Dry intrusion plays an important role in the explosive development of cyclones and the evolution of cold fronts. Characteristics of dry intrusion during a rainfall event that occurred in northern China are analyzed in...Dry intrusion plays an important role in the explosive development of cyclones and the evolution of cold fronts. Characteristics of dry intrusion during a rainfall event that occurred in northern China are analyzed in detail in this paper. The IM （ingredients-based methodology） developed by Doswell et al. in 1996 and Wetzel and Martin in 2001 is utilized. All the physical representations of dry intrusion defined in the past studies, such as low relative humidity, cold advection, and high potential vorticity （on either isobaric or isentropic surfaces）, are combined into a simple and convenient physical parameter to characterize dry intrusion. This is a new attempt to extend the IM that was primarily applied to research on heavy rainfall to the study of dry intrusion. The new dry intrusion parameter is used to analyze the isentropic evolution of dry intrusion during the rainfall event. The results show that this parameter can better quantify the intensity of dry intrusion and diagnose its evolution shown in satellite infrared and water vapor imageries. It is found that dry intrusion maintains during the rainfall period. The intensity of precipitation increases with the increasing dry intrusion, which has pushed the rainy region southeastward. From the results on the isentropic surface and the corresponding isobaric surface, it is inferred that the analyses of dry intrusion on both surfaces are consistent with each other. The isentropic analysis of dry intrusion reveals that cold and dry air at the upper level overruns that in the lower troposphere where moist and warm air is located. Thus, potential instability is built up in the vertical direction, which favors the occurrence of precipitation. In practice, we may identify dry intrusion regions by tracking strong signals of the dry intrusion parameter, and further identify the instability near the dry intrusion regions. This will aid in improving the accuracy of precipitation forecast.展开更多
Using conventional observation data,FY2 satellite data,typhoon data and NCEP reanalysis data,the different position of Pre-TC squall line accompanying the similar tracks with"Lekima"(No.1909)and"Matsa&q...Using conventional observation data,FY2 satellite data,typhoon data and NCEP reanalysis data,the different position of Pre-TC squall line accompanying the similar tracks with"Lekima"(No.1909)and"Matsa"(No.0509)is studied.The article analyzes the circulation background and trigger mechanism generated by the two pre-TC squall lines,and uses various physical quantities such as low-level vertical wind shear,humidity,wind field,wet potential vorticity,and vertical vorticity.Also,try to study the dynamic mechanism of dry intrusion during the process using the Slantwise Vorticity Development(SVD)theory.The results show that:the high-altitude system and the ground trigger mechanism produced are significantly different.On the high-altitude system,the"Lekima"squall line is generated between the continental high pressure and the typhoon with the northeast jet.The"Matsa"squall line occurred between the typhoon and the subtropical high,and near the typhoon inverted trough,which was generated with the strong easterlies.On the ground trigger mechanism,the"Lekima"squall line is generated at the convergence line under the intersection of northeast and northwest air currents.The"Matsa"squall line is generated in the ground inverted trough moves westward and meridional degree increases.During the two pre-TC squall lines,low-level vertical wind shear values are above 16 m·s-1.The dry air intrusion in the lower layer came from the upper and middle troposphere in the vertical direction,and in the east from the west along the latitude in the horizontal direction.Theoretical analysis base on the development of wet potential vorticity,vertical vorticity,and inclined vorticity indicate that the downward transmission of the high potential vorticity band on the upper troposphere,the level of dry invasion,and the air mixing of equivalent potential temperature at high and low levels play an important role in the generation and development of the preTC squall line.The slantwise vorticity has a good corresponding relationship with the vertical vorticity over the pre-TC squall line.The two development processes of the pre-TC squall line can be better explained by using the SVD theory.展开更多
By employing the 6.7μm satellite vapor cloud images and NCEP/NCAR 1°×1° reanalysis datasets, the characteristics and mechanism of the dry intrusion, as well as its impacts on the low vortex precipita- ...By employing the 6.7μm satellite vapor cloud images and NCEP/NCAR 1°×1° reanalysis datasets, the characteristics and mechanism of the dry intrusion, as well as its impacts on the low vortex precipita- tion at the Meiyu front are explored in this paper. It is found that the formation,development and main- tenance of the low vortex precipitation at the Meiyu front are closely related to the evolution of the dry intrusion. The dry intrusion is characterized by high potential vorticity (PV), low humidity and cold air. The dry intrusion exhibits as an obvious dark zone on vapor cloud images, an area in which atmos- pheric relative humidity is lower than 60%. However, the features of the dry intrusion on the vapor im- ages are clearer than that of the humidity field, for the former is the digital vapor cloud images with high temporal and spatial resolution, and it can be used to explore the finer characteristics of the develop- ment, evolution and supplement of the intrusion during the development of the low vortex. The dry intrusion impacts accompanying the low vortex precipitation at the Meiyu front come from all levels of the troposphere, with the strongest intrusion located at the upper troposphere. The dry and cold air intrudes the vicinity of the low vortex from the upper isentropic surface to the lower one, slanting eastward from lower to higher level. The low vortex precipitation region is usually situated in front of the dry intrusion where the relative humidity gradient is higher. The research also reveals that the mechanism of the dry intrusion is that the high potential vorticity descends from the upper troposphere to the lower level, therefore, the dry intrusion can be used as an important index of the high PV forcing. To the west of the low vortex precipitation, the upper level northerlies descend across the isentropic surface, then the dry cold advection can trigger the instable development in the mid-low troposphere. The dry intrusion enhances the low vortex precipitation. Meanwhile, because of the good agreement between the high PV at the upper level and the dry intrusion illustrated by the vapor cloud images, the dry intrusion in the vapor cloud images is the direct and clear description of the high PV forcing which provides a new insight in understanding the evolution and development of the practical weather sys- tems. Besides, both the skills of isentropic analysis and potential temperature coordinates system analysis are important to revealing the three-dimension structure of the dry intrusion.展开更多
[Objective] One regional rainstorm weather in the south area of Shaanxi was expounded.[Method] By employing the NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°reanalysis data,routine observation and automatic precipitation station dat...[Objective] One regional rainstorm weather in the south area of Shaanxi was expounded.[Method] By employing the NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°reanalysis data,routine observation and automatic precipitation station data,the large scale circulation background field of regional precipitation in the south area of Shaanxi province from July 16-18 in 2010 was expounded.By dint of physical quantity such as the meridional wind,relative humidity and false relative temperature,the characteristics of dry intrusion and its role in rainstorm were expounded.[Result] The mild and high latitude at 500 hPa was stable.The continental high pressure and subtropical high pressure were stable.The 700 and 850 hPa shear lines or low vortexes were the main influence system that resulted into large scale of rainstorm in south Shaanxi.The landing typhoon had distinct influences on the importance of storm.The influence of typhoon and subtropical high was mutual.It not only formed and strengthened the torrent in the low air,also transmitted water vapor and energy incessantly to the south area of Shaanxi,playing an important role in augment of rainstorm.There were two distinct dry intrusions in the rainstorm process,showing a dense dry layer in the high layer of convective layer.The existence of dry layer was conductive to the accumulation of convective unstable energy in the low layer.The release of convective unstable energy could transmit warm and wet airstream in the low level to the higher level,being conductive to the occurrence of precipitation.The analysis of θse in the warp direction vertical profile suggested that there was frontal zone in this rainstorm process and the dry air activity in this rainstorm process was very strong.[Conclusion] The study provided theoretical reference to the forecast in future.展开更多
利用常规观测资料、1°×1°NCEP再分析资料、微波辐射计及风廓线雷达等加密观测资料,针对2011年6月23日北京地区发生的一次强对流暴雨过程,对高低层干冷空气活动及其作用进行了分析。结果表明:北京地区高低层配置符合干侵...利用常规观测资料、1°×1°NCEP再分析资料、微波辐射计及风廓线雷达等加密观测资料,针对2011年6月23日北京地区发生的一次强对流暴雨过程,对高低层干冷空气活动及其作用进行了分析。结果表明:北京地区高低层配置符合干侵入三维模型,中层以上的干区与水汽图像的暗区相吻合,同时配合有自高纬向低纬传播的高位涡带,北京地区干侵入特征明显。微波辐射计与风廓线雷达观测能够实时追踪干冷空气造成的温度、湿度和风场变化,6 km高度以上的温度和湿度变化最为显著,两者下降到最低点的时间与强对流的触发时间有较好的一致性,高层干冷空气对强降水有一定激发作用。干侵入降低了大气稳定度,造成高层θse低值中心垂直位于低层θse高值中心之上,探空曲线呈典型的喇叭形开口结构。回流干冷空气与气旋前部暖湿气流形成准静止锋,850 h Pa以下低层温度锋区显著,为对流的发展加强提供了热动力条件,回流冷空气形成的东部高压有利于雷暴系统在北京地区滞留,延长了降水时间。展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.40633016 and 40805001the Open Project of the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather,Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,under Grant No.2009LASWB02.
文摘Dry intrusion plays an important role in the explosive development of cyclones and the evolution of cold fronts. Characteristics of dry intrusion during a rainfall event that occurred in northern China are analyzed in detail in this paper. The IM （ingredients-based methodology） developed by Doswell et al. in 1996 and Wetzel and Martin in 2001 is utilized. All the physical representations of dry intrusion defined in the past studies, such as low relative humidity, cold advection, and high potential vorticity （on either isobaric or isentropic surfaces）, are combined into a simple and convenient physical parameter to characterize dry intrusion. This is a new attempt to extend the IM that was primarily applied to research on heavy rainfall to the study of dry intrusion. The new dry intrusion parameter is used to analyze the isentropic evolution of dry intrusion during the rainfall event. The results show that this parameter can better quantify the intensity of dry intrusion and diagnose its evolution shown in satellite infrared and water vapor imageries. It is found that dry intrusion maintains during the rainfall period. The intensity of precipitation increases with the increasing dry intrusion, which has pushed the rainy region southeastward. From the results on the isentropic surface and the corresponding isobaric surface, it is inferred that the analyses of dry intrusion on both surfaces are consistent with each other. The isentropic analysis of dry intrusion reveals that cold and dry air at the upper level overruns that in the lower troposphere where moist and warm air is located. Thus, potential instability is built up in the vertical direction, which favors the occurrence of precipitation. In practice, we may identify dry intrusion regions by tracking strong signals of the dry intrusion parameter, and further identify the instability near the dry intrusion regions. This will aid in improving the accuracy of precipitation forecast.
基金sponsored by the China Meteorological Administration Forecaster Special Project(CMAYBY2020-062)
文摘Using conventional observation data,FY2 satellite data,typhoon data and NCEP reanalysis data,the different position of Pre-TC squall line accompanying the similar tracks with"Lekima"(No.1909)and"Matsa"(No.0509)is studied.The article analyzes the circulation background and trigger mechanism generated by the two pre-TC squall lines,and uses various physical quantities such as low-level vertical wind shear,humidity,wind field,wet potential vorticity,and vertical vorticity.Also,try to study the dynamic mechanism of dry intrusion during the process using the Slantwise Vorticity Development(SVD)theory.The results show that:the high-altitude system and the ground trigger mechanism produced are significantly different.On the high-altitude system,the"Lekima"squall line is generated between the continental high pressure and the typhoon with the northeast jet.The"Matsa"squall line occurred between the typhoon and the subtropical high,and near the typhoon inverted trough,which was generated with the strong easterlies.On the ground trigger mechanism,the"Lekima"squall line is generated at the convergence line under the intersection of northeast and northwest air currents.The"Matsa"squall line is generated in the ground inverted trough moves westward and meridional degree increases.During the two pre-TC squall lines,low-level vertical wind shear values are above 16 m·s-1.The dry air intrusion in the lower layer came from the upper and middle troposphere in the vertical direction,and in the east from the west along the latitude in the horizontal direction.Theoretical analysis base on the development of wet potential vorticity,vertical vorticity,and inclined vorticity indicate that the downward transmission of the high potential vorticity band on the upper troposphere,the level of dry invasion,and the air mixing of equivalent potential temperature at high and low levels play an important role in the generation and development of the preTC squall line.The slantwise vorticity has a good corresponding relationship with the vertical vorticity over the pre-TC squall line.The two development processes of the pre-TC squall line can be better explained by using the SVD theory.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40205008)Heavy Rain Opening Foundation (Grant No. IHR2005K04)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No.2006CB403601)
文摘By employing the 6.7μm satellite vapor cloud images and NCEP/NCAR 1°×1° reanalysis datasets, the characteristics and mechanism of the dry intrusion, as well as its impacts on the low vortex precipita- tion at the Meiyu front are explored in this paper. It is found that the formation,development and main- tenance of the low vortex precipitation at the Meiyu front are closely related to the evolution of the dry intrusion. The dry intrusion is characterized by high potential vorticity (PV), low humidity and cold air. The dry intrusion exhibits as an obvious dark zone on vapor cloud images, an area in which atmos- pheric relative humidity is lower than 60%. However, the features of the dry intrusion on the vapor im- ages are clearer than that of the humidity field, for the former is the digital vapor cloud images with high temporal and spatial resolution, and it can be used to explore the finer characteristics of the develop- ment, evolution and supplement of the intrusion during the development of the low vortex. The dry intrusion impacts accompanying the low vortex precipitation at the Meiyu front come from all levels of the troposphere, with the strongest intrusion located at the upper troposphere. The dry and cold air intrudes the vicinity of the low vortex from the upper isentropic surface to the lower one, slanting eastward from lower to higher level. The low vortex precipitation region is usually situated in front of the dry intrusion where the relative humidity gradient is higher. The research also reveals that the mechanism of the dry intrusion is that the high potential vorticity descends from the upper troposphere to the lower level, therefore, the dry intrusion can be used as an important index of the high PV forcing. To the west of the low vortex precipitation, the upper level northerlies descend across the isentropic surface, then the dry cold advection can trigger the instable development in the mid-low troposphere. The dry intrusion enhances the low vortex precipitation. Meanwhile, because of the good agreement between the high PV at the upper level and the dry intrusion illustrated by the vapor cloud images, the dry intrusion in the vapor cloud images is the direct and clear description of the high PV forcing which provides a new insight in understanding the evolution and development of the practical weather sys- tems. Besides, both the skills of isentropic analysis and potential temperature coordinates system analysis are important to revealing the three-dimension structure of the dry intrusion.
文摘[Objective] One regional rainstorm weather in the south area of Shaanxi was expounded.[Method] By employing the NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°reanalysis data,routine observation and automatic precipitation station data,the large scale circulation background field of regional precipitation in the south area of Shaanxi province from July 16-18 in 2010 was expounded.By dint of physical quantity such as the meridional wind,relative humidity and false relative temperature,the characteristics of dry intrusion and its role in rainstorm were expounded.[Result] The mild and high latitude at 500 hPa was stable.The continental high pressure and subtropical high pressure were stable.The 700 and 850 hPa shear lines or low vortexes were the main influence system that resulted into large scale of rainstorm in south Shaanxi.The landing typhoon had distinct influences on the importance of storm.The influence of typhoon and subtropical high was mutual.It not only formed and strengthened the torrent in the low air,also transmitted water vapor and energy incessantly to the south area of Shaanxi,playing an important role in augment of rainstorm.There were two distinct dry intrusions in the rainstorm process,showing a dense dry layer in the high layer of convective layer.The existence of dry layer was conductive to the accumulation of convective unstable energy in the low layer.The release of convective unstable energy could transmit warm and wet airstream in the low level to the higher level,being conductive to the occurrence of precipitation.The analysis of θse in the warp direction vertical profile suggested that there was frontal zone in this rainstorm process and the dry air activity in this rainstorm process was very strong.[Conclusion] The study provided theoretical reference to the forecast in future.
文摘利用常规观测资料、1°×1°NCEP再分析资料、微波辐射计及风廓线雷达等加密观测资料,针对2011年6月23日北京地区发生的一次强对流暴雨过程,对高低层干冷空气活动及其作用进行了分析。结果表明:北京地区高低层配置符合干侵入三维模型,中层以上的干区与水汽图像的暗区相吻合,同时配合有自高纬向低纬传播的高位涡带,北京地区干侵入特征明显。微波辐射计与风廓线雷达观测能够实时追踪干冷空气造成的温度、湿度和风场变化,6 km高度以上的温度和湿度变化最为显著,两者下降到最低点的时间与强对流的触发时间有较好的一致性,高层干冷空气对强降水有一定激发作用。干侵入降低了大气稳定度,造成高层θse低值中心垂直位于低层θse高值中心之上,探空曲线呈典型的喇叭形开口结构。回流干冷空气与气旋前部暖湿气流形成准静止锋,850 h Pa以下低层温度锋区显著,为对流的发展加强提供了热动力条件,回流冷空气形成的东部高压有利于雷暴系统在北京地区滞留,延长了降水时间。
