Regulation effect of the grille spacing of a funnel-type grating water–sediment separation structure on the debris flow performance

The size of pores or the grille spacing of water–sediment separation structures directly affects their regulation effect on the debris flow performance.A suitable pore size or grille spacing can effectively improve the water–sediment separation ability of the structure.The new funnel-type grating water–sediment separation structure(FGWSS)combines vertical and horizontal structures and provides a satisfactory water–sediment separation effect.However,the regulation effect of the grille spacing of the structure on the debris flow performance has not been studied.The regulation effect of the structure grille spacing on the debris flow performance is studied through a flume test,and the optimal structure grille spacing is obtained.An empirical equation of the relationship between the relative grille spacing of the structure and the sediment separation rate is established.Finally,the influence of the water–sediment separation structure on the regulation effect of debris flows is examined from two aspects:external factors(properties of debris flows)and internal factors(structural factors).The experimental results show that the gradation characteristics of solid particles in debris flows constitute a key factor affecting the regulation effect of the structure on the debris flow performance.The optimum grille spacing of the FGWSS matches the particle size corresponding to the material distribution curves d85~d90 of the debris flow.The total separation rate of debris flow particles is related to the grille spacing of the structure and the content of coarse and fine particles in the debris flow.

A Preliminary Study on 1D Numerical Experiment of Water Debris Flow in Gully

In order to improve and enhance the numerical modeling methods and its application on debris flow problems,a preliminary study has been proposed in accordance with the corrected water-sediment numerical model on the premise of revised resistance and sediment capacity equations.Firstly,an overview the recent re- search achievements on numerical simulation of debris flow has been conducted,the results shown that a gener- al numerical model for debris flow can not be existed at all because the complex rheol...

Numerical Simulation of Interaction Between Tributary Debris Flow and Main River

Based on two-phase flow theory and shallow water flow assumption,a mathematical model is applied to simulate debris flow.The model considers a two-phase mixture of sediments and water fluid.Assuming that the sediments and the water fluid move downstream with the same velocity,the flow of the mixture is described using a two dimensional depth averaged model with a unique 2-D momentum equation and two mass balance e- quations for the mixture and the sediments,respectively.The finite volume method is used f...

Natural consolidation characteristics of viscous debris flow deposition

Pore water pressure and water content are important indicators to both deposition and consolidation of debris flows, enabling a direct assessment of consolidation degree. This article gained a more comprehensive understanding about the entire consolidation process and focused on exploring pore water pressure and volumetric water content variations of the deposit body during natural consolidation under different conditions taking the viscous debris flow mass as a study subject and by flume experiments. The results indicate that, as the color of the debris changed from initial dark green to grayish-white color, the initial deposit thickness declined by 3% and 2.8% over a permeable and impermeable sand bed, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between pore water pressure and depth in the deposit for both scenarios, with deeper depths being related to greater pore water pressure. For the permeable environment, the average dissipation rate of pore water pressure measured at depths of 0.10 m and 0.05 m were 0.0172 Pa/d and 0.0144 Pa/d, respectively, showing a positivechanging trend with increasing depth. Under impermeable conditions, the average dissipation rates at different depths were similar, while the volumetric water content in the deposit had a positive correlation with depth. The reduction of water content in the deposit accelerated with depth under impermeable sand bed boundary conditions, but was not considerably correlated with depth under permeable sand bed boundary conditions. However, the amount of discharged water from the deposit was greater and consolidation occurred faster in permeable conditions. This indicates that the permeability of the boundary sand bed has a significant impact on the progress of consolidation. This research demonstrates that pore water and pressure dissipations are present during the entire viscous debris consolidation process. Contrasting with dilute flows, pore pressure dissipation in viscous flows cannot be completed in a matter of minutes or even hours, requiring longer completion time — 3 to 5 days and even more. Additionally, the dissipation of the pore water pressure lagged the reduction of the water content. During the experiment, the dissipation rate fluctuated substantially, indicating a close relationship betweenthe dissipation process and the physical properties of broadly graded soils.

Distribution Regularity of Debris Flow and Its Hazard in Upper Reaches of Yangtze River and Other Rivers of Southwestern China

In the upper reaches of Yangtze River and other rivers of southwestern China, the debris flows develop and lead to most serious disasters because of the various landforms, complex geological structures and abundant rainfall. The distribution of debris flows has regularity in the regions with different landform, geological structure, and precipitation. The regularities of distribution of debris flows are as following： （1） distributed in transition belts of different morphologic regions; （2） distributed in the area with strong stream trenching; （3） distributed along fracture zones and seismic belts： （4） distributed in the area with abundant precipitation; （5） distribution of debris flow is azonal. The activity of abundant debris flows not only brings harm to Towns, Villages and Farmlands, Main Lines of Communication, Water-Power Engineering, Stream Channels etc., but also induces strong water and soil loss. According to the present status of debris flow prevention, the problems in disasters mitigation and soil conservancy are found out, and the key works are brought up for the future disasters prevention and soil conservancy.

Effect of clay content to the strength of gravel soil in the source region of debris flow

The production of runoff in the source area of a debris flow is the consequence of a reduction in soil strength. Gravel soil is widely distributed in the source region, and the influence of its clay content on soil strength is one of the important questions regarding the formation mechanism of debris flows. In this paper, the clay content in gravel soil is divided into groups of low clay content(1%, 2, 5%), moderate clay content(3.75%, 5.00%, 6.25%, 7.5%) and high clay content(10.0%, 12.5%, 15%). Tests of the unconsolidated undrained shear strength and consolidated drained shear strength were performed. The unconsolidated undrained shearing(UU) experiment simulates the rapid shear failure of loose gravel soil under the conditions of brief heavy rainfall. The consolidated drained shearing(CD) experiment simulates creep failure of consolidated sediment during extended rainfall. The pore water pressure first increased and then decreased as the clay content increased, and the increase in pore pressure was relatively high in the gravel soil sample when the clay content is in the range of 3.25-7.50%, and stress in the gravel soil is relatively low for a moderate clay content. Gravelly soils with a moderate clay content are moreprone to debris-flow initiation. This paper presents a mathematical formula for the maximum shear stress and clay content of gravel soil under two conditions. The key processes whereby the soil fails and triggers a debris flow—volume contraction of soil, expansion of clay soil, and rise of pore pressure―cause reductions in the soil friction force and enhancement of the water content in the clay particles, and subsurface erosion of soil reduces the soil viscosity, which eventually reduces the soil strength so that the soil loses its stability, liquefies and generates a debris flow.

Theoretical Study on the Confluence of Debris Flow and the Main River

Because of the high momentum of debris flow,when it confluences with the Main River,the water level in the upstream of the conjunction point will increase and a portion of sediment will deposit in the con- junction area.The discharge of downstream will be less then the summation discharge of main river and side channel,and the density of downstream will be difference from both the density of the fluid of main river and tributary.Based on momentum theory,and with the transport coefficient and deposit coef...

Comparison of Debris Flow Modeling Results with Empirical Formulas Applied to Russian Mountains Areas

Construction of debris flow protection structures is impossible without studying the processes first. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to calculate the magnitude of debris flows in three study areas. Initial information was provided by JSC Sevkavgiprovodkhoz and the Research Center “Geodinamika”. The first object of this research was the river Ardon and its tributary the Buddon, because of disastrous consequences for Mizur village of passed debris flows and floods. Modeling of unsteady water movement was carried out for estimation of potential flooding. During modeling, 5 cases of flash floods and debris flows of various probabilities from 0.5% to 1% percent were considered. Therefore, maximum floods for the cross-sections above and in the Mizur village itself were obtained. The second study area was the Chat-Bash stream, which is also situated in the north of Caucasus mountains. For this stream, the maximum discharge that could impact the mining complex at Tyrnyauz was determined. The third study area was the Krasnoselskaia river due to frequent floods in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Applying three cases of various probabilities from 10% to 0.1%, the model determined maximum discharge and water level for the last cross-section above confluence into the Susuya river. Numerical experiments for all study areas with different roughness values were conducted to identify optimal ones. Comparing the model results for all study areas with empirical formulas (Golubcov V.V., Herheulidze I.I., Kkhann, Sribnyj and ASFS of EMERCOM of Russia) revealed that formulas contain only average depth slope angle and empirical coefficients and do not allow estimating flood areas and maximum characteristics of the event with a certain degree of accuracy.

Centrifuge model tests of the formation mechanism of coarse sand debris flow

Using the self-developed visualization test apparatus, centrifuge model tests at 20 g were carried out to research the macro and microscopic formation mechanism of coarse sand debris flows. The formation mode and soil-water interaction mechanism of the debris flows were analyzed from both macroscopic and microscopic points of view respectively using high digital imaging equipment and micro-structure analysis software Geodip. The test results indicate that the forming process of debris flow mainly consists of three stages, namely the infiltration and softening stage, the overall slide stage, and debris flow stage. The essence of simulated coarse sand slope forming debris flow is that local fluidization cause slope to wholly slide. The movement of small particles forms a transient stagnant layer with increasing saturation, causing soil shear strength lost and local fluidization. When the driving force of the saturated soil exceeds the resisting force, debris flow happens on the coarse sand slope immediately.

Status and Trends in Research on Deep-Water Gravity Flow Deposits

Deep-water gravity flows are one of the most important sediment transport mechanisms on Earth. After 60 years of study, significant achievements have been made in terms of classification schemes, genetic mechanisms, and depositional models of deep-water gravity flows. The research history of deep-water gravity flows can be divided into five stages： incipience of turbidity current theory; formation of turbidity current theory; development of deep-water gravity flow theory; improvement and perfection of deep-water gravity flow theory; and comprehensive development of deep-water gravity flow theory. Currently, three primary classification schemes based on the sediment support mechanism, the rheology and transportation process, and the integration of sediment support mechanisms, rheology, sedimentary characteristics, and flow state are commonly used.Different types of deep-water gravity flow events form different types of gravity flow deposits. Sediment slump retransportation mainly forms muddy debris flows, sandy debris flows, and surge-like turbidity currents. Resuspension of deposits by storms leads to quasi-steady hyperpycnal turbidity currents （hyperpycnal flows）. Sustainable sediment supplies mainly generate muddy debris flows, sandy debris flows, and hyperpycnal flows. Deep-water fans, which are commonly controlled by debris flows and hyperpycnal flows, are triggered by sustainable sediment supply; in contrast, deep-water slope sedimentary deposits consist mainly of debris flows that are triggered by the retransportation of sediment slumps and deep-water fine-grained sedimentary deposits are derived primarily from fine- grained hyperpycnal flows that are triggered by the resuspension of storm deposits. Harmonization of classification schemes, transformation between different types of gravity flow deposit, and monitoring and reproduction of the sedimentary processes of deep-water gravity flows as well as a source-to-sink approach to document the evolution and deposition of deep-water gravity flows are the most important research aspects for future studies of deep-water gravity flows study in the future.

Effects of river flow velocity on the formation of landslide dams

Natural dams are formed when landslides are triggered by heavy rainfall during extreme weather events in the mountainous areas of Taiwan.During landslide debris movement,two processes occur simultaneously:the movement of landslide debris from a slope onto the riverbed and the erosion of the debris under the action of high-velocity river flow.When the rate of landslide deposition in a river channel is higher than the rate of landslide debris erosion by the river flow,the landslide forms a natural dam by blocking the river channel.In this study,the effects of the rates of river flow erosion and landslide deposition(termed the erosive capacity and depositional capacity,respectively)on the formation of natural dams are quantified using a physics-based approach and are tested using a scaled physical model.We define a dimensionless velocity index vde as the ratio between the depositional capacity of landslide debris(vd)and the erosive capacity of water flow(ve).The experimental test results show that a landslide dam forms when landslide debris moves at high velocity into a river channel where the river-flow velocity is low,that is,the dimensionless velocity index vde>54.Landslide debris will not have sufficient depositional capacity to block stream flow when the dimensionless velocity index vde<47.The depositional capacity of a landslide can be determined from the slope angle and the friction of the sliding surface,while the erosive capacity of a dam can be determined using river flow velocity and rainfall conditions.The methodology described in this paper was applied to seven landslide dams that formed in Taiwan on 8 August 2009 during Typhoon Morakot,the Tangjiashan landslide dam case,and the Yingxiu-Wolong highway K24 landslide case.The dimensionless velocity index presented in this paper can be used before a rainstorm event occurs to determine if the formation of a landslide dam is possible.

Initiation and Development of Water Film by Seepage

When water seeps upwards through a saturated soil layer,the soil layer may become instability and water films occur and develop.Water film serves as a natural sliding surface because of its very small friction.Accordingly,debris flow may happen.To investigate this phenomenon,a pseudothree-phase media is presented first.Then discontinuity method is used to analyze the expansion velocity of water film.Finally,perturbation method is used to analyze the case that a water flow is forced to seep upwards through the soil layer while the movement of the skeleton may be neglected relative to that of water.The theoretical evolutions of pore pressure gradient,effective stress,water velocity,the porosity and the eroded fine grains are obtained.It can be seen clearly that with the erosion and redeposited of fine grains,permeability at some positions in the soil layer becomes smaller and smaller and,the pore pressure gradient becomes bigger and bigger,while the effective stress becomes smaller and smaller.When the effective stress equals zero,e.f.liquefaction,the water film occurs.It is shown also that once a water film occurs,it will be expanded in a speed of U(t)(1-ε).

A Model of Debris Flow Forecast Based on the Water-Soil Coupling Mechanism

Debris flow forecast is an important means of disaster mitigation. However, the accuracy of the statistics-based debris flow forecast is unsatisfied while the mechanism-based forecast is unavailable at the watershed scale because most of existing researches on the initiation mechanism of debris flow took a single slope as the main object. In order to solve this problem, this paper developed a model of debris flow forecast based on the water-soil coupling mechanism at the watershed scale. In this model, the runoff and the instable soil caused by the rainfall in a watershed is estimated by the distrib- uted hydrological model （GBHM） and an instable identification model of the unsaturated soil. Because the debris flow is a special fluid composed of soil and water and has a bigger density, the density esti- mated by the runoff and instable soil mass in a watershed under the action of a rainfall is employed as a key factor to identify the formation probability of debris flow in the forecast model. The Jiangjia Gulley, a typical debris flow valley with a several debris flow events each year, is selected as a case study watershed to test this forecast model of debris flow. According the observation data of Dongchuan Debris Flow Observation and Research Station, CAS located in Jiangjia Gulley, there were 4 debris flow events in 2006. The test results show that the accuracy of the model is satisfied.

Determination of optimal grid opening width for herringbone water-sediment separation structures based on sediment separation efficiency

The herringbone water-sediment separation structure(HWSSS) was developed to prevent debris flows. This paper mainly focuses on evaluating the sediment separation efficiency of HWSSS in debris flow prevention and determining the grid opening width D, a crucial structure parameter for HWSSS design. Theoretical analysis on the total sediment separation rate Pt reveals that the efficiency of sediment separation is much related with sediment grain size distribution(GSD) and grid opening width. The lower limit of Pt is deduced from the perspective of safety consideration by transforming debris flow into sediment-laden flow. Hydraulic model tests were carried out. Based on the regression analysis of the experimental data, the quantitative relationships between Pt and D and GSD characteristic values were finally established. A procedure for determining optimal grid opening width is proposed based on these analyses. These results are of significance in evaluating sediment separation effect by HWSSS in debris flow prevention and contribute to a more explicit methodology for design of HWSSS.

Physical and chemical changes of water in the deep interior of the Earth―Decrepitation-style mud-volcano-earthquake―A bright lamp to shed light on the mysteries of the deep interior of the Earth

The 2008-05-12 Wenchuan mud-volcano-earthquake was accompanied with eruption of a huge volume of gas and stone,revealing that earthquakes generally result from instant reverse phase explosion of supercritical water(SCW) at the supercritical point.In the deep parts of the crust and mantle there still exists a large amount of supercritical water equivalent in order of magnitude to that of the Earth's hydrosphere.Soft fluids which exist in the MOHO at the top of the upper mantle are the so-called deep supercritical fluids(SCWD).Supercritical water(SCW) has n×103 times strong capability to dissolve gas.Its viscosity is extremely low and its diffusivity is extremely strong.Therefore,it can naturally migrate toward a region with relatively negative pressure.In the steep break zone of the MOHO at the 57-65 km depth beneath the earthquake belt,due to mutation of overburden pressure,SCWD can automatically separate out CaSiO3 and other inorganic salts,evolving into the SCW(H2O-CO2-CH4O system.In going upwards to the 10-20-km depth of the crust SCW will be accumulated as an earthquake-pregnant reservoir in the broken terrain.The phase-transition heat of SCW is estimated at 606.62 kJ/kg and the reverse phasing kinetic energy is 2350.8 kJ/kg.When automatic exhaust at the time of decompression reaches the critical pressure(Pc),the instant explosion reverse phase will be normal-state air water.It will release a huge volume of energy and high-kinetic-energy gas which has been expanded by a factor of 1000,leading to the breaking of the country rocks overlying the earthquake-pregnant reservoir,thus giving rise to a Ms 8.0 earthquake.As a result,there were formed eruptive and air-driven(pneumatic) debris flows whose volumatric flow rate reaches n×1014 m3/s,and their force greatly exceeds the power of INT explosive of the same equivalent value.

考虑透水效应的泥石流柔性防护网耦合分析方法

针对柔性防护网在黏性泥石流通过时的透水效应问题,在柔性环连网等效薄膜有限单元(FEM)的基础上,结合S-ALE和Ergun公式的欧拉-拉格朗日耦合算法,提出了Structured-ALE-FEM耦合算法(简称S-A-F方法),实现了考虑透水效应的泥石流柔性防护网耦合分析。结合USGS的泥石流柔性防护模型试验,开展了泥石流柔性防护全过程动力学分析,并与试验结果进行了对比分析。研究表明:提出的耦合方法可再现泥石流冲击、爬高及渗透堆积的全过程;与试验相比,泥石流堆积高度和堆积宽度的最大误差分别为11.9%和10.3%,泥石流浆体通过量最大差量为3.2%;柔性防护网关键部件动力响应与试验相比,右侧拉锚绳、左侧拉锚绳及网片最大变形量时程曲线误差分别为3.2%,16.4%,14.4%。与不考虑阻水效应的两种理论算法相比,S-A-F方法在泥石流冲击力峰值和泥石流浆体通过量准确度较同类其他方法提升了4.69%和17.50%。提出的S-A-F耦合方法可用于黏性泥石流柔性防护工程的设计计算。

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部三叠系长7油层组深水沉积特征及演化规律

以沉积学理论为指导,利用野外露头、钻井岩心、测井等资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地东南部三叠系长7油层组深水沉积特征包括相标志、沉积微相类型等进行了研究,并揭示了其沉积演化规律。研究结果表明:(1)鄂尔多斯盆地东南部三叠系长7油层组深水沉积的相标志包括:岩石中常见水平层理、鲍马序列、槽模沟模、滑动与滑塌构造、撕裂屑、泥包砾等沉积构造,含有深水双壳类和鱼类动物化石,粒度概率曲线中悬浮总体含量大且分选差,测井曲线上可见锯齿状、齿化箱形-钟形-指形、泥岩基线等特征。(2)研究区长7物源主要来自东北和南部2个方向,发育深湖—半深湖、湖底扇、浅湖沉积,湖底扇包括浊流和砂质碎屑流2种重力流类型,可进一步划分为重力流主水道、溢流沉积、重力流分支水道、分支水道间、朵叶体等微相。湖底扇主水道主要为砂质碎屑流沉积,分支水道和朵叶体主要为浊流沉积。(3)研究区长7沉积期,中南部主体发育深湖—半深湖、湖底扇沉积,东北部发育浅湖沉积;其中,东北方向发育4个湖底扇体,南部发育2个湖底扇体,半深湖/浅湖界线呈北西向延伸于延安—甘泉一带。长7^(3)亚段沉积期,深湖—半深湖范围最大,仅局部发育湖底扇;长7^(2)、长7^(1)亚段沉积期,湖底扇逐步增多,深湖—半深湖范围有所缩小,整体呈深湖—半深湖与湖底扇交互沉积态势。

双排桩式导流堤在泥石流治理中应用研究

天津市蓟州区西毛峪山谷在2021年发生泥石流,造成国道断交,严重危及公路通行安全。文章在分析泥石流特征的基础上,在泥石流堆积区尝试采用双排桩作为导流堤,形成导流槽治理西毛峪泥石流。文章分析了双排桩式导流堤的受力状态,计算了其稳定性,提出了治理方案,工程取得良好效果。本研究为后续同类泥石流治理提供了参考。

泥石流入汇对河流影响的实验研究

本文对泥石流与主河水流交汇机理及其河床响应特征进行了实验研究 ,模拟了汇流角分别为 90°、6 0°和30°时在各种汇流比条件下泥石流与主河交汇及河床响应过程 ;归纳出了泥石流与主河交汇的二种模式 ,提出了堵河判别式。考虑不同汇流比对交汇时泥石流沉积地形的影响 ,定义了“脊线”、“轴线”和“冲刷角”三个概念 。

深水块体搬运沉积体系研究进展

全球普遍发育的深水块体搬运沉积体系是大陆边缘地层重要的组成部分,系统地认识该类沉积体有助于深化深水搬运过程认识、拓展深水油气勘探领域及控制海域工程设施风险。通过国际上研究成果梳理,深水块体搬运沉积体系是指除浊流外的水下重力流沉积物组合,结构上可分为头部、体部和趾部,可根据搬运过程和沉积物成因进行类型划分。其形成需具备沉积物重力流条件,变形过程符合宾汉塑性体特征,形成的沉积体规模大小不一,内部具有多种运动学指向,一般通过地震、岩心和测井等资料加以识别。深水块体搬运沉积体系可以形成油气的盖层和储层,是深水区潜在勘探目标。综合分析认为,目前仍存在深水块体搬运过程认识需要深化和统一、不同地质背景下深水块体搬运沉积体系的形成条件研究不足、与浊流沉积物的区别、古代与现代深水块体搬运沉积体系共性与差异性研究、岩相类型和岩相组合认识的统一等相关问题。指出未来深水块体搬运沉积体系研究主要集中在多资料、多尺度特征分析,形成条件特别是触发机制深入研究,水下块体搬运机理、沉积物组成及深水重力流沉积物一体化研究,何种环境下可以形成烃源岩、储层或盖层,古代深水块体搬运沉积体系解剖,以及侵蚀能力和地质风险评估。