Microphysical Processes of a Stratiform Precipitation Event over Eastern China:Analysis Using Micro Rain Radar data

Data collected using the micro rain radar(MRR) situated in Jinan city, eastern China, were used to explore the altitudinal and temporal evolution of rainfall microphysical characteristics, and to analyze the bright band(BB) characteristics and hydrometeor classification. Specifically, a low-intensity and stable stratiform precipitation event that occurred from 0000 to0550 UTC 15 February 2015 and featured a BB was studied. During this event, the rainfall intensity was less than 2 mm h-1 at a height of 300 m, which was above the radar site level, so the errors caused by the vertical air motion could be ignored.The freezing height from the radiosonde matched well with the top of the BB observed by the MRR. It was also found that the number of 0.5–1 mm diameter drops showed no noticeable variation below the BB. The maximum fall velocity and the maximum gradient fall velocity(GFV) of the raindrops appeared at the bottom of the BB. Meanwhile, a method that uses the GFV and reflectivity to identify the altitude and the thickness of the BB was established, with which the MRR can provide a reliable and real-time estimation of the 0?C isotherm. The droplet fall velocity was used to classify the types of snow crystals above the BB. In the first 20 min of the selected precipitation event, graupel prevailed above the BB; and at an altitude of2000 m, graupel also dominated in the first 250 min. After 150 min, the existence of graupel and dendritic crystals with water droplets above the BB was inferred.

Understanding the Variability of Z-R Relationships Caused by Natural Variations in Raindrop Size Distributions(DSD):Implication of Drop Size and Number

In the issue of rainfall estimation by radar through the necessary relationship between radar reflectivity Z and rain rate R (Z-R), the main limitation is attributed to the variability of this relationship. Indeed, several pre-vious studies have shown the great variability of this relationship in space and time, from a rainfall event to another and even within a single rainfall event. Recent studies have shown that the variability of raindrop size distributions and thereby Z-R relationships is therefore, more the result of complex dynamic, thermody-namic and microphysical processes within rainfall systems than a convective/stratiform classification of the ground rainfall signature. The raindrop number and size at ground being the resultant of various processes mentioned above, a suitable approach would be to analyze their variability in relation to that of Z-R relation-ship. In this study, we investigated the total raindrop concentration number NT and the median volume di-ameter D0 used in numerous studies, and have shown that the combination of these two ‘observed’ parame-ters appears to be an interesting approach to better understand the variability of the Z-R relationships in the rainfall events, without assuming a certain analytical raindrop size distribution model (exponential, gamma, or log-normal). The present study is based on the analysis of disdrometer data collected at different seasons and places in Africa, and aims to show the degree of the raindrop size and number implication in regard to the Z-R relationships variability.

Rainfall Microphysical Properties of Landfalling Typhoon Yagi(201814)Based on the Observations of Micro Rain Radar and Cloud Radar in Shandong,China

The development and evolution of precipitation microphysical parameters and the vertical structure characteristics associated with Typhoon Yagi(201814)are analyzed in the city of Jinan,Shandong Province based primarily on the observations of a micro rain radar(MRR),a cloud radar,and a disdrometer.The precipitation process is further subdivided into four types:convective,stratiform,mixed,and light precipitation according to the ground disdrometer data,which is in agreement with the vertical profile of the radar reflectivity detected by the MRR.Vertical winds may be the main source of MRR retrieval error during convective precipitation.Convective precipitation has the shortest duration but makes the largest contribution to the cumulative precipitation.Collision-coalescence is the main microphysical process of stratiform precipitation and light precipitation below the bright band observed by the MRR.It is worth noting that as Typhoon Yagi(201814)transformed into an extratropical cyclone,its raindrop size distributions no longer had the characteristics of maritime precipitation,but become more typical of the characteristic of continental precipitation,which represents a very different raindrop size distribution from that which is normally observed in a landfalling typhoon.

Improving Radar Rainfall Estimation by Accounting for Microphysical Processes Using a Micro Rain Radar in West Africa

This study evaluates the improvement of the radar Quantitative Precipitation Estimation (QPE) by involving microphysical processes in the determination of Z-R algorithms. Within the framework of the AMMA campaign, measurements of an X-band radar (Xport), a vertical pointing Micro Rain Radar (MRR) to investigate microphysical processes and a dense network of rain gauges deployed in Northern Benin (West Africa) in 2006 and 2007 were used as support to establish such estimators and evaluate their performance compared to other estimators in the literature. By carefully considering and correcting MRR attenuation and calibration issues, the Z-R estimator developed with the contribution of microphysical processes and non-linear least-squares adjustment proves to be more efficient for quantitative rainfall estimation and produces the best statistic scores than other optimal Z-R algorithms in the literature. We also find that it gives results comparable to some polarimetric algorithms including microphysical information through DSD integrated parameter retrievals.

STUDY ON RAINFALL MEASUREMENT AND RAINDROP SPECTRA WITH THE DIFFERENTIAL REFLECTIVITY Z_(DR)TECHNIQUE OF A DUAL LINEAR POLARIZATION RADAR

In this paper,it is shown that the differential reflectivity Z_(DR) is related to drop size distribution(DSD)and the spectral shape variation of different truncated diameters.Z_(DR) is a sensitive function to variation of DSD of the spectra.The effects of shape variation of DSD on rainfall can be deduced with a(Z_H,Z_(DR))dual-parameter technique,which is effective to improve the accuracy of rainfall measurement and is of the priority of identifying large particles of hydrometeors(especially hailstone)from the rain region.

两次降水过程的微降雨雷达探测精度分析

垂直指向微降雨雷达(MRR)能够测量从近地面至高空的雷达反射率因子和雨滴谱分布特征,对认识降水微物理结构,改进雷达定量降水估计精度有重要作用。为评估MRR探测的雨滴谱分布、降水和雷达回波精度,利用南京地区夏季观测的两次降水过程,将MRR与业务S波段天气雷达、二维视频雨滴谱仪、常规雨量筒观测进行层状云降水和对流性降水下的定量对比分析。结果表明,MRR垂直探测的雷达反射率因子与S波段雷达观测在中低层(<4 km)平均差异<1 dB,但高层(>4 km)出现显著低估,且该现象随降水强度增强更明显,这主要是雷达回波衰减导致。MRR在回波强度<35 dBz时对降水率的探测精度较高,但在>35 dBz时低估降水。其中,层状云降水的降水率比对流性降水更接近雨量筒观测。常规雨量筒对0.1 mm以下的降水无探测能力,而MRR探测敏感度较高,对于微弱降水率的估计效果也很好。由于MRR最大探测范围的限制,相对于2DVD而言,MRR探测的最大粒子直径低估、最小粒子浓度高估,但在中间段的探测效果和2DVD雨滴谱观测一致性较高。总体而言,MRR是一个有效的降水探测仪器,其探测结果在层状云降水过程中优于对流性降水过程。

偏振多普勒雷达定量测量降雨精度的改进

提高雷达估测降雨的精度一直都具有非常重要的实用意义,但是由于雨滴谱的地域差异性使得雷达测雨公式并不具有广泛的适用性。利用黑河流域遥感-地面观测同步试验(WATER项目)期间获得的大量不同类型降雨的雨滴谱资料,通过提取大量的雨滴直径D和对应的下落速度v,分析得到了它们之间的关系:v(D)=4.67D0.53。同时还得到了对应层状云和对流云雷达定量测量降雨的Z-R关系。利用滴谱数据计算得到对应X波段的双偏振雷达参数:差分反射率ZDR和差分传播相移常数KDP。并运用ZDR和KDP分别得到了适应层状云和对流云降雨的R(Z)、R(KDP)、R(Z,ZDR)和R(KDP,Z,ZDR)关系。通过降水过程获得的地面雨量筒数据和雷达实测数据,对各测雨方法进行了检验,发现组合参数的测雨公式能够很好地提高雷达测雨的精度。

一次飑线过程的动力和微物理结构及滴谱变化对降水估测的影响研究

雨滴谱的变化和回波强度的垂直变化是影响雷达估测降水的重要原因。文章利用美国KOUN双线偏振雷达观测的一次飑线过程资料,用模糊逻辑的方法、β方法和约束条件下的Λ方法,分析了飑线过程降水粒子相态和雨区雨滴谱分布及其相态混合区冰雹融化过程,结合四维变分方法风场反演方法,研究了雨滴谱变化与飑线过程风场中尺度结构的关系,及其对双线偏振雷达不同估测降水方法的影响。结果表明:处在气旋中的飑线存在中低层辐合线,低层辐合带及强烈上升形成强回波,飑线后部的层状云中存在下沉气流,而飑线的前部存在下沉气流形成的边界层辐合线。飑线中对流单体组成的强回波带和后侧的层状云降水的雨滴谱分布有明显的变化,大雨滴区往往在飑线前部,在东南气流中新生的对流单体也常常有大雨滴区存在。ZH、ZDR随高度变化比较明显,而KDP基本不随高度变化,高度的选取对传统的Z-R关系方法、(ZH,ZDR)方法估测降水量影响很大,但KDP方法几乎不受高度变化的影响。本次过程雨滴谱变化非常明显,这对Z-R关系估测降水将产生重要影响,(ZH、ZDR)方法和KDP方法估测的降水比较接近,而Z-R关系方法在对流中心降水估测值偏大。小于30 dBz回波的KDP脉动很大,出现的不正常值对降水估测有一定影响,采用综合降水估测方法是必要的。

雨滴谱参数估计优化方案及其微物理资料检验

提出一种新的雨滴谱参数估计优化方案。其最大优点就是 :对于任意几束相邻的测雨雷达观测资料 ,从任意的雨滴谱模型 (如 Marshall- Palmer经验公式 )决定的积分雨参数之间的关系 (如 k- Z关系 )出发 ,利用雷达视反射率资料并借助雷达海平面或地表面回波信号 ,可以获取束向上的比较接近实际降雨场的雨滴谱 ;然后利用校正的雨滴谱参数决定的积分雨参数之间的关系 ,降雨量反演算法就可以提供较准确的降雨量分布。这个方案可行性被同区域机载 2 D-

基于滴谱分布的机载雷达波束匹配情况研究

基于机载双频测雨雷达外场校飞试验中获取的有效降水测量数据,利用Ku波段的雨衰系数和等效雷达反射率因子的比值估算了雨滴谱分布参数。在此基础上,通过米散射模拟计算了Ka波段在该滴谱分布下的等效雷达反射率因子,并和机载Ka波段衰减订正后的等效雷达反射率因子进行了比对。结果表明:两者的廓线基本重合,相关系数超过0.95,两部雷达探测的目标物一致,测量的雷达反射率因子的差异主要是由雷达频率的不同所引起的后向散射以及衰减的不同所造成的,波束匹配精度较高。此外,单频滴谱参数的估计依赖于单频衰减订正的精度。机载雷达外场试验中探测的都是弱降水,Ku波段衰减订正不会存在太大的误差,估计的滴谱较为可靠。必须指出的是,精确的参数估计仍然要借助双频雷达的反演方法。

基于沈阳雨滴谱观测资料的Z-I关系研究

利用沈阳地区2010—2013年4—9月共4年的雨滴谱资料,分析沈阳地区不同天气系统、不同降水云系、不同月份的Z-I关系。结果表明:层状云、积层混合云和积雨云降水云系,Z-I关系的显著水平均大于0.05;西风槽和冷涡天气系统,雷达反射率和雨强的相关性都很好;7月、8月平均雨强最大,系数a也最大,4月、5月、6月、9月平均雨强相对较小,系数a也相对较小;4—9月系数a随着雨强的增大而增大,随着雨强的减小而减小,相关性很好,系数b与雨强没有明显的相关关系。

利用微雨雷达研究一次冷锋云系降水的垂直结构分布及演变特征

本文利用河北邢台测站Ka波段微雨雷达(MRR)观测到的一次冷锋云系降水过程分析降水的垂直分布及演变特征。将MRR观测结果与天气雷达、地面雨滴谱仪、雨量计观测结果进行对比以检验MRR数据的可靠性。同时将MRR与雨滴谱仪和激光云高仪结合,研究了不同相对湿度阶段特征量、雨滴谱的平均垂直分布特征和降水特征量随时间、高度的演变特征。结果表明:MRR与雨量计及雨滴谱仪累计雨量结果较为接近,趋势一致。MRR 200 m雨强值与地面雨滴谱仪雨强值偏差最小,平均偏差为0.05 mm h-1,相关系数为0.93。相比雨滴谱仪,MRR观测到的小滴数浓度出现高估,大滴数浓度出现低估,中滴数浓度较为一致。降水在云内和云外受不同微物理过程影响,垂直变化特征不同。降水初期平均反射率和雨强在云底以下明显减小,小滴和中滴平均数浓度明显减小,蒸发作用影响较强。而在其余时间段在云内随高度降低平均反射率和雨强略有增加,小滴平均数浓度变化较小,中滴大滴平均数浓度增加,表明云内有云滴与雨滴间的碰并发生。而在云外低层,随高度降低平均有效直径明显增加,平均雨滴总数浓度明显减小,小滴平均数浓度显著减小,大滴平均数浓度显著增加,表明在云外低层雨滴间的碰并作用较强。

柴达木盆地东北缘山区和平原区雨滴谱特征对比研究

利用2020年7-9月在柴达木盆地东北缘宗务隆山不同海拔处的雨滴谱观测资料,对不同降雨强度下不同粒径雨滴微物理参量的贡献、粒径-粒子数浓度平均谱、微物理特征参量和反射率因子-降雨强度(Z-R)关系展开研究。结果表明:雨滴数密度主要由小雨滴贡献,中雨滴和大雨滴则是反射率因子Z、降雨强度R和液态水含量W的主要贡献,大雨滴对Z、R和W的贡献在海拔较高的山区站占比更高。山区站在小雨、中雨和大雨时的谱宽更宽,且在不同降雨强度下大雨滴端的粒子数浓度要更高,地形的抬升对较大雨滴的N(D)有明显的促进作用。质量加权平均直径(D_(m))随海拔升高而增大,R更高时雨滴直径也越大。广义截断参数(Log_(10)N_(w))会随降雨强度升高而先增大后有所减小,较小雨滴是构成降雨的主要来源,柴达木盆地降雨有其独特的雨滴谱结构特征。山区站Log_(10)N_(w)与D_(m)的分布更为离散,且山区站相比平原站Log_(10)N_(w)偏低而D_(m)偏高。若采用统一的降水估测公式Z=300R^(1.4)会产生对降雨量的高估,山区站点降雨的高估更严重。

Ka/Ku双波段云雷达探测云降水滴谱和空气垂直运动速度的能力模拟分析

由于湍流、雷达探测灵敏度等对单波长云雷达探测回波强度谱密度的影响,造成了云雷达探测空气垂直运动速度和雨滴谱的误差,而双波长云雷达利用Mie散射造成的不同粒子后向散射大小差异来提高空气上升速度探测精度,从而提高反演雨滴谱的能力,并且可提高订正雨区衰减的能力。为此中国气象科学研究院研发了Ka/Ku双波段云雷达,并于2019年4月开始在广东龙门进行了云降水观测。本文针对该双波段云雷达观测模式和灵敏度等参数,在Gamma滴谱假设条件下,模拟分析了Ka、Ku波段功率谱及其比值与云降水参数、温度和湍流的关系,研究了雷达灵敏度、湍流对空气垂直速度、雨滴谱反演和衰减订正的影响,并利用个例数据进行了风场反演试验,讨论了双波段探测微降水动力和微物理参数的优势。结果表明:(1)温度只能影响两个波段功率谱比值(Ratio)的大小,对其峰值位置基本没有影响,而湍流对其峰值位置的影响不超过0.5 m·s^-1;(2)湍流、雷达灵敏度对单波段云雷达探测空气垂直速度的影响比较明显,湍流使空气上升速度被高估,雷达最小可测回波强度随高度的增加而增加使该参数被低估,其影响远远大于温度和湍流对双波段云雷达反演空气垂直速度的影响;(3)对于单波段雷达来说,雷达灵敏度和湍流明显影响雨滴谱、含水量和衰减系数的探测,湍流使得雨滴谱拓宽,低估含水量和衰减系数;而雷达灵敏度却使反演的雨滴谱变窄,增加小粒子数浓度,并高估了含水量和衰减系数;(4)选取2019年4月15^-16日的个例进行空气上升速度的反演,并与模拟分析的结果进行对比。结果显示实际观测数据反演的空气上升速度与模拟分析结果中的趋势较为一致。这项工作为单波段和双波段云雷达的多普勒功率谱数据分析和云降水微物理和动力参数的反演可提供参考。

地面雨滴谱观测技术及特征研究进展

雨滴谱是反映降水微观物理过程和宏观动力结构的主要指标之一。通过分析雨色斑滴谱,可以深入了解降水的发展和演变过程,揭示降水机制。传统雨滴谱测量包括动力学法、滤纸色斑法、面粉团法、快速摄影法和浸润法等,但是普遍存在精度低、工作量大、实时性差、成本高及无法自动完成测量分类等缺点。以雨滴谱仪为代表的新型雨滴谱测量技术包括冲击雨滴谱仪、光学雨滴谱仪和声学雨滴谱仪以及雷达技术等克服了这些缺点,在降水粒子观测和降水物理研究中发挥了重要的作用。综合概述了描述雨滴谱的主要分布模型及其适用条件。归纳分析了不同降水云系(对流云、层状云和层积云降水)、不同降水类型(大陆云和海洋云降水)及不同高度处观测的降水的雨滴谱特征。从学科发展趋势和社会需求的角度,概述了有关雨滴谱研究中存在的主要问题和发展趋势。