flow play a pivotal role in promoting vertical mixing of seawater masses, thereby facilitating the integration of their physical and chemical parameters, including nutrients and oxygen. Additionally, they are instrumental in governing the dispersion and diffusion of pollutants originating from urban sewage, contributing to the overall water renewal process and environmental quality. This study investigates the potential impact of anticipated increases in average air temperatures on water column stratification in coastal regions susceptible to these dynamic influences. These areas receive treated urban sewage, and the study aims to assess how these temperature changes might influence the dispersion and mixing of pollutant loads present in these coastal waters.

Plant life form determines spatiotemporal variability and climate response of plant seed rain in subtropical forests

Spatiotemporal variation of seed rain reflects the response of plants in terms of their reproductive strategy to environmental gradients.In this study,we collected seeds from four sites in the Dalaoling Nature Reserve,Hubei Province,China,between 2011 and 2014,measured seed output and seed mass as seed rain traits,and compared their interannual and elevational variation.Then,we ran phylogenetic generalized mixed linear models(PGLMMs) to explore the effects of temperature and precipitation as well as interspecific differences on seed rain,and fitted the best regression models for seed rain vs.weather of canopy and understory species.The results showed no correlation between values of seed output and seed mass.However,the variation of the two traits showed significantly positive correlation.Seed output of canopy species generally decreased with increasing elevation,and showed significant interannual difference;however,seed output of understory species and seed mass for both canopy and understory species did not show consistency tends along elevational or in interannual variation.Seed output was significantly affected by temperature and precipitation,while seed mass mainly varied due to interspecific differences.Weather explained more the variation of the seed output of canopy species than that of understory species,with R^(2) values of 43.0%and 29.9%,respectively.These results suggested that canopy plants contributed more to the reproductive dynamics of the whole communities,and the canopy's buffer effect on the underground weakened the response of understory plants to weather variation in terms of their reproductive strategy.

Diagnosis of the Kinetic Energy of the“21·7”Extreme Torrential Rainfall Event in Henan Province,China

An extreme torrential rain(ETR)event occurred in Henan Province,China,during 18-21 July 2021.Based on hourly rain-gauge observations and ERA5 reanalysis data,the ETR was studied from the perspective of kinetic energy(K),which can be divided into rotational wind(V_(R))kinetic energy(K_(R)),divergent wind kinetic energy(K_(D)),and the kinetic energy of the interaction between the divergent and rotational winds(K_(RD)).According to the hourly precipitation intensity variability,the ETR process was divided into an initial stage,a rapid increase stage,and maintenance stage.Results showed that the intensification and maintenance of ETR were closely related to the upper-level K,and most closely related to the upperlevel K_(R),with a correlation coefficient of up to 0.9.In particular,the peak value of hourly rainfall intensity lagged behind the K_(R) by 8 h.Furthermore,diagnosis showed that K transformation from unresolvable to resolvable scales made the ETR increase slowly.The meridional rotational wind(u_(R))and meridional gradient of the geopotential(φ)jointly determined the conversion of available potential energy(APE)to K_(R) through the barotropic process,which dominated the rapid enhancement of K_(R) and then caused the rapid increase in ETR.The transportation of K by rotational wind consumed K_(R),and basically offset the K_(R) produced by the barotropic process,which basically kept K_(R) stable at a high value,thus maintaining the ETR.

Spatiotemporal characteristics of seed rain and soil seed bank of artificial Caragana korshinskii Kom. forest in the Tengger Desert, China

Vegetation restoration and reconstruction are effective approaches to desertification control and achieving social and economic sustainability in desert areas.However,the self-succession ability of native plants during the later periods of vegetation restoration remains unclear.Therefore,this study was conducted to bridge the knowledge gap by investigating the regeneration dynamics of artificial forest under natural conditions.The information of seed rain and soil seed bank was collected and quantified from an artificial Caragana korshinskii Kom.forest in the Tengger Desert,China.The germination tests were conducted in a laboratory setting.The analysis of species quantity and diversity in seed rain and soil seed bank was conducted to assess the impact of different durations of sand fixation(60,40,and 20 a)on the progress of vegetation restoration and ecological conditions in artificial C.korshinskii forest.The results showed that the top three dominant plant species in seed rain were Echinops gmelinii Turcz.,Eragrostis minor Host.,and Agropyron mongolicum Keng.,and the top three dominant plant species in soil seed bank were E.minor,Chloris virgata Sw.,and E.gmelinii.As restoration period increased,the density of seed rain and soil seed bank increased first and then decreased.While for species richness,as restoration period increased,it gradually increased in seed rain but decreased in soil seed bank.There was a positive correlation between seed rain density and soil seed bank density among all the three restoration periods.The species similarity between seed rain or soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation decreased with the extension of restoration period.The shape of the seeds,specifically those with external appendages such as spines and crown hair,clearly had an effect on their dispersal,then resulting in lower seed density in soil seed bank.In addition,precipitation was a crucial factor in promoting rapid germination,also resulting in lower seed density in soil seed bank.Our findings provide valuable insights for guiding future interventions during the later periods of artificial C.korshinskii forest,such as sowing and restoration efforts using unmanned aerial vehicles.

Groundwater Contamination Prediction Using Finite Element Derived Geoelectric Parameters Constrained by Chemical Analysis around a Sewage Site, Southwestern Nigeria

Vertical Electrical Sounding, the Finite Element Technique (FET) and chemical analysis of soil samples were used to map the pollution plume around two oxidation sewage ponds in Ile-Ife, Southwestern Nigeria. The elemental concentrations of the soil samples at 5 m depth around the sewage ponds were obtained using partial extraction of exchangeable metals ions of (0.05 HCl + 0.025 N H2SO4) or 0.075 N acid mixture. The VES interpreted results delineated three to four geoelectric subsurface layers comprising topsoil, laterite, weathered layer and the fresh basement. The elemental concentration of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cr in the soil samples located at the periphery of the sewage ponds are much higher than those of the control sample point indicating pollution. The finite element generated isopach map of the overburden indicates easterly direction of groundwater flow and weathered layer isoresistivity map generated using the finite element technique identifies low resistivity zone characteristic of pollution zone in the eastern flank. The study concluded that the groundwater in the area around the sewage ponds may have been polluted.

Isolation of a Microorganic Strain for the High Volume Degradation of Aniline Blue and Its Application in Natural Sewage Treatment

Aniline blue, one of the triphenylmethane dyes, is the most commonly produced and used of these dyes yet it is also the most dangerous and the most serious cause of pollution amongst them. An exploration of aniline blue degradation is likely to facilitate an understanding of the degradation mechanism for a range of related dyes. In this study, we managed to isolate a particular strain of microorganism, identified to be Lysinibacillus fusiformis N019a, which showed a significant capacity for aniline blue degradation in both laboratory tests and natural sewage treatment. In analysis aided by a UV-Visible spectrophotometer, we found that 96.7% of aniline blue had degraded within 24 hours under laboratory conditions. When treating natural sewage, 80.1% of the aniline blue was removed after just 16 hours. Further analysis has shown that Lysinibacillus fusiformis N019a has a strong resistance to Cu2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+. We also found that the degradation product of aniline blue by Lysinibacillus fusiformis N019a was of reduced toxicity to plants and microbes.

Mesoscale and Microphysical Characteristics of a Double Rain Belt Event in South China on May 10–13,2022

A second rain belt sometimes occurs ahead of a frontal rain belt in the warm sector over coastal South China,leading to heavy precipitation.We examined the differences in the mesoscale characteristics and microphysics of the frontal and warm sector rain belts that occurred in South China on May 10–13,2022.The southern rain belt occurred in an environment with favorable mesoscale conditions but weak large-scale forcing.In contrast,the northern rain belt was related to low-level horizontal shear and the surface-level front.The interaction between the enhanced southeasterly winds and the rainfall-induced cold pool promoted the persistent growth of convection along the southern rain belt.The convective cell propagated east over the coastal area,where there was a large temperature gradient.The bow-shaped echo in this region may be closely related to the rear-inflow jet.By contrast,the initial convection of the northern rain belt was triggered along the front and the region of low-level horizontal shear,with mesoscale interactions between the enhanced warm-moist southeasterly airflow and the cold dome associated with the earlier rain.The terrain blocked the movement of the cold pool,resulting in the stagnation of the frontal convective cell at an early stage.Subsequently,a meso-γ-scale vortex formed during the rapid movement of the convective cell,corresponding to an enhancement of precipitation.The representative raindrop spectra for the southern rain belt were characterized by a greater number and higher density of raindrops than the northern rain belt,even though both resulted in comparable hourly rainfalls.These results help us better understand the characteristics of double rain belts over South China.

Effect Evaluation of CBL Combined with Rain Classroom Teaching Method in Medical Statistics

Objective: To explore the application effect of CBL combined with rain classroom teaching method in medical statistics courses. Methods: The undergraduate students of medical imaging technology in 2019 and 2020 in a university were selected as the research objects. A cluster sampling method was used to select 79 undergraduate students from 2019 in the control group and 75 undergraduate students from 2020 in the experimental group. Traditional teaching method and CBL combined with rain classroom teaching method was used in the control group and experimental group respectively. The final examination scores of the two groups were compared. In experimental group, the correlation between the average score in the rain classroom and the final examination score was tested, and the teaching effect was evaluated. Results: The average score of final examination in experimental group and control group was 79.13 ± 10.32 points and 71.54 ± 14.752 points, respectively, which had a statistically significant difference (Z = 2.586, P = 0.012);the final examination scores of the students in the experimental group were positively correlated with the average scores of the rain classroom (r = 0.372, P = 0.001), and the proportion of satisfaction in the experimental group was 94.7%. Conclusion: The CBL combined with rain classroom teaching method can improve the teaching effectiveness of medical statistics courses.

Sewage draining schemes of Qinhuangdao City in Beidaihe Area,China

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RESEARCH ON GUARANTEED WATER DEPTH FOR SAFE DRAINING AT ZUYUAN SEWAGE OUTLET

To select the location of sewage outlet in the sewage disposal program of Shanghai is a rather comprehensive problem which covers many fields and has great influences. The sewage outlet at Zuyuan, about 10 km away from Wusongkou, is situated on the south bank of the South Channel in the Yangtze Estuary. In order to determine the water depth which can guaranteed the safe draining of sewage at the outlet, a statistical method is adopted in this paper for the determination of the guarantee rate of safe draining at Zuyuan sewage outlet by means of the characteristics of fluvial process and previous topographic data, and the guaranteed water depth for safe draining is then determined.