Assessment of Rainwater Quality in Warri and Environ, Southern Nigeria for Domestic Purposes

The study aimed at assessing the physiochemical characteristics of rainwater in Warri and it environ was investigated. Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu and Cr concentrations in rainwater from roof and non-roof sources were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Three geospatial locations comprising Jakpa, Udu, and Ubeji were selected based on prevailing anthropogenic activities. The rainwater samples were systematically collected from (aluminum) roof and non-roof sources for the months of April, June, and August and October 2022, treated and analyzed in the laboratory for sixteen physicochemical parameters. Results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA, and T-test for the determination of the level of relationships and variations across geospatial locations. Significant correlations (r = 0.72) exist between Cr in rainwater from roof and non-roof sources. Implying point-source contaminations and may be emanating from the influence of roof materials. Furthermore, high concentrations of Cd and Pb in roof source above WHO standards were mostly in Jakpa and Ubeji. Calculated Health Risk Index (HRI) for children and adult is greater than 1. The results showed that most samples from the locations are considered not safe (HRI > 1) especially for Cd, which means that there are potential health risks consuming rainwater from Jakpa, Udu and Ubeji. Therefore, there is need for prompt sensitization program to dissuade people from directly drinking rainwater from these locations.

Research of Water Quality Analysis,Treatment and Reuse Technology for Rainwater on the North University Campus

The pollution situation of different underlying surface and the change rule of each water quality index were researched,on the basis of rainwater quality monitoring by different approaches in a university campus. The results showed that due to some factors,such as the underlying surface material pollution,road materials,road surface pollution condition and surrounding atmospheric environment quality,the pollution of different underlying surface rainwater would be different. Main pollutants of rainwater runoff in the city campus area were such as COD,SS,NH;-N,TP,etc. Ultimately,along with the increase of accumulated rainfall,the pollutants tended to gradually decrease. The road rain pollution was more serious than roof runoff pollution and the early rain pollution was serious,but the late rain water quality was much better. According to the rainwater conditions,subsequent rainwater recycling technology and processing technology were determined as a way to alleviate the problem of water shortage and water pollution.

Rainwater utilization and storm pollution control based on urban runoff characterization

The characteristics of urban runoffs and their impact on rainwater utilization and storm pollution control were investigated in three different functional areas of Zhengzhou City, China. The results showed that in the same rain event the pollutant loads （chemical oxygen demand （COD） and total suspended solids （TSS）） in the sampling areas were in the order of industrial area 〉 commercial area 〉 residential area, and within the same area the COD and TSS concentrations of road runoffs were higher than those of roof runoffs. The first flush effects in roof and road runoffs were observed, hence the initial rainwater should be treated separately to reduce rainwater utilization cost and control storm pollution. The initial roof rainfall of 2 mm in residential area, 5 mm in commercial area and 10 mm in industrial area, and the initial road rainfall of 4 mm in residential area and all the road rainfall in commercial and industrial areas should be collected and treated accordingly before direct discharge or utilization. Based on the strong correlation between COD and TSS （R2, 0.87-0.95） and the low biodegradation capacity （biochemical oxygen demand BOD5/COD 〈 0.3）, a sedimentation process and an effective filtration system composed of soil and slag were designed to treat the initial rainwater, which could remove over 90% of the pollutant loads. The above results may help to develop better rainwater utilization and pollution control strategies for cities with water shortages.

Study on Sustainable Rainwater Resource Utilization—Towards Deepening of Homo Environmentics

This paper mainly investigated the value of the rainwater by introducing a “Logic of Encounter” that is a new logic beyond the logos and lemma through the metaphors which compare the real rainwater to one’s life. A consideration regarding sustainable rainwater resource utilization has been described and the main results are summarized in the paper.

Sustainable water system of a green residential zone:demonstrated with a case of a campus construction project

The sustainable water system (SWS) was interpreted based on green residential zone associated codes issued by P.R.China and some other countries,and ecological principles.Its constitution,designing and engineering,and economic and environmental benefits were illustrated with a case of a campus construction project.The SWS incorporates divided nature drainage systems,grey water treatment and reuse technologies,rainwater decentralized collection and purification technologies,and water quality safeguard techniques for reclaimed water reused for landscaping.Application of the SWS is expected to gain remarkable economic and environmental benefits by reducing both the demand for municipal water supply and sewage discharge.

城中村初雨调蓄池的设计与应用

城中村作为外来人口的主要聚集地,基础设施薄弱,雨水在形成地表径流过程中携带的污染物日益增多,初期雨水污染已经成为河流污染的主要来源。通过对调蓄池截水系统、排空系统、冲洗系统、除臭系统等的介绍及经验总结,为调蓄池设计提供借鉴及指导依据,为城中村初期雨水污染控制提供系统的解决方案。

南方某工业镇污水处理系统厂网改扩建设计思路

文章主要针对南方某工业镇现有污水处理系统存在的问题进行分析,基于现状污水厂的处理能力提出管网分流改造的思路,并通过实施智能分流技术、工业废水监测控制系统,提高管网的运维管理水平;对新建污水站采用优化预处理和生化处理工艺等措施,较好地解决了工业废水的处理问题。

北京城区不同下垫面的雨水径流水质比较

针对北京市面临水资源短缺和水环境污染双重压力的现状,以城区天然降水和5种下垫面上的雨水径流为研究对象,设计了雨水径流采样系统,并通过监测其水质,分析了天然雨水及屋面、道路、绿地径流中污染物浓度的变化特征。研究结果表明,屋面初期径流的NH3-N、高锰酸盐指数及挥发酚等均劣于地表水Ⅴ类水质标准;绿地径流水质虽属Ⅴ类标准,但与Ⅲ类标准相比,仅NH3-N超标;路面初始径流的COD高达493.5 mg/L。舍弃初雨的天然降雨与屋顶径流经适当处理后可用作生活与市政杂用水,对路面径流则不宜进行回用。

城镇雨水收集利用储存池优化规模的探讨

区域性雨水利用系统的雨水利用量应以改善区域的水循环系统和生态环境为基本目标,宜以接近自然状态地表径流排放量为雨水利用总量的控制标准。根据研究给出典型城市雨水收集储存池规模的合理设计参数;雨水可收集量小于日需水量时,储存池规模按日降雨量计算,各城市设计雨量重现期不宜超过0.3年,或设计雨量上限不超过50mm,或直接采用水质控制体积(WQV)的设计雨量;雨水收集量大于日需水量时,储存池规模可按5日需水量计算;对于储存能力较大的人工水体,其所需规模除考虑景观设计要求外,需要通过年水量平衡分析来确定。

中国城市径流污染控制量及其设计降雨量

介绍了中国城市径流污染状况,指出径流污染控制应纳入污染物总量控制范畴。介绍了国外径流污染控制量及控制参数的确定方法。对中国31个主要城市近30年的降雨资料(降雨量日值)进行了统计分析,得出径流污染控制量(WQV)的设计降雨量,为中国各城市实施径流污染控制提供了量化参数。同时指出,WQV的设计降雨量也可以作为设计雨水收集利用设施经济规模的一个很好的参考值。

北方沿海城市屋面雨水径流水质及影响因素

选取天津市某小区3种材质的屋顶(瓦面、油毡屋面、沥青面)径流为研究对象,通过7场连续降雨监测,分析探讨了径流污染物平均浓度(EMC),屋面雨水径流水质特点,污染物出流规律以及径流水质影响因素。结果表明,天津市天然雨水中含氮量较高;通过计算3种屋面径流及路面径流EMC值,得出屋面径流中SS和COD严重超标,油毡面径流污染最重,天津市屋面径流污染水平比上海市高,也比美国、德国和法国等国家高;屋面雨水径流前期污染较高,存在一定的初使冲刷效应;晴天积累天数是影响屋面径流水质的重要因素,屋面初期径流污染物浓度与晴天累积天数成正相关;降雨强度对径流污染物具有分段影响,降雨强度<6 mm/h时,径流污染物浓度随降雨强度的增大而增加,降雨强度>6 mm/h时,径流污染物浓度随雨强的增大而降低。

住区雨水利用与景观水体水质保障工程设计

介绍了北京地区某住宅小区雨水利用工程和景观水体设计的总体思路和主要技术环节,对以景观水体为核心的水量平衡、雨水收集、生态堤岸、安全调蓄、循环利用等问题进行了分析,提出了解决措施和对策,可为住区雨水利用设计提供借鉴。

黄土塬地区村镇集蓄雨水的水质特性分析

分析了黄土塬地区不同集雨水源地——庭院土地面、砖地面、瓦屋面、水泥地面的降雨径流水质及主要水质指标之间的相关性,研究了适合雨水收集利用的集雨水源地类型。结果表明:在径流初期,集雨水源地的降雨径流污染均较严重,污染物浓度较高;随降雨历时的延长,各污染物浓度呈下降趋势,降雨径流的主要水质指标具有相关性;瓦屋面、砖地面、水泥地面的降雨径流水质较土地面的好,可作为集雨水源地;弃去前期径流雨水,集蓄雨水可满足雨水饮用处理的要求。

苏州某厂区雨水收集利用方案设计

针对苏州市某厂区雨水收集利用方案,分别进行了年均水量平衡计算和月均水量平衡计算,并在选定了地下雨水清水池容积后对月均水量平衡进行了核算,最终得出了该方案雨水收集量能够满足厂区内绿化用水量、水面蒸发量和其他水量损失需要的结论。经济效益分析表明,该系统每年可节约自来水44 430 m^3,经济效益显著。

不同材质水窖贮存雨水水质变化特征

针对劣质水贫困地区解决饮水安全存在的集雨水窖材质对水质影响研究薄弱的问题,通过对不同材质的水泥砂浆抹面水窖、固化土水窖、橡塑水窖3种水窖贮存雨水的浊度、pH值、COD等指标的变化过程进行分析,研究了雨水集蓄生活型水窖水水质变化趋势。结果表明:贮存雨水初期水质各指标波动较大水质难确定,而后在长期贮存中水质各指标逐渐趋于稳定平衡。浊度、COD、微生物指标之间互相关,收集低浊度的雨水对水的自净、微生物生长的限制及消毒有重要作用,建议应加强集流面管理,或通过过滤池实施应用,将浊度降低在初期。不同材质水窖对雨水水质净化各有优劣,基本能满足饮用水标准,实际采用时应因地制宜。

改良型透水铺装对弱透水土质地区的水质控制试验

为改善透水铺装在弱透水土质地区的应用,通过增加渗透导管的方式改良了常规透水铺装的土基层。通过人工降雨试验对改良型透水铺装及其不同结构层对弱透水土质地区典型雨水径流中COD、TN、TP和Cu^(2+)等污染物的去除效果进行了分析,并与相同条件下的常规透水铺装进行了对比。结果表明,改良型透水铺装对4种污染物的去除效果有明显增强,在60 min降雨历时条件下,降雨重现期为2 a时改良型透水铺装对4种污染物的去除能力分别提升了11.87%、27.61%、9.17%和29.02%,且降雨重现期越短越有利于透水铺装对COD、TN、TP和Cu^(2+)的去除。

水窖集雨水水质规律研究

通过对红粘土水窖、水泥水窖及混合水窖三类模拟水窖中实际集雨水的pH值、DO、微生物数量、CODMn等水质指标的探讨,分析了在不同材质的水窖中集雨水的水质变化规律,为进一步改善窖水卫生质量提供科学依据.

成都市雨水径流污染特征分析与利用研究

以四川大学江安校区为例,进行了成都市雨水径流水质分析,可利用径流量、生活杂用水和景观用水的平衡分析。在此基础上,针对成都市的雨水利用问题,提出了夏雨冬用的调配雨水方案,为年内降雨不均导致的雨水利用效率低的问题提供解决思路。进行的年内雨水径流利用分析得出:成都市的雨水径流存在初期冲刷效应,并且,成都市的年径流量存在满足城市杂用水和景观用水需求的潜力。

贵州省煤矸石堆场径流污染特征及其对溪流水质的影响

通过对贵州省中部关闭煤矿区煤矸石堆场地表径流及其沉积物进行样品收集与分析,探讨了降雨—径流下煤矸石中污染物的迁移规律及其对周边地表水体质量的影响。结果表明,煤矸石堆场地表径流水的pH值变化达2.64～6.38,污染物以SO24-,Fe和Mn为主,其浓度变化受煤矸石类型及降雨强度的影响。径流沉积物在静置或扰动下浸水3～28d后,上覆水的pH达2.78～3.71;SO42-,Fe,Mn的浓度变化分别为27～160mg/L,0.3～3.9mg/L,0.6～2.8mg/L。降雨—径流下关闭煤矿区煤矸石堆场的地表径流对周边水体质量的影响主要表现在水体酸化及Fe,Mn污染严重。

西北黄土高原地区雨水集流的水质特点

在对甘肃定西地区雨水集流进行三年调查的基础上 ,进行了较全面的水质分析 ,将不同集水方式收集的雨水水质进行了对比 ,发现了 5 5种有机污染物可被广泛检测出 ,对集流雨水中污染物的可能来源作了探讨 。