Capability of Raman lidar for monitoring the variation of atmospheric CO_2 profile

Lidar （Light detection and ranging） has special capabilities for remote sensing of many different behaviours of the atmosphere. One of the techniques which show a great deal of promise for several applications is Raman scattering. The detecting capability, including maximum operation range and minimum detectable gas concentration is one of the most significant parameters for lidar remote sensing of pollutants. In this paper, based on the new method for evaluating the capabilities of a Raman lidar system, we present an evaluation of detecting capability of Raman lidar for monitoring atmospheric CO2 in Hefei. Numerical simulations about the influence of atmospheric conditions on lidar detecting capability were carried out, and a conclusion can be drawn that the maximum difference of the operation ranges caused by the weather conditions alone can reach about 0.4 to 0.5km with a measuring precision within 30ppmv. The range of minimum detectable concentration caused by the weather conditions alone can reach about 20 to 35 ppmv in vertical direction for 20000 shots at a distance of 1 km on the assumption that other parameters are kept constant. The other corresponding parameters under different conditions are also given. The capability of Raman lidar operated in vertical direction was found to be superior to that operated in horizontal direction. During practical measurement with the Raman lidar whose hardware components were fixed, aerosol scattering extinction effect would be a significant factor that influenced the capability of Raman lidar. This work may be a valuable reference for lidar system designing, measurement accuracy improving and data processing.

Analysis of influence of atmosphere extinction to Raman lidar monitoring CO2 concentration profile

Lidar （Light detection and ranging） system monitoring of the atmosphere is a novel and powerful technique tool. The Raman lidar is well established today as a leading research tool in the study of numerous important areas in the atmospheric sciences. In this paper, the principle of Raman lidar technique measurement CO2 concentration profile is presented and the errors caused by molecular and aerosol extinction for CO2 concentration profile measurement with Raman lidar are also presented. The standard atmosphere extinction profile and ＇real-time＇ Hefei area extinction profile are used to conduct correction and the corresponding results are yielded. Simulation results with standard atmosphere mode correction indicate that the errors caused by molecule and aerosol extinction should be counted for the reason that they could reach about 8 ppm and 5 ppm respectively. The relative error caused by Hefei area extinction correction could reach about 6%. The errors caused by the two components extinction influence could produce significant changes for CO2 concentration profile and need to be counted in data processing which could improve the measurement accuracies.

High resolution full-spectrum water Raman lidar

在空气的水内容和在云的水阶段变化的时间空间的分发的知识为大气的学习是重要的。为这个目的，我们开发了能收集拉曼的完整光谱的水拉曼激光雷达同时从冰，水微滴和水蒸汽表明的高分辨率。双栅栏 polychromator 和一个 32 隧道光电倍增管试管察觉者被用来获得一光谱在水的完整的拉曼光谱范围的 0.19 nm 的分辨率。初步的观察在无云的状况下面介绍混合阶段云和潮湿的空气的水拉曼光谱特征。

TROPOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR OBSERVATIONS USING A RAMAN LIDAR OVER HEFEI

This paper presents a Raman lidar for measuring tropospheric water vapor profiles over Hefei (31.9°N,117.17°E),China.Intercomparisons of water vapor mixing ratio obtained by this Raman lidar and GZZ-59 type radiosonde observations show the good agreements when relative humidity is higher than 20%.Typical vertical profiles and seasonal variations of water vapor mixing ratio distribution are reported.Many observation eases indicate that the high moisture layer corresponds to large aerosol scattering ratios in the lower troposphere.

大气中水汽混合比的Raman激光雷达探测

介绍了作者自行研制的 Ｌ６２５ Ｒａｍａｎ激光雷达系统的结构和主要技术参数，叙述了Ｒａｍａｎ激光雷达探测水汽混合比的基本原理和数据处理方法。使用这台激光雷达在合肥地区进行了水汽混合比垂直分布的探测，对获得的水汽混合比垂直廓线进行了初步的分析和研究。最后就 Ｌ６２５ Ｒａｍａｎ激光雷达探测水汽混合比的误差进行了分析和讨论。

基于纯转动Raman激光雷达的中低空大气温度高精度探测

本文介绍了一套纯转动Raman测温激光雷达系统,通过高分辨光谱分光与滤光优化设计、收发精确匹配以及弱信号检测等技术,实现在武汉城市上空从10km至40km的中低空大气温度高精度探测.观测结果与同时段探空气球进行比对,在30km以下激光雷达探测温度与探空气球得到的温度数据吻合较好,最大偏差约为3.0K,表明了该激光雷达温度测量的可靠性.采用30min时间分辨率,在10～20km高度范围内温度统计误差约为0.3K（300m空间分辨）;20～30km统计误差约为0.8K（600m空间分辨）;30～40km统计误差约为3.0K（900m空间分辨）.通过整晚的温度廓线反演,为研究中低层大气中的波动现象提供依据.该转动Raman激光雷达实现了至40km高度的高精度大气温度探测,进一步可与Rayleigh测温激光雷达30～80km的高度衔接,为实现中低层大气连续观测研究提供了重要手段.

合肥上空大气二氧化碳Raman激光雷达探测研究

Raman激光雷达是用于大气成分探测与特性研究的有效工具.介绍了中科院安徽光学精密机械研究所自行研制的一台用于测量低对流层大气CO2时空分布的Raman激光雷达系统,并进行了一系列观测实验和对比分析.系统选用波长355nm的紫外激光作为光源,利用光子计数卡双通道采集大气中N2和CO2的Raman后向散射信号与Li-7500型H2O/CO2分析仪进行对比标定,通过反演获得了大气CO2水平与垂直方向时空分布廓线,并且获得了合肥地区大气边界层CO2的夜变化趋势.结果表明,大气CO2在空间的分布相对均匀,Raman激光雷达与CO2分析仪变化趋势一致性较好,能够对大气CO2时空分布进行有效、连续的观测.

Raman激光雷达探测气溶胶光学特性

介绍了武汉大学自行研制的Raman多通道激光雷达系统,给出了整个系统的设计原理及主要技术参量.详细描述了利用Raman激光雷达原理反演大气气溶胶消光系数、后向散射系数和激光雷达比等光学特性的方法,并对求解消光系数过程中的关键部分做了讨论分析.同时对武汉上空对流层低空大气气溶胶、云以及边界层等光学特性进行了实时探测反演.实验结果表明:该Raman多通道激光雷达系统在夜晚对低空气溶胶的垂直分布特性具有较好的探测能力,工作性能可靠.

Raman激光雷达探测对流层中上部大气温度分布

介绍了一台氮分子（N2）Raman激光雷达系统。利用N2分子Raman散射和气溶胶及分子的Mie—Rayleigh散射信号,通过同时订正分子、气溶胶和臭氧的衰减,反演出对流层中上部大气密度和温度的垂直分布,其结果与常规球载无线电探空仪探测资料对比,在8～18km范围内表现了较好的一致性。其中,二者测量的温度在9～15km高度内相对差别小于4K。

基于Raman激光雷达反演大气污染气体浓度几种方法

Raman激光雷达是探测大气污染气体的一种重要方法,雷达回波反演是其中的重要步骤,反演的关键在于正确得到透过率指数因子。以消光系数为中心的三个方案,介绍了目前已普遍采用的方法、应用532 nm大气消光系数间接求取α(1λ,z)和α(2λ,z)。提出了两种新方法:(1)采用拉曼波长与待测气体相近的参考气体,α(1λ,z)=α(2λ,z);(2)借助1λ和2λ的Mie-Rayleigh散射回波求取指数因子。

ARL-1 Raman激光雷达系统探测大气二氧化碳

介绍了中国科学院安徽光学精密机械研究所研制的测量对流层大气二氧化碳的ARL-1 Raman激光雷达系统,以Nd:YAG三倍频作为发射光源,接收大气中氮气和二氧化碳的Raman后向散射信号,反演大气中的二氧化碳混合比分布。在ARL-1 Raman激光雷达系统中,设计了测量Rama激光雷达常数的标定装置,实验结果表明,定标光源LED的稳定度可达99.5%。利用该系统对边界层二氧化碳进行了初步定量测量和分析。

Raman-Mie激光雷达探测对流层气溶胶波长指数

Angstrom波长指数能够很好地反映大气气溶胶粒子的半径大小,而Raman方法测量对流层气溶胶较Mie散射方法假设的参数少,测量精度高。在介绍了一台双波长探测对流层气溶胶光学特性的L625 Ranman-Mie激光雷达系统及其测量原理的基础上,利用该激光雷达的探测数据,计算并分析了合肥地区对流层气溶胶的波长指数,给出了合肥地区对流层气溶胶光学特性的一些典型特征并讨论了其成因。结果表明L625 激光雷达测量对流层气溶胶波长指数是可靠的。

大气CO_2 Raman后向散射的探测与可靠性分析

研究和设计了探测大气CO2浓度的Raman激光雷达,其发射机采用Nd:YAG激光的三倍频 354．7 nm作为工作波长,发射的单脉冲能量60 mJ,重复频率20 Hz;接收机采用了光电倍增管(量子效率 25％)和光子计数器(计数速率200 MHz),探测CO2的Raman散射371．66 nm(频移1285 cm-1)信号, 采用组合滤光片来抑制强的354．7 nm Mie-Rayleigh后向散射和氧气Raman后向散射375．4 nm对信号的严重干扰。主要采取排除法,检验其他波段的辐射是否被截止,实验证明回波主要是371．66 nm辐射。O2的干扰大约为CO2信号的1％。

拉曼雷达重叠函数的模拟与校准

重叠函数的校准对地基激光雷达低空大气探测的准确性至关重要。目前被广泛用于校准拉曼激光雷达重叠函数的双通道实验标定法,需要满足弹性散射通道与氮气拉曼散射通道的重叠函数近似相等的前置条件。但实际仪器光路往往会偏离理想状态,使得该前置条件无法得到满足,导致校准失败。本文使用光线追踪法模拟重叠函数,计算了各种光路失调情况下弹性散射通道与氮气拉曼散射通道的比值,并引入了一种镜头遮蔽实验来评估双通道实验标定法的前置条件是否得到满足。数值模拟结果表明,当雷达接收面的不同象限被遮蔽时,如果弹性散射通道与氮气通道的信号强度比值基本保持不变,则满足前置条件;如果弹性散射通道与氮气通道的信号强度比值有显著差异,则可判定仪器光学系统失调,需要调整直至满足上述前置条件时才能使用双通道实验标定法标定。利用该方法对南京市气象局安装的拉曼激光雷达进行了光路测评和调整,并与CCD(charge-coupled device)侧向成像激光雷达观测信号做对比,结果显示调整后的定标效果更好。

Raman-Mie激光雷达探测西安地区夏季气溶胶光学特性

采用Raman-Mie激光雷达探测了西安地区夏季气溶肢的光学特性,分析了消光系数、后向散射系数和雷达比在不同天气条件下的变化规律.实验结果表明,强降雨后,气溶肢消光系数在2-5 k m 范围内递减,并在5 k m 以上趋于稳定;相对于降雨前,降雨后低层气溶肢消光系数明显增大,而3 k m 以上高度范围内雷达比减小.这可能是由雨后气溶肢沉降、底层水汽密度增加所引起的.统计结果表明,晴天无云时,2-3 k m 范围内气溶肢的消光系数和雷达比均比较稳定,消光系数在0. 2-0. 3 km^-1之间,雷达比的平均值约为50 sr;3 -5 k m 范围内消光系数和雷达比均随高度递减;5-8 k m 范围内,消光系数和雷达比逐渐趋于稳定,消光系数和雷达比的平均值分别约为0.05 km^-1和20sr,表明此范围内仍有微量的气溶肢粒子存在.实验期间,水云的雷达比约为17 sr.

Raman散射探测南京地区气溶胶光学特性

利用位于中国气象局南京综合观测基地的Rayleigh-Raman-Mie激光雷达Raman通道实测数据反演分析南京北郊气溶胶光学特性。在反演计算消光系数的过程中发现Raman信号波动很大、起伏很多,对我们反演结果带来了很大的困难,导致消光系数值波动范围达到-0.1~0.4km^(-1)。经过反复试验计算,用小波去噪解决这个问题,并将其反演结果与同一时刻同一仪器不同通道(Mie通道)反演结果进行对比,2011年3月30日晴天条件下二者消光系数都在0.05km^(-1)左右,它们的趋势具有很好的一致性,表明小波去噪能提高Raman散射反演气溶胶光学特性的准确性。

Field Detection of Chiorophyll-a Concentration in the Sea Surface Layer by an Airborne Oceanographic Lidar

An airborne oceanographic lidar, with a frequency-tripled Q-switched Nd: YAG laser of 355 nm, has been designed to measure chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration in the sea surface layer by the Ocean Remote Sensing Institute, OUC. The field experi- ment was carried out in the bay which is located south of the Liaodong Peninsula on the 10th of September 2005. After the flight, the raw data were processed and analyzed by the fluorescence-to-Raman ratio method with seawater attenuation coefficients calculated from signal profiles. The results of Chl-a concentration measurements by lidar are shown. The measurements in clear sea water were also compared with those of Chl-a concentration by a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS).

拉曼激光雷达大气温湿压探测技术研究进展

温度、湿度、压强是3个重要的大气参数。快速、准确地了解大气的温度、湿度和压强信息及其变化趋势,对天气、气候、人工影响天气等研究有重要意义。拉曼激光雷达通过分离拉曼散射信号反演得到各种大气环境相关参数,可实现对大气参数廓线信息的高精度探测,在大气温湿压探测中独具优势与潜力。本文介绍了拉曼激光雷达对大气温度、湿度和压强的探测原理与反演方法,着重介绍了拉曼激光雷达中滤光片、标准具、光栅等常用分光器件的优缺点及其进展,以及拉曼激光雷达中涉及到的探测技术。最后例举了利用拉曼激光雷达对气象参数测量的典型应用。

Field Experiments of Multi-Channel Oceanographic Fluorescence Lidar for Oil Spill and Chlorophyll-a Detection

A Multi-channel Oceanographic Fluorescence Lidar(MOFL), with a UV excitation at 355 nm and multiple receiving channels at typical wavelengths of fluorescence from oil spills and chlorophyll-a(Chl-a), has been developed using the Laser- induced Fluorescence(LIF) technique. The sketch of the MOFL system equipped with a compact multi-channel photomultiplier tube(MPMT) is introduced in the paper. The methods of differentiating the oil fluorescence from the background water fluorescence and evaluating the Chl-a concentration are described. Two field experiments were carried out to investigate the field performance of the system, i.e., an experiment in coastal areas for oil pollution detection and an experiment over the Yellow Sea for Chl-a monitoring. In the coastal experiment, several oil samples and other fluorescence substances were used to analyze the fluorescence spectral characteristics for oil identification, and to estimate the thickness of oil films at the water surface. The experiment shows that both the spectral shape of fluorescence induced from surface water and the intensity ratio of two channels(I495/I405) are essential to determine oil-spill occurrence. In the airborne experiment, MOFL was applied to measure relative Chl-a concentrations in the upper layer of the ocean. A comparison of relative Chl-a concentration measurements by MOFL and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) indicates that the two datasets are in good agreement. The results show that the MOFL system is capable of monitoring oil spills and Chl-a in the upper layer of ocean water.

全类型大气波导探测方法研究

大气波导是对流层中一种异常大气折射结构,它改变了电磁波的正常传播特性,严重影响了电子设备使用。目前对于大气波导的探测手段还比较单一,无法实现全类型大气波导的探测。针对这一现状,本文基于转动拉曼大气温度探测和振动拉曼大气湿度探测的原理,结合蒸发、表面和悬空波导的诊断方法,构建了全类型大气波导诊断模型。利用拉曼激光雷达新技术,实现了全类型大气波导的监测诊断。通过对比拉曼激光雷达和无线电探空仪测量数据,得到:拉曼激光雷达测量的大气温度廓线平均误差为0.535℃,温度误差小于1℃的概率为82.5%;水汽混合比廓线平均误差为0.121 7 g/kg,水汽混合比误差小于1 g/kg的概率为90%,基于拉曼激光雷达的悬空波导高度、厚度、强度诊断准确率分别为94.8%、85.8%和60%;此外,基于拉曼激光雷达的连续探测数据,可以进一步分析大气波导特征量随时间的变化规律。