Analysis on "96. 8" Heavy Rainstorm Process in Handan

[ ObjEtive] The research aimed to analyze ＂96.8＂ heavy rainstorm process causing flood disaster in Handan. [ Method] Based on ac- tual situation data, satellite cloud data and NCEP reanalysis data in the first dekad of August in 1996, ＂96.8＂ heavy rainstorm process causing flood disaster in Handan was analyzed to understand occurrence reason of the flood disaster. [ Result] Two meso-scale convective cloud clusters which developed and went north in turn caused ＂96.8＂ heavy rainstorm in Handan. Typhoon and inverted trough were main weather systems induced flood disaster in Handan. In going north process of the low-level jet, due to blocking of the subtropical high, water vapor and energy accumulated in Handan, providing material basis for formation of the heavy rainstorm. Development and eastward movement of the short-wave trough at middle lati- tude and continuous invasion of the reflux weak cold air at the low layer were direct reason for triggering generation and development of the convec- tive cloud cluster, and further causing continuous rainstorm. Wet layer over the rainstorm zone was deep and thick. Meridional distribution of the wet zone was wider than latitudinal distribution. South China Sea and Bay of Bengal were water vapor sources for the rainstorm zone. In the whole rain- storm period, it was convergence at low layer and divergence at high layer in the rainstorm zone. It was positive vorticity at low layer and negative vorticity at high layer. Precipitation intensity changed as convergence and divergence. Rainstorm zone had strong ascending motion. As strengthe- ning and uplifting of the ascending motion strong center, strong precipitation also strengthened. Rainstorm center was near the biggest vertical ve- locity center. Strong precipitation changed as vertical ascending motion. [ Conclmion] The research provided scientific basis for disaster prevention and reduction and decision-making service.

Diabatic Processes and the Generation of the Low-Level Potential Vorticity Anomaly of a Rainstorm in Saudi Arabia

The diabatic heating is calculated, using the thermodynamic equation in isobaric coordinates, of a heavy rainstorm that developed over Jeddah, Saudi Arabia on 25 November 2009. Throughout the period of study, the horizontal heat advection is the dominant term and the vertical advection term is opposed by the adiabatic one. The contribution of the local temperature term to the change in diabatic heating is relatively very minimal. The presence of the Red Sea and its adjacent mountains suggest that the diabatic heating in the lower atmosphere on that rainy day is primarily due to the latent heat released by convection. The dynamics of the studied case is also investigated in terms of isobaric Potential Vorticity (PV). The results show that the heating region coincides with the location of the low-level PV anomaly. Ertel’s Potential Vorticity (EPV) generation estimates imply that condensation supplies a large enough source of moisture to account for the presence of the low-level EPV anomaly. The low-level diabatic heating-produced PV assisted in amplifying the surface thermal wave early in the rainstorm development and in the upper-level wave during the later stages of the system’s growth.

Study on Numerical Simulation of the Impact of the Land-Surface Process in a Meiyu Front Rainstorm

[Objective] The research aimed to carry out numerical simulation on impact of land-surface process in a Meiyu front rainstorm.[Method] Based on the meso-scale atmospheric non-hydrostatic model GRAPES-Meso which coupled with NOAH land-surface module,a Meiyu front rainstorm in Jianghuai basin during 6-8 July,2005 was simulated.Via sensitivity tests with and without land-surface process,the impact of land-surface process on Meiyu front rainstorm was studied.[Result] GRAPES-Meso which coupled with NOAH land-surface process could simulate daily variation characteristics of Meiyu front precipitation and atmospheric low-level southwest jet.The land-surface process could improve the simulations of precipitation initiation,intensity and distribution.The improvement of precipitation initiation simulation was especially obvious,which solved spin-up problem of model to some extent.When the land-atmosphere interaction wasn’t considered,the precipitation initiation of model was very slow.The intensity evolution of simulated precipitation was different from actual situation.Moreover,it couldn’t simulate daily variation characteristics of precipitation and southwest jet.[Conclusion] The land-surface process had important impact on Meiyu process in Jianghuai basin.

近62 a三峡地区区域性暴雨过程气候特征及长期变化规律

【目的】充分认识三峡地区区域暴雨过程的气候特征及长期变化规律对于科学防汛以及合理利用水资源具有重要意义。【方法】基于三峡地区33个国家级气象观测站1961—2022年逐日降水量资料和目前重庆市气候中心业务采用的区域性暴雨过程监测指标,对三峡地区区域性暴雨过程进行客观识别,并利用多种数理统计方法分析区域性暴雨过程的气候特征和长期变化规律。【结果】结果表明:(1)三峡地区近三分之二的暴雨以区域性过程形式出现,平均每年区域性暴雨过程有8.4次,主要出现在5—9月,尤以6—7月为集中发生时段。区域性暴雨过程首次开始日期多年平均为5月8日,末次结束日期为9月17日。平均每次过程的暴雨覆盖范围为8.6站,持续时间1.3 d,平均暴雨强度为74.7 mm/d。(2)三峡地区区域性暴雨过程年频次存在2~3 a和8 a左右的变化周期,年平均区域性暴雨过程覆盖范围存在4~6 a和8~11 a周期变化。(3)近62 a三峡地区区域性暴雨过程的首次开始日期显著提前,末次结束日期无明显变化,发生期显著变长;发生频次没有明显变化趋势、平均持续时间、平均覆盖范围、平均综合强度也均没有明显变化趋势,但平均暴雨强度呈增强趋势。(4)近62 a,三峡地区区域性暴雨过程的各项指标均未发生突变现象。【结论】研究成果为三峡地区防汛减灾、水资源管理以及回应三峡工程对局地气候影响的社会关切等提供科学支撑。

云南区域性暴雨过程时空变化特征

针对中国气象局发布的《区域性重要过程(暴雨)监测和评价业务规定》确定了云南本地化区域性暴雨过程识别阈值,经灾害数据检验客观有效。进一步应用气候趋势分析、M-K检验、小波分析、EOF分析及REOF分析等方法研究了1961—2022年云南区域性暴雨过程的时空分布特征。结果表明:云南历次区域性暴雨过程综合强度波动较大,年平均综合强度呈减小趋势,但不显著,月平均综合强度呈波动分布,峰值出现在1月,雨季各旬平均综合强度变化较小。云南区域性暴雨过程年均4次,1977年以后呈减少趋势,但不显著,没有明显突变点,2008—2022年过程频次有6~8 a周期,但不稳定,云南区域性暴雨过程夏季最多,冬季最少,6月中旬至8月下旬过程数约占全年近7成。云南区域性暴雨过程呈南多北少分布,北部边缘虽然频次较少,但过程降水强度较大。云南区域性暴雨过程呈现全省大部一致型、东北-西南反向型及南北反向型等5个主要模态,进一步可分为5个典型区,即南区、西区、中东部区、北区及西北区,过去62 a,南区、西区和中东部区波动较大,变化趋势不明显,北区平稳少变,西北区前期以偏少为主,后期增加明显。

Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Rainstorm during the Crops Growth Period in North China Region

By using the daily precipitation data from 1961 to 2005 in North China region,the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of rainstorm process occurrence and the rainstorm intensity during the crops growth period were studied.The results showed that the rainstorm intensity and the rainstorm process during the crops growth period in North China region both had the obvious annual fluctuations and era variation characteristics.Although the rainstorm and heavy rainstorm occurred in North China region every year,the annual variations were great,and the variation coefficients respectively reached 36.9% and 53.1%.The torrential rain occurred once in every 4-5 years,and the rainstorm process occurred once in every 11 years.Although the torrential rain and rainstorm process occurred in fewer years,their annual fluctuations were more obvious.The peak value zones of rainstorm intensity which was greater and the rainstorm process which occurred frequently were in the 1960s.After 1999,the rainstorm intensity and the rainstorm process were in low value zone of historical stage from 1961 to 2005.Moreover,the 1970s-1990s was between high value and low value,and the rainstorms in different intensities which weren't synchronous happened in the period.In addition,the spatial distribution of annual average rainstorm days presented the tendency which increased obviously from northwest to southeast in Northern China,and the variation coefficient of rainstorm days presented the tendency which increased gradually from southeast to northwest.Generally,the more the annual average rainstorm days are,the smaller the variation coefficient is,and vice versa.The statistics results also showed that precipitation in North China had obvious positive correlation relationship with the rainstorm days.

基于综合强度指数和受灾面积的区域性暴雨过程的客观识别及特征分析

本文提出一种基于综合强度指数和受灾面积的区域性暴雨过程客观识别标准确定方法。以河北省为例,利用1971~2020年河北省142个国家气象观测站逐日降水数据,选取最大过程降水量、最大日降水量、影响范围、持续时间、平均强度和平均范围为评估指标,构建了6种区域性暴雨过程综合强度指数模型;基于综合强度指数与受灾面积相关性分析,判定最优的综合强度评估方法,进而确定了河北省区域性暴雨过程的最优客观识别标准。利用本标准对河北省区域性暴雨过程进行识别,并分析时空变化特征。结果表明:本方法可有效确定区域性暴雨过程识别标准,识别结果与灾情资料具有较好的一致性和相关性,适用于区域性暴雨过程客观化识别,易于应用推广。1971~2020年,河北省共发生区域性暴雨过程252次,年均5.0次,发生次数呈下降趋势,综合强度指数呈不明显下降;区域性暴雨过程4~11月均有发生,主要集中在7、8月,出现次数占全年总次数的77%;区域性暴雨过程发生站次分布呈西北少东南多的趋势,主要集中在中部、南部和环渤海地区,西北地区最少。

基于加密观测的重庆暴雨预警等级标准确定

基于重庆市2011—2021年2066个加密观测自动气象站小时雨量和暴雨灾情数据,利用暴雨过程滑动抽样和百分位法确定区县暴雨预警信号发布标准及全市暴雨灾害风险预警等级标准,为重庆地方部门启动暴雨应急响应提供参考。结果表明:重庆设气象主管机构的34个区县累计发生5363次暴雨过程,平均每个区县每年出现14.3次,选取1、3、12 h作为暴雨过程预警信号发布参考历时;各历时雨量升序排列后按照30%~50%、70%~80%、90%~95%、99%~99.9%百分位区间取整,得到暴雨蓝、黄、橙、红预警等级阈值分别是:1 h-30-50-70-100 mm,3 h-50-70-100-150 mm,12 h-70-100-150-250 mm;区县不同预警信号的致灾概率随信号增强、历时增加而增大,综合各历时最高预警等级和最大致灾概率,各区县平均每年发布暴雨蓝、黄、橙、红预警5.4、4.0、1.3、0.18次,致灾概率分别是30%、60%、85%、95%;全市累计出现114次区域暴雨过程,根据暴雨过程可能受灾区县个数发布暴雨灾害风险预警等级,平均每年发布Ⅳ级5.3次、Ⅲ级3.1次、Ⅱ级1.6次、Ⅰ级0.1次,与区县预警信号发布频次基本一致,符合预警发布规律。

2021年6月东北冷涡暴雨降水物理过程观测与模拟研究

本文针对2021年6月2~3日发生在辽宁和吉林两省的东北冷涡暴雨过程,利用多源观测和再分析数据,首先开展综合观测分析,进而利用WRF模式对此次暴雨过程的主降水时段开展高分辨率数值模拟,并结合三维降水诊断方程,开展宏、微观物理过程和暴雨形成机理模拟诊断研究。结果表明,此次暴雨过程降水范围广、局地雨强大、对流性突出;暴雨过程期间,东亚大气环流相对稳定,东北冷涡缓慢东移,携带冷空气南下,与偏南暖湿气流汇合,触发涡旋云系发展;两省位于高空急流核出口区左前方和偏南低空急流前侧,低层辐合—高层辐散的动力结构有助于强降水系统发展。伴随水汽辐合加强,云物理过程旺盛发展,水凝物含量显著升高,其中霰粒子通过融化成雨滴等云物理过程,对强降水起到重要贡献。云滴通过水汽凝结过程迅速增长,但同时由于云微物理转化过程而被大量消耗,用于云系发展和降水发生。降水强度受水汽收支和云收支过程共同影响,强降水前期,伴随强盛水汽输送与辐合,区域上空水汽含量显著增加,降水系统发展;强降水后期,伴随冷涡云系逐步东移,区域内辐合减弱,局地大气内水汽明显消耗,以继续支撑较强降水。伴随水汽局地辐合,水凝物旺盛发展(尤其是冰相水凝物)。过程初期,液相水凝物动力辐合与微物理转化过程共同支撑降水云系快速发展;降水峰值时段,上述两过程仍然活跃,但由于强降水显著消耗,水凝物含量局地变化不明显。整个暴雨过程期间,液相水凝物持续辐合,而冰相水凝物于初期短暂辐合之后,逐渐减弱为弱辐散,这一演变特征与局地热、动力结构及其演变有关。

基于降雨过程分析的城市雨水管理

文章分析长沙市暴雨强度公式、芝加哥暴雨雨型对雨水管道设计的指导作用,发现相同标准下,峰值雨量、超负荷降雨时长,暴雨强度公式计算值均高于芝加哥暴雨雨型查算值。暴雨具有强度集中、时程分布不均匀的特点,建设超负荷降雨调蓄设施比提高雨水管道建设标准更利于缓解城市内涝,低标准雨水管道+峰值调蓄的雨水管理模式更具弹性。

风廓线雷达与多普勒天气雷达在暴雨大风天气过程中的应用分析

文章简述了风廓线雷达与多普勒天气雷达在实时监测、数据采集、预警系统集成方面的理论基础,通过对广元地区一次强对流天气过程进行研究,探讨了风廓线雷达与多普勒天气雷达在暴雨大风天气过程中的应用。结果表明:受高原低值系统和低层暖湿气流的共同影响,配合副热带高压588线位置稳定少动,以及地面冷空气入侵,有利于暴雨大风天气的发生;强降水中心落区与多普勒天气雷达的片状混合云回波带和风速辐合区较一致;风廓线雷达垂直风场中垂直风向的转变和水平风速的加快能有效揭示对流天气的发生和发展过程。

Diagnostic Analysis on a Regional Rainstorm Weather in North-central Henan Province

[Objective] The research aimed to analyze a regional rainstorm weather process in north-central Henan Province. [Method] Based on the conventional meteorological observation data and the rainfall data of Henan Meteorological Station, the diagnostic analysis of atmospheric thermodynamics and dynamics on a rainstorm weather process in north-central Henan Province on July 19, 2010 was carried out. The characteristics of physical quantity field and the evolution of weather situation in north-central Henan Province when the rainstorm happened were studied. [Result] Western Pacific subtropical high strengthened to extend westward. The dynamic uplifting of low vortex at the middle and low layers, the strong water vapor transportation of southwest low-level jet caused the regional rainstorm weather process in north-central Henan Province. The diagnostic results of physical quantity showed that the deep, thick wet layer and the sustained water vapor convergence provided the abundant water vapor for rainstorm generation. The positive vorticity advection center developed and spread from northwest to southeast, which was favorable for the development of vertical movement. The structure maintenance of positive vorticity at the middle and low layers, negative vorticity at the middle and high levels provided the power condition for the regional rainstorm generation. The pumping effect of convergence at the middle and low layers, divergence at the high layer was favorable for the strengthening of vertical ascending motion at the low layer. The uplifting effect of dew point front at the middle and low layers triggered the release of unstable energy. The confrontation of warm and cold air was one of the important reasons for the regional rainstorm. TBB characteristic analysis showed that TBB was from -60 to -50 ℃ in north-central Henan Province in the whole strong precipitation time, and the moving speed was equivalent to that of southwest vortex. The low-value belt of TBB corresponded with the rainstorm occurrence zone in Henan, and the minimum-value center of TBB was basically consistent with the strongest center of precipitation. [Conclusion] The research provided the scientific basis for the short-term forecast of rainstorm.

广西2022年“龙舟水”期间极端暴雨特征及强度分析

利用广西91个国家级地面气象观测站和2790个区域自动站降水量观测资料,采用广西区域性暴雨过程综合强度定量评估方法,对2022年“龙舟水”期间区域性极端暴雨过程特征进行分析。结果表明,2022年广西出现了新中国成立以来最强的一次“龙舟水”,期间全区平均累计降雨量为1951年以来同期最多;共出现4次区域性暴雨过程,其中6月16—21日过程综合强度最强。1961—2022年,“龙舟水”期间广西暴雨过程综合强度达到特强等级的过程有24次,特强暴雨过程发生了年代增多变化;62a间,仅2000年和2022年出现了2次特强过程,且2022年的特强过程平均综合强度比2000年过程强。

Study of One Rainstorm Being Affected by Two Weather Systems in Jinzhou Area

[Objective] The aim was to study one rainstorm process being affected by two weather system. [Method] Influenced by high trough and Mongolia cold front, high latitude trough and subtropical high shear, rainstorm occurred in Jinzhou from October 19 to 22 in 2010. In order to make the analysis clear, there were two precipitation stages. Considering precipitation, weather situation, satellite image and numerical forecast, the rainstorm process was discussed. [Result] There were two raining stages during this precipitation. The first stage was affected by high altitude trough and ground Mongolia cold front, and the last stage was influenced by high altitude trough and subtropical high shear;the high latitude air, low latitude shear,low air torrent,subtropical high and their mutual coupling effect were the main influencing system and cause for this rainstorm. Satellite image suggested that there was convective cloud developing,weakening, disappearing and regenerating around the convective cloud of water vapor passage, showing distinct train operation state. The strengthening and weakening cloud image fitted the real precipitation. Numerical forecast precisely predicted the upper air and ground situation of the generation of rainstorm, especially the report of the east-retreating and south-falling trend of subtropical high;European center forecast fitted reality. There was certain error in predicting T639. Precipitation forecast was fine. [Conclusion] The study provided basis for the meteorological service work in future.

北京市昌平区韩台村“23·7”暴雨山洪泥石流灾害特征分析

【目的】近年来,受极端降雨事件影响,北京西部和北部山区山洪泥石流灾害频发,给当地造成巨大的生命财产损失。针对北京市昌平区韩台村“23·7”暴雨山洪泥石流灾害事件开展灾害过程和特征研究,为小流域灾害防治及提升灾害应对能力供基础支撑和参考依据。【方法】以昌平区高崖口沟韩台村支沟为研究区,采用“区域灾情调查-重灾区现场调研-室内评估分析”相结合的方式,查明研究区的雨水情特征及灾情特征。基于堆积物沉积结构、实物破坏形式和流体的内在特性,分析了韩台村支沟内山洪泥石流的灾害过程和基本特征,初步探讨了此次灾害的成因,并提出灾害防范对策建议。【结果】结果表明:(1)韩台村上游沟道集雨面积约0.1 km^(2),根据王家园水库自动站2023年8月31日12时至13时降雨数据,估算的韩台村上游沟道内1小时洪水总量约6870 m^(3),其破坏力非常大。(2)韩台村支沟自沟顶至韩台村西部村南口,具有典型的泥石流特征。村南口进村120 m范围内有泥石流堆积物,覆盖于山洪沉积物之上,属于典型的泥石流堆积前缘特征。由此至韩台村北口(韩台村支沟沟口),具有明显的山洪灾害特征,平均洪水深度超过5 m,淹没面积约33940 m^(2)。(3)2305号台风“杜苏芮”外围残余环流北上引发的极端强降雨是此次灾害的直接致灾因子,同时,受区域地形地貌、山洪泥石流作用及居民对所处地质环境的认知程度等因素的影响。【结论】此次昌平区高崖口沟韩台村支沟特大暴雨洪涝灾害是一次极端暴雨引发的山洪泥石流复合灾害事件。短时强降雨导致地表径流流量陡增是造成此次灾害的直接原因,初步推测泥石流发生时间晚于山洪,亦或是形成于山洪减弱阶段。自支沟顶至韩台村西部村南口(约1.4 km)为泥石流区域,村南口进村120 m左右为泥石流堆积前缘区域,同时部分区域具有山洪特征,村南口至村北口(支沟口)为山洪受灾区域。

Comparative Analysis of Two Local Heavy Rainstorms in Northwestern Shandong

[Objective] The aim was to comparatively analyze two local heavy rainstroms in northwestern Shandong Province, China. [Method] Based on the observation data from automatic weather station, sounding data and NCEP reanalysis data, two local heavy rainstorms at night on July 18 and August 9 in 2010 in northwestern Shandong was comparatively analyzed from the aspects of circulation situation, influence system and physical field, and the internal structure and possible formation mechanism of local heavy rain in Shandong were discussed further. [Result] The two rainstorms occurred in the forepart of southwest air in front of 500 hPa trough, and there was stronger atmospheric baroclinicity in the front zone near 850 hPa. The two rainstorms were affected by southwest warm and humid airflow at low level and shear line at 850 hPa; rainstorm often appeared in intensive area behind θse high-energy tongue, and rainstorm area corresponded with the area with high vertical speed well. From the differences, during the first rainstorm, there was obvious southwest low level jet and shear line at 700 hPa, and the area with high precipitation was located in the south of warm shear line at 700 hPa; during the latter rainstorm, there was no obvious southwest low level jet and shear line, and the area with high precipitation was located in the region between two high pressures. [Conclusion] The study could provide valuable thinking for the forecast of this kind of rainstorm in the future.

Analysis of a Heavy Rainstorm in Jincheng in August of 2010

[Objective] A heavy rainstorm in Jincheng in August in 2010 was expounded. [Method] By dint of the conventional meteorological data, and automatic weather station data, and Doppler radar data, one severe torrential rainstorm was analyzed from the aspect of circulation background, physical quantity field, satellite cloud image, and radar echo, etc. [Result] The rainstorm was in the circulation field of low-west-east-obstruction, and was formed under the middle and low layer shear line and low air torrent situation. The low layer shear and convergence of wind favorable to the lift of unsteady air around Jincheng. The intrusion of cold air in the low layer of convective layer and above the ground trigered such convective weather. The torrent of the low air in the southwest sent abundant water vapor to the rainstorm area. The high temperature and the moisture accumulated much unsteady energy for the generation of rainstorm. The main precipitation system of this process was the singular of convective echo which was stimulated by the ground mesoscale shear line. Under the guidance of southwest airstream of the low and middle air, the convective echo singular formed train effect by moving towards Jincheng and formed large rainstorm. Doppler radar data suggested that the characteristics of the generation, development and movement of this mesoscale rainstorm system. The strong precipitation center was in the large value area of the gradient in the back of the TBB center. [Conclusion] The study provided references for the forecast and pre-warning of temporary rainstorm of such kind.

Analysis of Regional Rainstorm from August 5 to 6 in 2011

[ Objective] The aim was to analyze the regional rainstorm in Hunan from August 5 to 6 in 2011. [ Method] Based on regional automatic station data, air-exploration data, upper air data and radar data in Hunan Province, the formation mechanism of rainstorm in Hunan was analyzed. The changes of reflection rate, horizontal speed and relevant physical quantity factors in Dongting Lake were explored, and the reports of height field and wind pattern in Europe center were testified. [ Result] Dudng this process, the regional rainstorm occurred when the typhoon influenced east coast. The coastal circulation background was a two-ridge-one-trough situation. The leading influential system was the lower trough in the up- per air, shear line in the middle and lower layer and ground weak cold air. There was bypass at 200 hPa. CAPE value enlarged and SI index de- creased. Enough vapors can make up the transportation of water vapor in the middle and lower layer. Two echo clouds entered strong convection wind storm, and dry air entered into the storm, which resulted in slowly movement of strong wind storm. There was back wind area and strong con- vergence area in the lower layer. Heedwind and strong convergence areas were in the lower layer of speed product. By comparing the report of 500 hPa height with the reality, it was found that the height value of the typhoon was higher than the reality, the high pressure center was smaller than the reality, 48 h forecast showed more mistakes than the 24 h report. The UV report at 500 and 800 hPa was larger than that at 24 h. The error in report typhoon was large, especially around the shear line or trough line. [ Conclusion] The study provided reference for the forecast of rainstorm.

AN OBSERVATIONAL ANALYSIS OF A TORRENTIAL RAINSTORM IN THE WARM SECTOR OF SOUTH CHINA COASTAL AREAS

On May 20 th 2007, a brief but severe downpour rainstorm occurred in the coastal areas of Maoming and Yangjiang with rainfall of 115 mm per hour. Data from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis with 1°×1° resolution, Doppler weather radar, conventional surface observations, high-altitude radiosonde and wind profiler radar were used to analyze characteristics and contributions of synoptic scale and mesoscale systems during this torrential rainstorm. The results showed that:(1) the storm was caused by a quasi-linear mesoscale convective system(MCS) and the slow-movement of this system was the primary trigger of the torrential downpour;(2) water vapor was abundant, nearly saturated and in steady state throughout the atmosphere before the storm; intrusion of the weak dry and cold air in the middle level and a striking "dry above and wet below " structure had increased the atmospheric instability;(3) low-level southwesterly airflow from a low pressure(trough) at the Beibu Gulf provided abundant water vapor at the onset of the rainstorm; a deep dry layer was formed by dry and cold air behind the high-level trough, which facilitated latent heat release;upper-level divergence and low-level convergence circulations also provided vertical uplift for warm and moist air at the lower level;(4) Topography only played a minor role as the MCS developed and strengthened over relatively flat coastal terrain. Low level density flow induced by convection triggered new convective cell generation at the leading edge of the convective system, thereby playing a key role in the change of temperature gradient at lower layers, and resulting in strengthening atmospheric instability.

低空急流与贺兰山东麓暴雨过程的相关性研究

利用2006—2021年逐时降水、常规气象探测、银川CA雷达和ERA5高分辨率再分析资料,研究了低空急流与贺兰山东麓暴雨过程的时间和空间的相关性,并初步探讨了低空急流影响暴雨过程发生发展的可能机制。结果表明:影响贺兰山东麓暴雨过程的低空急流有三个关键区,分别为河套南部、宁夏东南部和山西西南部,对应700 hPa南风急流、775 hPa偏南急流和850 hPa东南急流;宁夏东南部作为三支低空急流汇合后继续北上西进的关键区域,对贺兰山东麓暴雨过程的发生发展有着更为重要的影响。依据低空急流核所在高度,将影响贺兰山东麓暴雨过程的低空急流分为七类,其中三层急流型出现频率最高,占总过程的54.5%,其次是700和775 hPa急流同时出现的过程,占36.5%。暴雨过程与低空急流在时间上存在一致性:700、775、850 hPa急流建立较暴雨开始平均提前了18、10、7 h,700、775 hPa急流最大风速较暴雨过程最大雨强平均提前了54、18 min,而850 hPa急流最大风速较暴雨最大雨强平均滞后了12 min;850 hPa的1级急流与775 hPa的2级急流频率分别对20~40、40~60 mm·h~(-1)的短时暴雨频率指示性更强,而河套南部关键区的700 hPa平均风速对暴雨过程的最大雨强量级指示性更强。暴雨过程与低空急流在空间上也存在一致性:随着低空急流建立、加强北抬或西进、减弱东退或南压,贺兰山东麓暴雨开始、增强、减弱;暴雨落区位于急流轴的左前方。低空急流北上西进与贺兰山地形结合,在东坡山前触发多个对流单体、合并加强形成移动缓慢、发展强盛、组织化程度高、列车效应明显的带状线性回波,易在贺兰山区形成局地性强对流暴雨。