Scale effect removal and range migration correction for hypersonic target coherent detection

The detection of hypersonic targets usually confronts range migration(RM)issue before coherent integration(CI).The traditional methods aiming at correcting RM to obtain CI mainly considers the narrow-band radar condition.However,with the increasing requirement of far-range detection,the time bandwidth product,which is corresponding to radar’s mean power,should be promoted in actual application.Thus,the echo signal generates the scale effect(SE)at large time bandwidth product situation,influencing the intra and inter pulse integration performance.To eliminate SE and correct RM,this paper proposes an effective algorithm,i.e.,scaled location rotation transform(ScLRT).The ScLRT can remove SE to obtain the matching pulse compression(PC)as well as correct RM to complete CI via the location rotation transform,being implemented by seeking the actual rotation angle.Compared to the traditional coherent detection algorithms,Sc LRT can address the SE problem to achieve better detection/estimation capabilities.At last,this paper gives several simulations to assess the viability of ScLRT.

LFM Radar Source Passive Localization Algorithm Based on Range Migration

Traditional single-satellite passive localization algorithms are influenced by frequency and angle measurement accuracies,resulting in error estimation of emitter position on the order of kilometers.Subsequently,a single-satellite localization algorithm based on passive synthetic aper-ture(PSA)was introduced,enabling high-precision positioning.However,its estimation of azimuth and range distance is considerably affected by the residual frequency offset(RFO)of uncoopera-tive system transceivers.Furthermore,it requires data containing a satellite flying over the radia-tion source for RFO search.After estimating the RFO,an accurate estimation of azimuth and range distance can be carried out,which is difficult to achieve in practical situations.An LFM radar source passive localization algorithm based on range migration is proposed to address the dif-ficulty in estimating frequency offset.The algorithm first provides a rough estimate of the pulse repetition time(PRT).It processes intercepted signals through range compression,range interpola-tion,and polynomial fitting to obtain range migration observations.Subsequently,it uses the changing information of range migration and an accurate PRT to formulate a system of nonlinear equations,obtaining the emitter position and a more accurate PRT through a two-step localization algorithm.Frequency offset only induces a fixed offset in range migration,which does not affect the changing information.This algorithm can also achieve high-precision localization in squint scenar-ios.Finally,the effectiveness of this algorithm is verified through simulations.

Simulation Study on the Migration Range of CO_(2) in the Offshore Saline Aquifer

The geological storage of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)) is a crucial technology for mitigating climate change. Offshore deep saline aquifers have elicited increased attention due to their remarkable potential for storing CO_(2). During long-term storage, CO_(2) migration in a deep saline aquifer needs special attention to prevent it from reaching risk points and leading to security issues. In this paper, a mechanism model is established according to the geological characteristics of saline aquifers in an offshore sedimentary basin in China. The CO_(2) migration over 100 years is simulated considering geological changes such as permeability, dip angle, thickness, and salinity. The effects of injection conditions on the CO_(2) migration range are also investigated. Results reveal that the migration range of CO_(2) in the injection period exceeds 70%, even if the postinjection period's duration is five times longer than that of the injection period. As the values of the above geological parameters increase, the migration range of CO_(2) increases, and permeability has a particularly substantial influence. Moreover, the influences of injection rate and well type are considerable. At high injection rates, CO_(2) has a greater likelihood of displacing brine in a piston-like scheme. CO_(2) injected by long horizontal wells migrates farther compared with that injected by vertical wells. In general, the plane migration range is within 3 000 m, although variations in the reservoir and injection parameters of the studied offshore saline aquifers are considered. This paper can offer references for the site selection and injection well deployment of CO_(2) saline aquifer storage. According to the studied offshore aquifers, a distance of at least 3 000 m from potential leakage points, such as spill points, active faults, and old abandoned wells, must be maintained.

A Residual Frequency Offset Estimation Method Based on Range Migration Fitting

Recently,researchers have proposed an emitter localization method based on passive synthetic aperture.However,the unknown residual frequency offset(RFO)between the transmit-ter and the receiver causes the received Doppler signal to shift,which affects the localization accu-racy.To solve this issue,this paper proposes a RFO estimation method based on range migration fitting.Due to the high frequency modulation slope of the linear frequency modulation(LFM)-mod-ulation radar signal,it is not affected by RFO in range compression.Therefore,the azimuth time can be estimated by fitting the peak value position of the pulse compression in range direction.Then,the matched filters are designed under different RFOs.When the zero-Doppler time obtained by the matched filters is consistent with the estimated azimuth time,the given RFO is the real RFO between the transceivers.The simulation results show that the estimation error of azimuth distance does not exceed 20 m when the received signal duration is not less than 3 s,the pulse repe-tition frequency(PRF)of the transmitter radar signal is not less than 1 kHz,the range detection is not larger than 1000 km,and the signal noise ratio(SNR)is not less than-5 dB.

Comparison of Microwave Imaging Algorithms for Short-Range Scenarios

Three dimensional(3-D)imaging algorithms with irregular planar multiple-input-multiple-output(MIMO)arrays are discussed and compared with each other.Based on the same MIMO array,a modified back projection algorithm(MBPA)is accordingly proposed and four imaging algorithms are used for comparison,back-projection method(BP),back-projection one in time domain(BP-TD),modified back-projection one and fast Fourier transform(FFT)-based MIMO range migration algorithm(FFT-based MIMO RMA).All of the algorithms have been implemented in practical application scenarios by use of the proposed imaging system.Back to the practical applications,MIMO array-based imaging system with wide-bandwidth properties provides an efficient tool to detect objects hidden behind a wall.An MIMO imaging radar system,composed of a vector network analyzer(VNA),a set of switches,and an array of Vivaldi antennas,have been designed,fabricated,and tested.Then,these algorithms have been applied to measured data collected in different scenarios constituted by five metallic spheres in the absence and in the presence of a wall between the antennas and the targets in simulation and pliers in free space for experimental test.Finally,the focusing properties and time consumption of the above algorithms are compared.

Stable seasonal migration patterns in giant pandas

A critical function of animal movement is to maximize access to essential resources in temporally fluctuating and spatially heterogeneous environments.Seasonally mediated resource fluctuations may influence animal movements,enabling them to track changing resource distributions,resulting in annual migration patterns.The conservation-dependent giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca) displays seasonal movement patterns;however,the key factor driving these seasonal migration patterns remains poorly understood.Here,we used GPS tracking collars to monitor the movements of six giant pandas over a 12-year period across different elevations,and performed statistical analysis of seasonal migration directions,routes,habitat revisitation,home range overlap,first arrival events,and stability.Our results revealed a compelling pattern of seasonal migrations that facilitated the ability of the pandas to forage at the appropriate time and place to maximize nutritional intake.Our results indicated that pandas utilize spatial memory to locate reliable food resources,as evidenced by their annual return to the same or similar winter and summer home ranges and the consistently maintained percentage of home range overlap.These novel insights into giant panda foraging and movement ecology not only enhance our understanding of its ability to adapt to nutritionally poor dietary resources but also provide important information for the development of resource utilization-based protection and management strategies.

Long range migration of rice planthoppers and associated meteorological conditions in Yulin,Ganzhou,and Huangyan

In recent years,it has been demonstrated that thelow-level jet streams(LLJs)developed in thesouth of the Meiyu(Baiu)front play a critical role inthe overseas migrations of the planthoppers intoJapan and Korea. However, the involement of theLLJs during the process of sequential displacements

无源雷达高速目标回波相参积累和参数估计算法

针对无源雷达高机动匀速目标参数估计中长时间积累引起的距离徙动效应问题,提出了一种基于Keystone变换和圆阵干涉仪测向的高效相参积累和参数估计算法。首先,根据目标运动和外辐射源信号参数,对参考信号和监视信号进行分段处理,段内为快时间,段间为慢时间;然后,利用Keystone变换对各频率的时间轴进行尺度变换,校正高速目标的距离徙动,继而将目标回波信号能量积累至同一时延-多普勒单元;最后,对目标回波所在的时延-多普勒单元进行圆阵干涉仪二维测向,得到目标方位角和俯仰角估计。仿真结果表明,算法可有效实现高机动匀速目标微弱回波信号的相参积累和参数估计,计算复杂度更低,对目标时延、多普勒、方位角和俯仰角参数估计的稳健性和精度更高。

一种车载调频连续波后向投影成像方法

车载调频连续波成像是无人驾驶的关键技术,具有超宽带、宽波束等特点,使用常规距离维压缩方位向波束形成的成像方法在近场情况下会出现严重的距离走动,因此不再适用。为了实现方位向高分辨,本文提出一种基于后向投影的成像算法。首先通过计算成像区域内像素点到阵元天线之间的延时时间,其次对回波信号进行插值然后根据延时提取时域信号进行相参积累。该算法仅与时延有关,避免了菲涅耳近似,适用于近距离成像。文中推导了后向投影算法的成像原理并通过仿真分析验证了该算法的可行性和有效性。

基于改进OMP算法的多目标高速机动检测方法

针对多目标高速机动检测问题,提出了一种基于改进正交匹配追踪(OMP)算法的多目标检测方法。根据高速机动目标运动特性建立信号模型;利用改进OMP算法对脉冲压缩后的回波信号进行运动参数估计;构建相位补偿函数对距离徙动和多普勒徙动进行校正;通过快速傅里叶变换(FFT)完成相参积累,实现对多目标的检测。改进算法适用于多目标高速机动检测场景,可有效避免盲速旁瓣现象及信号交叉项的影响,且具有参数估计精度高和抗噪声能力强等优点。仿真实验验证了改进算法的有效性与可靠性。

Lipozyme RM IM催化棕榈油与甲醇醇解过程中酰基转移的研究

研究了无溶剂体系下1,3-位专一性酶Lipozyme RM IM催化棕榈油与甲醇醇解过程中酰基转移的情况,包括1,2-甘二酯酰基转移后形成1,3-甘二酯和2-单甘酯酰基转移后形成1(3)-单甘酯,探讨了反应底物摩尔比、反应温度和加酶量对酰基转移的影响。结果表明:醇油摩尔比小于3∶1时,酰基转移量随着反应时间的增加而增加;反应温度在50～60℃之间,酰基转移随着反应温度和反应时间的增加而增加;当加酶量从4%增加到8%时,酰基转移量随着反应时间的增加而增加。

基于相位追踪的SAR运动目标高阶距离徙动校正方法

距离徙动校正(RCMC)是合成孔径雷达(SAR)实现运动目标参数估计和聚焦成像的关键环节。当目标或平台运动复杂时,传统低阶RCMC方法将不再适用,而现有基于参数化的高阶RCMC方法易存在模型失配和计算复杂度高的问题、现有非参数化方法在低信噪比下性能也将大幅下降。对此,该文借助扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)对造成RCM的相位进行追踪,进而构建RCM补偿函数实现RCMC。所提方法不依赖于RCM的具体模型,追踪得到的相位包含高阶分量,因此可以实现SAR运动目标的高阶RCMC。此外,EKF在进行相位追踪的同时能对信号进行滤波处理,可有效降低所提方法的信噪比(SNR)门限。与传统方法相比,该方法适用性广,计算量适中,且能校正不可忽略的高阶残余距离徙动。该文详细阐释了所提方法的原理及数学模型,并通过多组仿真和实测数据处理验证了所提方法的有效性和优越性。

基于多目标优化的高频DAB变换器混合多重移相控制策略

随着双有源全桥(dual active bridge,DAB)变换器开关频率的提升,半导体器件的开关损耗占比越来越大,基于回流功率、电感电流峰值或有效值的单目标效率优化策略的优势逐渐丧失。为提升DAB变换器的高频工况运行效率,文中对DAB最优模态与优化目标进行定量分析与选择,提出一种可同时实现电感电流有效值准最优、宽范围软开通的移相策略,在该策略下轻重载工况所有开关管均可实现软开通,中载仅有两个开关管丢失软开通。为保证软开通的有效实现,根据电荷交换和死区时长两个条件推导实现软开通所需电流的统一表达式。再者,将软开通谐振过程线性化处理,所得简化表达式可与本文移相模态相结合,可实现任意开关管在任意模态下的软开通。最后,搭建6.6 k W/150 k Hz的碳化硅实验平台进行验证。实验结果表明,所研究的多目标优化策略可同时减小开通损耗与导通损耗,有效提升DAB变换器在高频工况下的运行效率。

长时间积累下雷达高速目标检测算法综述

隐身技术与高速飞行器的发展给雷达探测目标带来了严峻挑战,而长时间积累技术就是在信号处理领域帮助雷达进行目标检测时提高信噪比的一种有效方法。对于高速高机动目标而言,信号在长时间累积中会在距离域和多普勒域引起跨距离单元走动和跨多普勒单元走动问题。“两跨”问题会严重影响积累增益,传统的MTD(Moving Target Detection,运动目标检测)方法已经无法对信号进行能量累积。为了解决“两跨”问题,提高雷达对高速目标的探测性能,近些年已涌现很多方法,本文将依据目标运动模型把长时间积累下分为径向匀速运动下的长时间积累、径向加速运动下的长时间积累、径向高阶复杂运动下的长时间积累三类进行分析,对相应模型下的“两跨”问题与解决方法进行综述和总结,意在为后续研究提供参考。

SAR大斜视RMA快速成像算法研究

在快速成像问题的研究中,针对常规距离徙动算法RMA中STOLT插值引起的高计算开销、效率低,不能有效进行快速成像的问题,提出了一种将非均匀傅立叶变换NUFFT和RMA相结合大斜视快速成像算法。通过详细分析大斜视SAR回波信号的时频特性,介绍了NUFFT算法原理以及实现步骤。再采用NUFFT代替STOLT插值和距离向IFFT,实现频域非均匀的格点向时域均匀格点变换。仿真结果表明改进后算法具有较高精度,同时兼顾了效率,满足大斜视SAR成像要求,并且为SAR成像算法中非均匀时频变换提供了一条新途径。

PFA算法与RMA算法成像机理的比较

在ＳＰＯＴＬＩＧＨＴＳＡＲ的各种成像算法中，聚焦的准确性是影响ＳＡＲ成像质量的关键所在。在建立ＳＰＯＴＬＩＧＨＴＳＡＲ数据搜集及成像处理的数学模型基础上，比较了两种ＳＰＯＴＬＩＧＨＴＳＡＲ成像算法ＰＦＡ和ＲＭＡ的性能，并通过计算机仿真进行了分析和比较。

基于快时间keystone变换和FrFT的无人机检测算法

连续波雷达通常采用长时间相参累积技术来增强对无人机的探测能力。然而,无人机具有高机动性,在做长时间相参积累时易发生距离徙动和多普勒频率徙动,导致雷达检测性能衰退。针对此问题,文中提出了一种基于快时间keystone变换和分数阶傅里叶变换(FrFT)的连续波雷达无人机检测算法,通过快时间keystone变换校正距离徙动,采用FrFT补偿多普勒频率徙动,进而完成相参积累和检测。不同于传统keystone变换作用于快时间域,快时间keystone变换作用于距离频率域,这是连续波雷达信号模型的特性导致的。仿真分析显示,文中算法可良好地平衡检测性能和计算量之间的矛盾;并采用雷达实测数据验证了所提算法的有效性。

一种适用于星载大斜视聚束SAR的改进距离徙动算法

星载大斜视聚束合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)探测范围大、目标驻留时间长,有广泛的应用前景,但会带来较大的距离徙动,使得回波信号耦合严重。传统算法使用固定窗接收数据,为了采集完整,则需要较大的采样窗,但采得数据中存在大量的无效数据,采样效率很低。为解决时域采样效率低等问题,可使用滑窗接收模式,但该模式一般结合时域算法或极坐标格式算法使用,而在星载SAR大场景成像的情况下,时域算法计算效率低下,极坐标格式算法的聚焦半径较小,因此本文提出了一种改进的距离徙动算法来解决大斜视滑窗接收模式下的高效精确成像问题。本文建立了滑窗接收模式下的时域回波模型,利用傅里叶变换的性质推导出精确两维解析频谱,并基于上述两维解析频谱,提出雷达视线坐标系下的两维空间域解耦方法并给出对应的完整成像处理流程,最后通过仿真实验验证算法的有效性。本文提出的新方法既能解决大斜视两维频谱扭曲带来的频域采样效率低下问题,又可避免传统方法在大斜视模式下的残留距离徙动放大问题,为后续的自聚焦处理提供便利。

一种新的高速运动目标雷达相干积累方法

该文针对高速运动目标雷达相干积累中的跨距离单元走动问题,提出一种基于时频反转互相关及尺度逆傅里叶变换的联合算法。首先通过时频反转互相关分离出目标距离信息,之后使用测得的距离信息构造补偿函数,并使用尺度逆傅里叶变换消除跨距离单元走动,得出目标径向速度。经过仿真实验可以证明,该文算法能够在不进行任何参数搜索的条件下实现对具备跨距离单元走动和速度模糊的高速运动目标进行回波能量积累,获得目标的径向距离和速度信息,且具备较低的运算复杂度。

基于级数反演的星弹双基俯冲前视成像算法

由于导弹在俯冲阶段存在垂直向加速度,速度的大小和方向在不断变化,弹头沿曲线运动,导致瞬时斜距十分复杂,造成严重的距离徙动现象,方位向和距离向存在严重的二维耦合问题。针对此问题提出了一种基于级数反演的星弹双基俯冲前视成像算法。该算法根据星弹双基系统特性,搭建了星弹双基轨迹模型,在距离频域方位时域进行多普勒频率校正,再利用级数反演的思想,推导出回波信号的二维频谱表达式,接着在二维频域上进行距离徙动校正和距离向、方位向压缩,确定目标成像位置,完成成像聚焦。最后通过计算量的分析和仿真验证了算法的可行性和有效性。该算法可实现对多目标的探测和区分,对军方察打一体化研究具有理论指导意义,对中国军事行动方面具有一定价值。