Possible relationships between MJO and the severe rain-snow weather in Eastern China during November of 2009 are analyzed and results show that a strong MJO process is one of the strong impact factors.MJO is very acti...Possible relationships between MJO and the severe rain-snow weather in Eastern China during November of 2009 are analyzed and results show that a strong MJO process is one of the strong impact factors.MJO is very active over the Indian Ocean in November 2009.Especially,it maintains 9 days in MJO phase 3,just corresponding to the two strongest rain-snow processes.Composites of MJO events show that when the MJO convective center is located over the Indian Ocean,the probability of rainfall is significantly increased and the temperature is lower than normal in eastern China,which is consistent with the situation in November of 2009.Atmospheric circulation anomalies of mid-and higher-latitudes can be influenced by the tropical MJO convection forcing and this influence could be realized by teleconnection.When the MJO is over the Indian Ocean,it is favorable for the maintenance of a circulation pattern of two ridges versus one trough at mid-and higher-latitudes.Meanwhile,the western Pacific subtropical high is stronger and more westward than normal,and a significant convective belt appears over eastern East Asia.All these circulation anomalies shown in the composite result also appeared in the observations in November 2009,which indicates the general features of relationships between the MJO and the circulation anomalies over the extratropics.Besides the zonal circulation anomalies,the MJO convection can also lead to meridional circulation anomalies.When the MJO convection is located over the Indian Ocean,the western Pacific is dominated by anomalous descending motion,and the eastern East Asia is controlled by strong convergence and ascending motion.Therefore,an anomalous meridional circulation is formed between the tropics and middle latitudes,enhancing the northward transportation of low-level moisture.It is potentially helpful to understanding and even forecasting such kind of rain-snow weather anomalies as that in November 2009 using MJO.展开更多
Winter synoptic conditions that produce snowfall with bitterly cold temperatures create both social and economic hazards in the capital city of Albany, NY. Sometimes these systems are forecasted in error to produce ra...Winter synoptic conditions that produce snowfall with bitterly cold temperatures create both social and economic hazards in the capital city of Albany, NY. Sometimes these systems are forecasted in error to produce rain or mixed precipitation. It is beneficial for meteorologists to better understand the commonly used 5400 and 1300 GPM line to better forecast rain versus snow events. Other studies have looked into the use of the 5400 GPM (540 dm) line but none have assessed the validity of this boundary with respect to weather type characterization at Albany. This study aims to determine the reliability of the widely referenced guides for depicting the rain-snow line, and improve forecast aids for the vertical atmosphere during winter precipitation events. The mean daily 500, 850, 925 and 1000 mb heights and weather type frequency of the Spatial Synoptic Classification between November and March of 1980 - 2012 are analyzed. Results indicate that the standard vertical boundaries are inaccurate indicators of a rain versus snow event in Albany. More reasonable rain-snow cut offs for the 1000 - 500 and 1000 - 850 mb thicknesses are 5222 and 1262 GPM. For the 1000 - 925 mb level, 606 GPM is a helpful aid of identifying the rain-snow boundary. Further scrutinizing by weather type indicates that the rain-snow boundary also varies depending on what air mass/weather type is present on a given day. For instance, when the most prominent weather type is observed over Albany (Dry Polar), at the 1000 - 850 mb and 1000 - 500 mb layers, a boundary of 1242 GPM and 5152 GPM is found to be most representative. Results indicate only for the rarest of winter weather types observed over Albany, Moist Tropical, are the standard cut offs useful. Determining the reliability of this precipitation indicator at a specific station, like Albany, could enable meteorologists in other regions of the country to draw parallels between weather type, precipitation, and thickness in their forecast zones.展开更多
利用2006-2021年常规观测和风云卫星云顶黑体亮温(TBB)资料,结合欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)0.25°×0.25°的ERA5再分析资料,对冷季影响华北和东北地区北上类温带气...利用2006-2021年常规观测和风云卫星云顶黑体亮温(TBB)资料,结合欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)0.25°×0.25°的ERA5再分析资料,对冷季影响华北和东北地区北上类温带气旋强降水过程进行了统计分析。结果表明:(1)温带气旋爆发性发展过程中大多数有锢囚锋形成,但发展过程有所不同,Shapiro-Keyser(以下简称SK型)和经典的挪威(以下简称NW型)气旋发展过程各占一半,SK型气旋500hPa上为一深槽,斜压性强,引导气流为东北偏北气流,导致气旋路径偏西,造成的降水更偏北、范围更广;NW型气旋500hPa上为一浅槽,槽后冷平流弱,引导气流为东北偏东气流,导致气旋路径偏东,降水偏南,强度更强。(2)NW型气旋的大气河强于SK型气旋,相应的强降水范围更大、强度更强;随着气旋发展,SK型气旋大气河北侧有明显的后弯特征,导致SK型气旋的暖锋降水中心位于气旋西北象限,而NW型气旋暖锋降水中心位于气旋中心附近。(3)SK型气旋西北侧的暖锋锋生明显强于NW型,气旋锋生强迫产生的强上升运动,有利于强降雪。(4)SK型气旋300 hPa上存在高音符形状的强位涡块,NW型气旋高层块状位涡较弱。SK型气旋上空平流层位涡下传与低层高位涡连通形成位涡塔,其附近有深厚暖式锢囚结构;而NW型气旋高层位涡下伸不明显,没有位涡塔生成,SK型气旋首先在对流层中低层发展,然后发展到地面,而NW型气旋是从对流层低层发展起来。展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(40905035)National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,2010CB428606)+1 种基金National Department Public Welfare Research Foundation of China(GYHY200906015)Key Technologies R&D Program of China(2009BAC51B05)
文摘Possible relationships between MJO and the severe rain-snow weather in Eastern China during November of 2009 are analyzed and results show that a strong MJO process is one of the strong impact factors.MJO is very active over the Indian Ocean in November 2009.Especially,it maintains 9 days in MJO phase 3,just corresponding to the two strongest rain-snow processes.Composites of MJO events show that when the MJO convective center is located over the Indian Ocean,the probability of rainfall is significantly increased and the temperature is lower than normal in eastern China,which is consistent with the situation in November of 2009.Atmospheric circulation anomalies of mid-and higher-latitudes can be influenced by the tropical MJO convection forcing and this influence could be realized by teleconnection.When the MJO is over the Indian Ocean,it is favorable for the maintenance of a circulation pattern of two ridges versus one trough at mid-and higher-latitudes.Meanwhile,the western Pacific subtropical high is stronger and more westward than normal,and a significant convective belt appears over eastern East Asia.All these circulation anomalies shown in the composite result also appeared in the observations in November 2009,which indicates the general features of relationships between the MJO and the circulation anomalies over the extratropics.Besides the zonal circulation anomalies,the MJO convection can also lead to meridional circulation anomalies.When the MJO convection is located over the Indian Ocean,the western Pacific is dominated by anomalous descending motion,and the eastern East Asia is controlled by strong convergence and ascending motion.Therefore,an anomalous meridional circulation is formed between the tropics and middle latitudes,enhancing the northward transportation of low-level moisture.It is potentially helpful to understanding and even forecasting such kind of rain-snow weather anomalies as that in November 2009 using MJO.
文摘Winter synoptic conditions that produce snowfall with bitterly cold temperatures create both social and economic hazards in the capital city of Albany, NY. Sometimes these systems are forecasted in error to produce rain or mixed precipitation. It is beneficial for meteorologists to better understand the commonly used 5400 and 1300 GPM line to better forecast rain versus snow events. Other studies have looked into the use of the 5400 GPM (540 dm) line but none have assessed the validity of this boundary with respect to weather type characterization at Albany. This study aims to determine the reliability of the widely referenced guides for depicting the rain-snow line, and improve forecast aids for the vertical atmosphere during winter precipitation events. The mean daily 500, 850, 925 and 1000 mb heights and weather type frequency of the Spatial Synoptic Classification between November and March of 1980 - 2012 are analyzed. Results indicate that the standard vertical boundaries are inaccurate indicators of a rain versus snow event in Albany. More reasonable rain-snow cut offs for the 1000 - 500 and 1000 - 850 mb thicknesses are 5222 and 1262 GPM. For the 1000 - 925 mb level, 606 GPM is a helpful aid of identifying the rain-snow boundary. Further scrutinizing by weather type indicates that the rain-snow boundary also varies depending on what air mass/weather type is present on a given day. For instance, when the most prominent weather type is observed over Albany (Dry Polar), at the 1000 - 850 mb and 1000 - 500 mb layers, a boundary of 1242 GPM and 5152 GPM is found to be most representative. Results indicate only for the rarest of winter weather types observed over Albany, Moist Tropical, are the standard cut offs useful. Determining the reliability of this precipitation indicator at a specific station, like Albany, could enable meteorologists in other regions of the country to draw parallels between weather type, precipitation, and thickness in their forecast zones.
文摘利用2006-2021年常规观测和风云卫星云顶黑体亮温(TBB)资料,结合欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)0.25°×0.25°的ERA5再分析资料,对冷季影响华北和东北地区北上类温带气旋强降水过程进行了统计分析。结果表明:(1)温带气旋爆发性发展过程中大多数有锢囚锋形成,但发展过程有所不同,Shapiro-Keyser(以下简称SK型)和经典的挪威(以下简称NW型)气旋发展过程各占一半,SK型气旋500hPa上为一深槽,斜压性强,引导气流为东北偏北气流,导致气旋路径偏西,造成的降水更偏北、范围更广;NW型气旋500hPa上为一浅槽,槽后冷平流弱,引导气流为东北偏东气流,导致气旋路径偏东,降水偏南,强度更强。(2)NW型气旋的大气河强于SK型气旋,相应的强降水范围更大、强度更强;随着气旋发展,SK型气旋大气河北侧有明显的后弯特征,导致SK型气旋的暖锋降水中心位于气旋西北象限,而NW型气旋暖锋降水中心位于气旋中心附近。(3)SK型气旋西北侧的暖锋锋生明显强于NW型,气旋锋生强迫产生的强上升运动,有利于强降雪。(4)SK型气旋300 hPa上存在高音符形状的强位涡块,NW型气旋高层块状位涡较弱。SK型气旋上空平流层位涡下传与低层高位涡连通形成位涡塔,其附近有深厚暖式锢囚结构;而NW型气旋高层位涡下伸不明显,没有位涡塔生成,SK型气旋首先在对流层中低层发展,然后发展到地面,而NW型气旋是从对流层低层发展起来。
