Reducing toxic effect of seed-soaked Cu fertilizer on germination of wheat

A laboratory incubation experiment (20℃) was conducted to find if the detrimental effects of seed-soaked Cu on wheat seedlings can be minimized by reducing time duration of seed in contact with Cu EDTA fertilizer solution. The 24 treatments in a 6 x 4 factorial arrangement included 6 rates/amounts of Cu (0, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 g Cu 100 kg-1 seed) and 4 seed-soaking time durations (0, 4, 8 and 16 h). The germination of wheat seed was 100% in the zero-Cu control treatments, irrespective of the duration of seed soaking time. However, seed germination decreased with increasing amount of fertilizer Cu in the seed-soaking solution, and the magnitude of reduction in seed germination due to Cu toxicity increased with increasing duration of seed-soaking time in the Cu fertilizer solution. For the seed-soaked treatments, the detrimental effect of Cu on germination was greatest with 16 h soaking, where only 13% - 18% of the seeds germinated with Cu applied at 15 to 30 g Cu 100 kg-1 seed. For the 4 and 8 h seed soaking treatments, germination of wheat seed ranged from 73% to 83% with 15 g Cu 100 kg-1 seed treatment and 42% to 62% with 30 g Cu 100 kg-1 seed. The findings suggest that the detrimental effect of Cu on germination of wheat seed soaked in Cu EDTA solution can be decreased by reducing duration of soaking time from 16 h to 4 or 8 h, but this needs further investigation using soil under growth chamber and/or field conditions in order to make valid recommendations for use of this new technology on a commercial scale.

Facile Synthesis Route of Au-Ag Nanostructures Soaked in PEG

A nanostructured gold-silver soaked in polyethylene glycol 400 (Au-Ag@PEG) is designed using gold(I) chloride and silver nitrate (AgNO3) as precursors and, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG) as capping agent. The result of the structure characterization using Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) has showed that the synthesized nanomaterial has a good crystallinity while Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements suggest mixed Au-Ag nanoparticles with an average diameter size of around 7 nm and 30 nm for Au and Ag respectively.

Effect of Mongolian Vinegar Soaked Licorice on Liver Fibrosis Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride Combined with High-fat Diet in Rats

[Objectives]To determine the improvement effect of vinegar soaked licorice on liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride(CCl_(4))combined with high-fat diet in rats.[Methods]Subcutaneous injection of 40%-60%CCl_(4)olive oil solution(0.3 mL/100 g)combined with a high-fat diet was used for 5 weeks to establish the rat model with liver fibrosis.After the modeling,the rats were divided into a low dose(0.8 g/kg),a medium dose(2.5 g/kg),a high dose(5 g/kg)group,a colchicine(1.5 mg/kg)positive group,and a vinegar group(2 mL/kg).The serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)levels in the rats were measured automatically.The serum hyaluronic acid(HA)was detected by radioimmunoassay,and the serum laminin(LN)and procollagen type III peptide(PIIIP)levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay.Liver histopathological morphological changes were observed by HE and Masson staining,and expressions of cytochrome CYP2E1 and transcription factor Nrf2 were detected by immunohistochemistry.[Results]The rat liver fibrosis model was established successfully at the 6~(th)week.Compared with the model group,the levels of ALT,AST,HA,LA,PIIIP,CYP2E1 and Nrf2 of all the examined indexes in the dosing group were decreased(P<0.05).As shown in the pictures of liver pathological tissue sections,the liver fibrosis was significantly alleviated in the positive group and the 3 administration groups.[Conclusions]Vinegar soaked licorice can significantly improve the liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride combined with high-fat diet in rats,and the effect of the high-dose group was similar to that of the positive group.

Damage Analysis of Circulating Soaked Rock Sample Based on Sonic-test Trials

Circulating soaked sandstone and mudstone samples sonic parameters were tested and analyzed, using RSM-SY5 sonic instrument, the variation between soaked times and the velocity of longitudinal wave and shear wave was studied, calculation and analysis of the damage variable of circulating soaked rock samples were taken, with sonic measurement results and the empirical formula, the damage variable formulas associated with cycle times was established. The results showed that： the attenuation of sonic velocity basically in line with the exponential relationship, with cycle times increasing; The results of the critical calculation of damage variables and the strength test are well matched, which further confirms that the occurrence and expansion of new crack inside the rock mass resulted from circulating soaked lead to the decrease of the rock strength; The trend of sonic parameters attenuation and damage variable growth are good correspondence.

Soaking Rice Seeds in High Concentration Salt Solution Improved Salt Tolerance at the Seedling Stage

[Objectives]This study was conducted to enhance the salt tolerance of current rice varieties at the seedling stage and fulfill the urgent requirement for salt-tolerant rice varieties in coastal tidal flats.[Methods]Four high-generation stable rice lines with diverse salt tolerance were employed as test materials,and four NaCl concentration gradients were established for seed soaking treatment.[Results]The seedling survival rate of line 151465 underwent significant alterations after soaking with four different salt concentrations,and the survival rate was the highest after treatment with 1.8%NaCl for 1 d,reaching 65.2%.The average survival rate of other three lines with different salt tolerance reached 62%after soaking with 1.8%NaCl for 1 d,which was significantly higher than those of the 2.2%NaCl and 0%NaCl treatments.[Conclusions]This study provides a basis for reducing the effect of abiotic stress on rice growth and development and improving the utilization rate of saline-alkali land.

Effect of seed soaked with urea solution on the cold tolerance of rice seedlings

In the Yangtze river aera,the first crop of indi-ca rice is sown in late Mar to early Apr andtransplanted in early May.Usually,seedlingsperish when abnormal low temperature of 6-10℃ lasted for 3 d or longer.The effect ofsocking seed with urea solution on increasingthe cold tolerance at the seedling stage was

Effects of Seed Soaking with Uniconazole and Substrate Formula on Seedling Quality of Rapeseed

[Objective] To cultivate blanket rapeseed seedlings suitable for automatic mechanical transplanting, the effects of seed soaking with uniconazole and substrate formula on seed germination and seedling quality of rapeseed were investigated using HY4 as the material. [Method] The rapeseed seeds were soaked in different concentrations（0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/L） of uniconazole for 0, 1, 2, 4 and8 h, respectively. Subsequently, they were dried naturally. After the preliminary screening carried out in petri dishes and in a laboratory, the optimum soaking concentration and time of uniconazole were obtained. On the other hand, the rapeseed seeds were soaked in different concentrations（0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/L） of uniconazole for 0, 1 and 2 h, respectively for outdoor pot experiment. At the same time, the screening of optimum substrate formula for cultivating blanket rapeseed seedlings was carried out. The field test was carried out to verify the screened optimum substrate formula. [Result] The results of petri dish experiment showed that seed soaking with uniconazole could delay seed germination, reduce seed germination rate, inhibit hypocotyl elongation and promote root growth. When the soaking concentration exceeded 30 mg/L and soaking time exceeded 2 h, the effect of seed soaking with uniconazole on seed germination was greater, and the seed soaking inhibited root growth. The results of outdoor pot experiment showed that the soaking concentrations and times all significantly reduced seedling height, slowed shoot growth and promoted root growth, which all contributed to the cultivation of blanket rapeseed seedlings suitable for automatic mechanical transplanting. In the substrate formula, the lower the proportion of soil was, the better the seedling growth was. In the substrate with lower proportion of soil, the seed germination rate, plant height,root vigor and dry matter accumulation were all increased（P〈0.05）, which was verified by the field test. When the soaking concentration was less than 10 mg/L and soaking time was less than 1 h, the uniconazole showed weaker regulation effect on seedling growth, and the rapeseed seedlings were higher. In the substrate with soil proportion less than 50%, the adequate fertility relatively weakened the regulation effect of uniconazole on seedling growth, and the rapeseed seedlings were larger. [Conclusion] When the soaking concentration ranged within 15-20 mg/L and soaking time ranged within 1-2 h and the proportion of soil in substrate was 50%,the height of cultivated rapeseed seedlings was less than 18 cm, there were 5-6leaves remained on each plant and the nursing period was shortened to 30-40 d,which were all beneficial to industrial production.

Effect of Different Soak Treatments on Breaking Seed Dormancy in Soil Seed Bank from Different Degraded Grasslands

[Objective] The aim was to study the effect of different soak treatments on breaking seed dormancy in soil seed bank from different degraded grasslands. [Method] Different concentrations of H2SO4,GA3 and KNO3 were used for soaking the seeds in the soil seed bank from different degraded grasslands,and the germination number of seeds was detected. [Result] When the seeds from soil seed bank were soaked with 60%,70%,80% and 90% H2SO4,the germination number of seeds was 0,indicating that the germination of seeds was inhibited; when the seeds were soaked with GA3,the germination number of seeds increased with the concentration of GA3 increasing. When the concentration of GA3 increased to 0.10%,the germination of seeds was inhibited; when the seeds were soaked with 0.2% KNO3,the germination number of seeds was greater than the blank control. [Conclusion] The number of remaining seeds was more in the soil seed banks collected from moderately degraded grassland and heavily degraded grassland; while the number of remaining seeds was small in the soil seed banks collected from lightly degraded grassland and extremely degraded grassland.

Effect Analysis on the Soaking Technics of Corn Wet Milling in the Laboratory

[Objective] The research aimed to find the optimal condition of corn starch production in the laboratory and analyze the soaking effect.[Method] The orthogonal test was used to determine the suitable technological condition.By the light microscope and the scanning electron microscope,the soaking effect was analyzed.[Result] The suitable soaking condition was：soaking time 48 h,soaking temperature 55 ℃ and SO2 concentration 0.2%.The microscopic analysis result was that the protein matrix was sufficiently decomposed in the suitable soaking condition.The soaking effect had the positive correlation with the decomposed degree of protein matrix.[Conclusion] The research provided the basis for the soaking technics research of corn starch in the laboratory.

Effect of Seed Soaking with Rare Earth on the Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Tartary Buckwheat under Different Water Conditions

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of soaked seed with rare earth on the seed germination and seedling growth of tartary buckwheat under different water conditions. [Method] A hydroponic experiment was carried out with the seeds of tartary buckwheat variety ＂Heifeng No.1＂ in the year 2012. [Result] ①In the normal irrigation, suitable concentration of rare earth increased the germination rate, vital index, germination index and sprouting index of tartary buckwheat seed; at the same time, the leaf area, stem thickness, total root length, root weight,leaf relative water content, proline content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, root activity, SOD activity and POD activity of seedling were significantly enhanced, while the relative conductivity and MDA content of tartary buckwheat were decreased obviously. ② Compared with water stress and normal irrigation, the indices of germination potential, germination rate, vital index, germination index, the leaf area, stem thickness, total root length, root weight, leaf relative water content,proline content, chlorophyll content, soluble sugar content, root activity, SOD and POD activity were reduced, while relative conductivity and MDA content were increased, and the extents differed in the treatment of different chemical regulators,and the varied range increased with the higher severity of soil water stress. ③ Under water stress, soaking seeds with suitable concentration（200 mg/L） of rare earth could significantly improve the SOD and POD activity, leaf area, total root length,chlorophyll content and root activity compared with CK. They could increase leaf relative water content by 8.9% and 10.8%, proline content by 7.5% and 8.2%, TTC activity by 13.8% and 16.7%, and soluble sugar content by 10.4% and 7.9% under mild and severe water stress, separately. [Conclusion] The appropriate concentration of rare earth was 200 mg/L.

浸水煤体单轴压缩能量破坏机理及层理效应

煤矿地下水库煤柱坝体存在显著的浸水渐进灾变力学响应,揭示浸水煤体单轴压缩能量演化特性的层理效应对煤柱坝体设计优化及安全控制具有重要意义。采用岩石多轴加载力学试验系统TEST 60,开展垂直及平行两种层理在不同浸水时间(0、2、4、16 d)下煤样的单轴压缩试验,获取浸水煤样单轴压缩全应力–应变曲线及物理力学参数,探究煤样单轴压缩加载全过程能量演化特征,分析不同层理浸水煤样单轴压缩能量演化机理。结果表明:1)长时间浸水后,垂直层理和平行层理煤样均发生了明显的水软化,抗压强度明显变小,且各能量指标均较未浸水时有明显降低;浸水16 d的平行层理、垂直层理煤样峰值应力处对应的总能量分别为未浸水时的56%、53%。2)浸水4 d内,平行层理煤样受水软化作用的影响不显著;垂直层理煤样的抗压强度先增加后降低,弹性能变化趋势与抗压强度保持一致,总能量、耗散能随着浸水时间的增加逐渐降低。3)相同浸水时间下,垂直层理煤样的强度及变形破坏过程中的各能量指标均高于平行层理煤样;未浸水垂直层理煤样的峰值总能量约为平行层理的2倍。4)由于不同层理方向煤样的吸水能力及其破坏面与层理面的关系有差异,导致在短时间浸水作用后不同层理煤样单轴压缩能量演化存在差异。研究结果丰富了已有对浸水煤体受载破坏过程能量演化规律的认识,为指导煤矿地下水库的安全建设与稳定运行提供参考和依据。

水稻浸种催芽技术及装置的研究现状

水稻浸种催芽技术主要通过改变浸种条件和改善稻种萌发环境使浸种效果和效率得到提高。针对不同的浸种催芽方式设计适合于不同的水稻浸种催芽设备。分析水稻浸种催芽技术的研究现状,对目前水稻浸种催芽方法和设备进行总结分析,并提出了未来研究方向,为提高水稻浸种催芽机械化水平提供参考依据。

苍耳不同溶剂提取物对棉铃虫的生物活性

棉铃虫是一种高度适应性害虫,它通过啃食花生叶片和钻蛀花蕾影响叶片光合作用和结实,导致花生产量大幅下降,可使花生减产20%~50%,甚至导致花生绝收。为减少花生田化学农药使用量,保护生态环境,以苍耳为材料,通过喷雾法和浸叶法研究苍耳不同溶剂甲醇、氯仿、乙酸乙酯提取物对棉铃虫幼虫的杀虫活性。结果发现,苍耳不同溶剂提取物对棉铃虫3龄幼虫均有触杀、拒食、胃毒和生长抑制作用,提取物浓度越高,效果越明显,其中氯仿提取物作用效果好于甲醇提取物和乙酸乙酯提取物。表明苍耳活性成分在不同溶剂中的溶解度存在差异,从而影响其对棉铃虫的毒性效果。氯仿提取物72 h后触杀致死中浓度(LC50)为0.2465 g/L;24 h的选择性拒食中浓度(AFC50)为0.1880 g/L,非选择性AFC50为0.1887 g/L;氯仿提取物处理7 d后胃毒LC50为0.3897 g/L;氯仿提取物处理72 h后对棉铃虫生长的IC50为0.0112 g/L,表明该提取物不仅能致死幼虫,还能显著抑制其生长。因此,苍耳氯仿提取物对棉铃虫幼虫具有较高的杀虫活性,苍耳作为一种植物源农药具有研发潜力。

Biochemical changes in phenols,flavonoids,tannins,vitamin E,β-carotene and antioxidant activity during soaking of three white sorghum varieties

Objective:To investigate the changes in total phenols,flavonoids,tannins,vitamin E, β-carotene and antioxidant activity during soaking of three white sorghum varieties.Methods: The changes in total phenols,total ilavonoids,tannins,phenolic acids compounds,flavonoid components,vitamin E,P-carotene and antioxidant activity during soaking of sorghum grains were determined.Results:Total phenols,total flavonoids,tannins,vitamin E,P-carotene and antioxidant activity in raw sorghum were ranged from 109.21 to 116.70,45.91 to 54.69,1.39 to 21.79 mg/100 g,1.74 to 5.25,0.54 to 1.19 mg/kg and 21.72%to 27.69%and 25.29%to 31.97%,respectively. The above measured compounds were significantly decreased after soaking.p-Hydroxybenzoic acid,vanillic acid,syringic acid and cinnamic acid represent the major phenolic acids in Dorado variety.While ferulic acid,p-coumaric acid,gallic acid and caffeic acid represent the major phenolic acids in Shandaweel-6.On the other hand,protocatechuic acid represents the major phenolic acids in Giza-15.Regarding flavonoids components,Dorado was the highest variety in kampferol and naringenin while Shandaweel-6 was the highest variety in luteolin, apigenin,hypersoid,quercelin and christen.Finally,Giza-15 was the highest variety in catechin. Phenolic acids,flavonoid compounds and antioxidant activities were decreased after soaking. Conclusions:Sorghum varieties have moderate quantities from total phenols,total flavonoids, tannins,phenolic acids compounds,flavonoid components,vitamin E,P-carotene and antioxidant activity which decreased after soaking.

Evolution of plasticized MnO–Al2O3–SiO2-based nonmetallic inclusion in 18wt%Cr-8wt% Ni stainless steel and its properties during soaking process

The properties of MnO–Al2O3–SiO2-based plasticized inclusion are likely to change during soaking process due to its low melting point. In this study, the evolution of the MnO–Al2O3–SiO2-based inclusion of 18 wt%Cr-8 wt%Ni stainless steel under isothermal soaking process at 1250°C for different times was investigated by laboratory-scale experiments and thermodynamic analysis. The results showed that the inclusion population density increased at the first stage and then decreased while their average size first decreased and then increased. In addition, almost no Cr2O3-concentrated regions existed within the inclusion before soaking, but more and more Cr2O3 precipitates were formed during soaking. Furthermore, the plasticity of the inclusion deteriorated due to a decrease in the amount of liquid phase and an increase in the high-melting-pointphase MnO–Cr2O3 spinel after the soaking process. In-situ observations by high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM) confirmed that liquid phases were produced in the inclusions and the inclusions grew rather quickly during the soaking process. Both the experimental results and thermodynamic analysis conclude that there are three routes for inclusion evolution during the soaking process. In particular, Ostwald ripening plays an important role in the inclusion evolution, i.e., MnO–Al2O3–SiO2-based inclusions grow by absorbing the newly precipitated smaller-size MnO–Cr2O3 inclusions.

The Effect of Soaking with Wooden Ash and Malting upon Some Nutritional Properties of Sorghum Flour Used for Impeke,a Traditional Burundian Malt-Based Sorghum Beverage

The objective of the present work was to determine the effect of wooden ash extract on anti-nutritional factors and to assess the effect of soaking with malting on nutritional properties of sorghum flour used for impeke. The addition of wooden ash extract during 24 h of soaking resulted in significant decrease in tannin by 50.2% and the decrease was observed to be progressive as malting time increases. 5 d of malting resulted in significant decrease in tannin by 69.3% and in phytic acid by 66.4% with slight decrease in ash, lipid, fiber, and starch. Malting showed an increased percentage of protein, essential amino acids, and then in vitro protein digestibility were markedly improved with increasing malting time. Sugars analysis proved a significant increase in maltose, glucose, fructose, and structural analysis of sorghum starch displayed porosity on granule＇s surface susceptible to the amylolysis.

Quality Assessment of Frozen Solenocera crassicornis Treated with Sodium Metabisulphite by Soaking or Spraying

The present work was carried out to evaluate the safety of shrimp(Solenocera crassicornis)treated with different concentrations of sodium metabisulfite(SMB)by soaking or spraying during frozen storage.Shrimps soaked in higher concentrations of SMB showed higher sensory scores,lower total color differences,and better anti-melanosis effects than shrimps in the control and other treatment groups throughout frozen storage(−18℃).Lower total volatile basic nitrogen and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and higher salt soluble protein contents were detected in shrimp soaked with high doses of SMB compared with other samples.In addition,lower counts of total aerobic plates and psychrotrophic bacteria were observed in shrimp treated by soaking with higher doses of SMB than those in control shrimp and shrimp treated with other methods during frozen storage(−18℃).However,the SO2 content of 5%SMB-soaked samples exceeded the maximum allowable limit of 100mgkg−1.Overall,the use of 1.5%SMB soaking to treat shrimp results in good antioxidant and antimicrobial effects and,thus,may be suggested to preserve S.crassicornis under frozen conditions.The results of this study present important guidance on the use of SMB to maintain the quality of marine-trawling shrimp from manufacturing to consumption.

Soaking Induced Changes in Chemical Composition, Glycemic Index and Starch Characteristics of Basmati Rice

An attempt was made to determine the qualitative changes in basmati rice （Pusa Basmati 1121, PBl121） during soaking at 40 ℃ to 80 ℃. Soaking temperature had significant effect （a = 0.01） on chemical composition, glycemic index and starch characteristics of rice. Starch content, apparent amylose content, crude protein content and crude fat content in un-soaked rice were found to be 73.24%, 27.26%, 8.79% and 2.56%, respectively, but differences in these traits were observed after soaking. Amylose to amylopectin ratio （Am/Ap） decreased from 0.59 to 0.52 （soaked at 80 ℃）. Crude fibre and crude ash contents increased after soaking. The mineral composition （K, P, S, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn） in soaked rice was found to be 16.46% higher than un-soaked rice at the same degree of polishing. Glycemic index of un-soaked rice was found to be 58.41, but decreased to 54.31 after soaking at 80 ℃. Pasting properties, scanning electron microscope images, and X-ray diffractograms suggested partial gelatinization of starch in the temperature range of 60 ℃ to 80 ℃. Based on qualitative changes in rice （apparent amylose content, Am/Ap ratio and crystallinity rate）, it was concluded that intermediate soakincl temperatures （60 ℃ to 70 ℃） would be useful for soaking of PB1121.

Mechanisms and capacity of high-pressure soaking after hydraulic fracturing in tight/shale oil reservoirs

Huff-n-puff by water has been conducted to enhance oil recovery after hydraulic fracturing in tight/shale oil reservoirs.However,the mechanisms and capacity are still unclear,which significantly limits the application of this technique.In order to figure out the mechanisms,the whole process of pressurizing,high-pressure soaking,and depressurizing was firstly discussed,and a mechanistic model was established.Subsequently,the simulation model was verified and employed to investigate the significances of high-pressure soaking,the contributions of different mechanisms,and the sensitivity analysis in different scenarios.The results show that high-pressure soaking plays an essential role in oil production by both imbibition and elasticity after hydraulic fracturing.The contribution of imbibition increases as the increase in bottom hole pressure(BHP),interfacial tension,and specific surface area,but slightly decreases as the oil viscosity increases.In addition,it first decreases and then slightly increases with the increase in matrix permeability.The optimal soaking time is linear with the increases of both oil viscosity and BHP and logarithmically declines with the increase in matrix permeability and specific surface area.Moreover,it shows a rising tendency as the interficial tension(IFT)increases.Overall,a general model was achieved to calculate the optimal soaking time.

Effects of soaking process on arsenic and other mineral elements in brown rice

One of the main food crops in the world,rice can accumulate high levels of arsenic from flooded paddy soils,which seriously threatens human health.Soaking,a common processing method for brown rice products,especially for brown rice noodles,was investigated in this study.Japonica rice(Dao Hua Xiang No.2)and Indica rice(Ye Xiang You No.3)were selected for studying the effects of soaking on arsenic concentrations,species,and distributions.Results revealed that soaking can efficiently remove arsenic in these two rice varieties,and the main part of removal is endosperm with the maximal rate of about 40%.Inorganic arsenic(I-As)(about 85%)is the main species of arsenic reduction.Meanwhile,the variations of four other elements(i.e.,Mg,Ca,Zn,and Fe)were analyzed.Collectively,the findings of this study indicate that soaking can efficiently remove arsenic in brown rice under controlled soaking conditions,which thereby reduces the arsenic intake for brown rice customers.