Screening of glucosinolates degrading lactic acid bacteria and their utilization in rapeseed meal fermentation

Rapeseed meal is a promising food ingredient, but its utilization is limited by the presence of some potentially harmful ingredients, such as glucosinolates. Fermentation is a cost-effective method of detoxication but a food-grade starter culture with glucosinolates degradation capacity is required. In this study, 46 strains of lactic acid bacteria from traditional paocai brines were screened for their ability to glucosinolate degradation. The results showed that more than 50% of the strains significantly degraded glucosinolates. Two strains of Lactiplantibacillus(p7 and s7) with high capacity of glucosinolates degradation through producing enzymes were identified. Then,an optimized condition for rapeseed meal fermentation by p7 was established to degrade glucosinolates, which can achieve about 80% degradation. UPLC/Q-TOF-MS analysis showed that the degradation rate of individual glucosinolates was different and the degradation rate of gluconapin and progoitrin in rapeseed meal can reach more than 90%. Meanwhile, fermentation with p7 can improve safety of rapeseed meal by inhibiting the growth of Enterobacteriaceae and improve its nutritional properties by degrading phytic acid. The in vitro digestion experiments showed that the content of glucosinolates in rapeseed meal decreased significantly during gastric digestion. Meanwhile, fermentation with p7 can greatly improve the release of soluble protein and increase the contents of free essential amino acids, such as lysine(increased by 12 folds) and methionine(increased by 10 folds).

Net energy of corn,soybean meal and rapeseed meal in growing pigs

Background: Two experiments were conducted to estimate the net energy(NE) of corn, soybean meal, expel er-pressed rapeseed meal(EP-RSM) and solvent-extracted rapeseed meal(SE-RSM) using indirect calorimetry and to validate the NE of these four ingredients using pig growth performance.Methods: In Exp.1, 24 barrows(initial BW = 36.4 ± 1.6 kg) were allotted to 1 of 4 diets which included a corn basal diet,a corn-soybean meal basal diet and two rapeseed meal diets containing 20% EP-RSM(9.5% ether extract) or SE-RSM(1.1% ether extract) substituted for corn and soybean meal. The design allowed the calculation of NE values of corn,soybean meal and rapeseed meals according to the difference method. In Exp.2, 175 growing pigs(initial BW = 36.0± 5.2 kg) were fed 1 of 5 diets for 28 d, with five pigs per pen and seven replications(pens) per treatment in order to validate the measured energy values. Diets were a corn-soybean meal diet and four diets including 10% or 20% EP-RSM and 10% or 20% SE-RSM.Results: The NE of corn, soybean meal, EP-RSM and SE-RSM were 12.46, 11.34, 11.71 and 8.83 MJ/kg DM, respectively. The NE to ME ratio of corn(78%) was similar to tabular values, however, the NE to ME ratios of soybean meal(70%) and rapeseed meal(76%) were greater than tabular values. The greater NE value in EP-RSM than in SE-RSM is consistent with its higher EE content. Increasing EP-RSM or SE-RSM did not affect the growth performance of pigs and the caloric efficiency of NE was comparable for al diets.Conclusions: The NE of EP-RSM was similar to soybean meal, and both were greater than SE-RSM. The DE, ME and NE values measured in Exp.1 are confirmed by results of Exp. 2 with comparable caloric efficiencies of DE, ME or NE for all diets.

Chemical composition,energy and amino acid digestibility in double-low rapeseed meal fed to growing pigs

Background： The nutritional value of rapeseed meal may be variable due to the variation of its chemical composition. And a precise understandin9 of the nutritional value of an ingredient is beneficial for the accurate diet formulation and reduction of feed costs. This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition, dicjestible energy （DE） and metabolizable enercjy （ME） content, and apparent ileal digestibility （AID） and standardized ileal dicjestibility （SID） of amino acids （AA） for growincj pigs. Thirteen solvent-extracted double-low rapeseed meal （DLIRSM） samples were obtained from the main double-low rapeseed producing areas in China. Methods： The DE and ME contents of the 13 DLRSM samples were measured in cjrowin9 pigs （six pigs per DLRSM sample, average initial body weicjht （BW） =48.3 kg）. The AID and SID of AA of 10 DLRSM samples were determined in 12 crossbred barrows （average initial BW = 35.3 kcj） by using two 6 x 6 Latin square designs. Each Latin square comprised one N-flee diet and 5 DLRSM test diets. Results： The chemical composition of DLRSM varied among samples, and the coefficient of variation was greater than ]0 % for ether extract （EE）, neutral detergent fiber （NDF）, acid detergent fiber （ADF）, calcium （Ca）, and total 91ucosinolates. The AA content of DLRSM varied among samples especially for lysine （Lys） and methionine （Met）. On a dry matter （DM） basis, the apparent total tract digestibility （ATFD） of gross energy （GE）, the DE and ME and the ME：DE ratio of DLRSM averaged 62.39 %, 2862 kcal/k9 and 2723 kcal/kcj, and 94.95 %, respectively. The mean value of S1D of Lys was 70.52 % which varied from 66.54-76.54 %. The SID of crude protein （CP）, Met, and threonine （Thr） averaged 72.81%, 82.41%, and 69.76 %, respectively. Conclusions： There was great variability in chemical composition especially in the concentration of EE, NDF and ADF, but no significant differences in energy content of the DLIRSM samples were observed. In addition, the AID and SID of all AA were relatively similar amoncj DLRSM samples except for that of Lys.

Identification and Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Rapeseed Meals (Brassica napus L.)

This study aimed in the identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in different four varieties of rapeseeds (Brassica napus L.) using LC-MS and HPLC. LC-MS analysis guided to identify 12 phenolic compounds including sinapine, sinapine(4-O-8')guaiacyl, feruloyl choline(4-O-8') guaiacyl, kaempferol-3-O-sinapoyl-sophoroside-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-sophoroside, cyclic spermidine-alkaloid, feruloyl choline(5-8')guaiacyl, kaempferol-sinapoyl-trihexoside,1,2-di- O-sinapoyl-gentiobiose, 1,2-di-O-sinapoyl-glucose, feruloyl choline(4-O-8')guaiacyl-di-sinapoyl, and sinapine(4-O-8')guaiacyl-di-sinapoyl, respectively. Total phenolic compounds in rapeseed meals were ranged from 38.50 (2012 “Sunmang”) to 63.95 mg/g dry weight (DW) (2014 Jeju local cultivar). Main phenolic compositions were cyclic spermidine-alkaloid, kaempferol, feruloyl choline, and sinapine. Sinapine was predominant compound among all the samples ranged from 29.74 to 52.24 mg/g DW (mean 79% of total phenolic contents). This study provided the information for the variation of phenolic compounds between the varieties of rapeseeds and the cultivation periods. Furthermore, this information can be developed for bio-energy industry as a reducer of the cost of the bio-energy products.

Improvement of Feeding Value of Rapeseed Meal by Mixed Solid State Fermentation

[Objective] To optimize solid state fermentation conditions of rapeseed meal and thus to reduce glucosinolates and neutral detergent fibers by mixed cultures of Aspergillus oryzae and Tnchoderrna viride. [ Method ] The optimal fermentation conditions were determined by single factor test and orthogonal design. [ Result J The optimum fermentation conditions are as following: inoculum weight ratio (Aspergillus oryzae vs Trichoderma vinde), 1:1 ; inoculum size, 30% ; water content, 40% ; fermentation time, 96 h; and fermentation temperature, 30℃. Under these conditions, glucosinolates were reduced by 90.71% and neutral detergent fibers were degraded by 20.65%. [ Condusion] In laboratory, solid state fermentation with Aspergillus oryzae and Trichoderrna viride can be used to produce high-quality rapeseed meal.

Application Effects of Amino Acid Powder,Fermented Rapeseed Meal and Fermented Cottonseed Meal in Feeds for Allogynogenetic Crucian Carp

[Objective] To investigate the effects of amino acid powder, fermented rapeseed meal and fermented cottonseed meal on the growth performance, amino acid absorption, body composition and liver function of allogynogentic crucian carp. [ Method] The allogynogentic crucian carps with the average initial weight of 17.3 g were divided into control group and six experimental groups randomly. The allogynogentic crucian carps in the control group and experimental groups were fed a basal diet and the basal diets supplemented by amino acid powder, fermented rapeseed meal and fermented cottonseed meal, respectively. The growth rate and specific growth rate of allogynogentic crucian carps, the content of amino acids in serum and feeds, the composition indicators of body, muscle and liver, as well as the activities of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase （GPT） and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase （GOT） in liver and serum were determined, respectively. [ Result] The growth rate and specific growth rate （SGR） of allogynogentic crucian carps in the 3% amino acid powder group and the 6% fermented cottonseed meal group were increased greatly （ P 〈 0.05）, and no significant difference was found between experimental group and control group. The serum lysine content of the 3% amino acid powder group and the 6% fermented cottonseed meal group was higher than that of the control group. In the experimental groups, the absorption of four essential amino acids was up to a peak at 4 h after feeding, which was consistent with the control group. The body composition and liver function of allogynogentic crucian carps had no significant difference between the experimental groups and the control group. [ Conclusion] The 3% amino acid powder, 6% fermented cottonseed meal and 6% fermented rapeseed meal can substitute fish meal, cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal to improve the clrowth performance, amino acid absorption of the allogynogentic crucian carps.

Effect of the desolventizing/toasting process on chemical composition and protein quality of rapeseed meal

Background： During processing in a desolventizer/toaster（DT）, rapeseed meal（RSM） is heated to evaporate the hexane and to reduce the level of heat-labile anti-nutritional factors such as glucosinolates（GSL）. However, excessive heat treatment may reduce amino acid（AA） content in addition to lower AA digestibility and availability in RSM. The objective of the present study was to produce from one batch of a 00-rapeseed variety（17 μmol GSL/g dry matter（DM）, seed grade quality） five differently processed RSM under standardized and defined conditions in a pilot plant,and to determine the impact of these different treatments on protein solubility and chemical composition, in particular with regard to contents of AA including reactive Lys（rL ys） and levels of total and individual GSL.Methods： Four RSM were exposed to wet toasting conditions（WetT C） with increasing residence time in the DT of 48,64, 76, and 93 min. A blend of these four RSM was further processed, starting with saturated steam processing（〈 100 °C）and followed by exposure to dry toasting conditions（DryT C） to further reduce the GSL content in this RSM.Results： The contents of neutral detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber bound crude protein（CP） increased linearly（P 〈 0.05）, as residence time of RSM in the DT increased from 48 to 93 min, whereas contents of total and most individual GSL and those of Lys, rL ys, Cys, and the calculated ratio of Lys：CP and r Lys：CP decreased linearly（P ≤ 0.05）.The combination of wet heating and DryT C resulted in the lowest GSL content compared to RSM produced under WetT C, but was associated with lowest protein solubility.Conclusions： It can be concluded that by increasing residence time in the DT or using alternative processing conditions such as wet heating combined with DryT C, contents of total and individual GSL in RSM can be substantially reduced.Further in vivo studies are warranted to elucidate if and to which extent the observed differences in protein quality and GSL content between RSM may affect digestibility and bioavailability of AA in monogastric animals.

Effect of Phytase on Digestibility and Performance of Growing and Finishing Pigs Fed Diets with Lupins and Rapeseed Meal

Lupin seeds and rapeseed meal(RSM)contain relatively high amounts of poorly digestible phytate.Phytase additive can help in the utilization of nutrients from the diet.The aim of this study was to determine total tract digestibility coefficients of nutrients and performance results of finishing pigs fed diets containing yellow lupin or narrow-leafed lupin seeds and/or RSM with similar or increasing levels of phytase.Three experiments were conducted.In Experiment I the effect of RONOZYME®HiPhos(100 g/t)in diets containing narrow-leafed or yellow lupin seeds and RSM on production parameters of fatteners was analyzed.In Experiment II the effect of phytase RONOZYME®HiPhos(1,000 FTU/t)in similar diets was analyzed but calcium(Ca)and phosphorus(P)levels in diets were reduced.In Experiment III the effect of increasing levels of Quantum Bluephytase(0,5,000,10,000 and 15,000 FTU/t)in diets with yellow lupin seeds with reduced Ca and P level on total tract digestibility coefficients of selected nutrients and performance of pigs was analyzed.In none of the experiments the enzyme additives included in the diet affected pig performance(p>0.05).There were no significant differences(p>0.05)in apparent total tract digestibility coefficients of dry matter(DM)and crude protein(CP).The phytase additives significantly improved P and Ca digestibility coefficients(p<0.05)in comparison with the control diet,but this improvement was not linearly related with phytase dosage.By improving digestibility phytase allows to reduce mineral contents in diets,thus reducing the cost of pig nutrition.

Optimization of Conditions of Concentrating Protein in Rapeseed Meal by Ultrasonic-assisted Alcohol Washing

This study was performed to optimize the conditions for concentrating protein in commercial rapeseed meal by ultrasonic-assisted alcohol washing method. The effects of sonication time,particle size,ultrasonic power and liquid to solid ratio on protein content were investigated. The result showed that the optimal conditions for concentrating protein in rapeseed meal were: sonication time of 40 min,particle size of 40 mesh,ultrasonic power of 800 W and liquid to solid ratio of 9∶ 1. Under these conditions,the protein content in rapeseed meal was increased to 55. 47%,which was 10. 43% higher than that in rapeseed meal not treated by sonication.

Physical and chemical changes of rapeseed meal proteins during toasting and their effects on in vitro digestibility

Background： Toasting during the production of rapeseed meal（RSM） decreases ileal crude protein（CP） and amino acid（AA） digestibility. The mechanisms that determine the decrease in digestibility have not been fully elucidated. A high protein quality, low-denatured, RSM was produced and toasted up to 120 min, with samples taken every 20 min. The aim of this study was to characterize secondary structure and chemical changes of proteins and glucosinolates occurring during toasting of RSM and the effects on its in vitro CP digestibility.Results： The decrease in protein solubility and the increase of intermolecular β-sheets with increasing toasting time were indications of protein aggregation. The contents of NDF and ADIN increased with increasing toasting time.Contents of arginine, lysine and O-methylisourea reactive lysine（OMIU-RL） linearly decreased with increasing toasting time, with a larger decrease of OMIU-RL than lysine. First-order reactions calculated from the measured parameters show that glucosinolates were degraded faster than lysine, OMIU-RL and arginine and that physical changes to proteins seem to occur before chemical changes during toasting. Despite the drastic physical and chemical changes noticed on the proteins, the coefficient of in vitro CP digestibility ranged from 0.776 to 0.750 and there were no effects on the extent of protein hydrolysis after 120 min. In contrast, the rate of protein hydrolysis linearly decreased with increasing toasting time, which was largely correlated to the decrease in protein solubility, lysine and OMIU-RL observed. Rate of protein hydrolysis was more than 2-fold higher for the untoasted RSM compared to the 120 min toasted material.Conclusions： Increasing the toasting time for the production of RSM causes physical and chemical changes to the proteins that decrease the rate of protein hydrolysis. The observed decrease in the rate of protein hydrolysis could impact protein digestion and utilization.

Isolation and characterization of melanin from rapeseed meal

Melanin involves in various biological functions, widely used in cosmetic, pharmacology medicine and other fields. However, melanin application is limited due to low productivity and high cost. In this work, melanin extraction method from rapeseed meal(RSM) was explored. Effects of hydrochloric acid(HCl) concentration, ethanol concentration, extraction temperature and time, and solid-liquid ratio were evaluated systematically. According to results of single factor experiment and Box-Behnken experiment, the optimum extraction conditions of melanin from RSM were as follows: HCl concentration, 0.5 mol/L; ethanol concentration, 70%; extraction temperature, 40 o C; extraction time, 1 h; solid liquid ratio, 1/4 g/mL. Under these conditions, extraction yields of crude melanin(CM) and purified melanin(PM) were 9.00% and 1.44%, respectively. Compared with synthetic melanin(SM) from Sigma, the relative purities of CM and PM were 7.82% and 29.57%, respectively. Moreover, feedstuff value of RSM residue was also improved after melanin isolation by significantly reducing glucosinolate content.

微生物固态发酵条件的优化及其对菜籽粕品质改善的研究

通过优化菜籽粕固态发酵工艺,并对发酵产物进行品质评价,为菜籽粕在水产养殖业的开发利用提供理论基础。本试验采用枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)和植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)对菜籽粕进行固态发酵,首先对不同混菌比例、外源纤维素酶添加量及植酸酶添加量进行优化,在优化条件下对菜籽粕进行固态发酵,然后以硫甙、单宁、植酸、粗蛋白质、酸溶蛋白、总酸含量和pH为指标,评价菜籽粕发酵前后的品质变化。结果显示:枯草芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母和植物乳杆菌的最佳混菌比例为1∶1∶2、纤维素酶添加量为1.25%、植酸酶添加量为0.10%时,菜籽粕发酵的效果较好。在最优发酵条件下,发酵菜籽粕的硫甙、植酸及单宁含量分别为33μmol/g、44.49 mg/g和9.53 mg/g,降解率分别为41.92%、40.10%和59.31%。粗蛋白质和酸溶蛋白含量相较于发酵前分别增加了16.59%和41.85%。发酵菜籽粕的总酸含量增加了109.43%,且pH由6.53降至5.68。本研究为提高菜籽粕的饲用价值提供参考,有利于菜籽粕作为植物蛋白质源饲料应用于水产饲料行业中。

菜籽粕混合发酵饲料替代豆粕对生长猪生长性能、养分表观消化率以及血清生化和抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究菜籽粕混合发酵饲料替代豆粕对生长猪生长性能、养分表观消化率以及血清生化和抗氧化指标的影响。试验选用70%菜籽粕、15%玉米皮和15%麸皮混合作为发酵原料,筛选菌种后选择添加酵母菌、罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)和中性蛋白酶进行发酵。优化发酵条件后将条件控制为含水量55%、发酵温度30℃、发酵时间60 h,干燥制得发酵饲料。在饲喂试验中,选取平均体重为(39.3±5.3)kg的“杜×长×大”三元杂交生长猪72头,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复8头猪(公母各占1/2)。对照组(CON组)饲喂基础饲粮,未发酵组(RMD组)饲喂用15%未发酵菜籽粕混合饲料替代基础饲粮中豆粕、玉米和麸皮的饲粮,发酵组(FRMD组)饲喂用15%菜籽粕混合发酵饲料替代基础饲粮中豆粕、玉米和麸皮的饲粮。试验期28 d。结果表明:1)混合发酵显著提高了菜籽粕混合饲料的粗蛋白质(CP)和三氯乙酸酸溶蛋白(TCA-N)含量(P<0.05),显著降低了硫代葡萄糖苷、植酸和单宁含量(P<0.05)。2)饲养试验结果表明,3组生长猪生长性能无显著差异(P>0.05);FRMD组总磷表观消化率要显著高于RMD组(P<0.05);与CON组相比,RMD组血清尿素氮(UN)含量有所提高(P>0.05),而FRMD组血清UN含量无显著差异(P>0.05);与RMD组相比,FRMD组血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著降低(P<0.05)。由此可见,混合发酵可提高菜籽粕的营养价值,并且菜籽粕在混合发酵后可部分替代生长猪饲粮中的豆粕。

发酵菜籽粕对黄颡鱼表观消化率、肝脏及肠道健康的影响

为探究发酵菜籽粕对黄颡鱼的饲料表观消化率、肝脏及肠道健康的影响,实验以黄颡鱼(Tachysurus fulvidraco)为研究对象,共设置3组饲料,分别为对照组(Control)、未发酵菜籽粕组(URSM)和发酵菜籽粕组(FRSM),养殖实验共持续7周。研究结果表明,FRSM组的增重率(WGR)显著高于USRM组(P<0.05),而饲料系数(FCR)和肝体比(HSI)显著低于URSM组(P<0.05)。与未发酵菜籽粕原料相比,黄颡鱼对发酵菜籽粕原料的干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和能量的表观消化率均增加。肝脏组织结构结果表明,URSM组黄颡鱼肝细胞空泡化的相对面积显著高于对照组和FRSM组(P<0.05)。肠道组织结构及紧密连接相关基因试验结果表明,3组间的黄颡鱼肠道绒毛宽度无显著性差异(P>0.05),而FRSM组黄颡鱼的绒毛长度和肠道zo-1和zo-2的mRNA表达水平显著高于URSM组(P<0.05)。炎症因子相关基因测定结果表明,与URSM组相比,FRSM组黄颡鱼肝脏tnf-α、tnf-β和il-1β的mRNA表达水平显著下调,肠道tnf-α和il-6的mRNA表达水平显著下调,而肠道il-10和tgf-β的mRNA表达水平显著上调。与对照组相比,饲料添加未发酵菜籽粕显著增加了黄颡鱼肝脏和肠道的MDA含量(P<0.05),降低了总抗氧化能力(P<0.05),引发肝脏和肠道氧化应激。而饲料添加发酵菜籽粕减轻了菜籽粕导致的黄颡鱼肝脏和肠道氧化损伤。凋亡相关基因检测结果发现,与对照组相比,饲料添加未发酵菜籽上调了黄颡鱼肝脏和肠道促凋亡基因bax、p53、caspase3、caspase9和mdm2的表达水平,但是下调了bcl2的mRNA表达(P<0.05)。而饲料添加发酵菜籽粕明显改善了未发酵菜籽粕导致的促凋亡现象。研究表明,菜籽粕经发酵后添加至饲料中,可以减轻未发酵菜籽粕导致的黄颡鱼肝脏和肠道炎症反应、氧化损伤及细胞凋亡,从而改善黄颡鱼肝脏和肠道健康。研究为深入探讨发酵菜籽粕对鱼类肝脏和肠道健康的改善作用提供了理论依据,对于发酵菜籽粕在鱼类生产中的应用具有重要意义。

菜籽粕的营养价值及其在猪生产中的应用研究进展

开发与利用非常规蛋白质饲料资源用于减量替代生猪饲粮中的豆粕是当下生猪产业中的重点和难点。菜籽粕是油菜籽榨油后的副产品,是世界上第二大类植物性蛋白质饲料资源,具有粗蛋白质含量高、氨基酸均衡、产量高和成本低等优点,其作为蛋白质原料替代猪饲粮中的豆粕具有广阔的应用前景。但是,因菜籽粕抗营养因子的存在限制了其在猪饲粮中的应用。本文介绍了菜籽粕的营养价值,并阐述了提高菜籽粕饲用价值的生物学方法及其在猪生产中的应用研究进展,以期为生猪饲粮中豆粕减量替代提供参考。

菜籽粕替代鱼粉对青鱼生长、抗氧化能力和肠道健康的影响

本试验旨在研究菜籽粕替代鱼粉对青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)生长、抗氧化能力和肠道健康的影响。用菜籽粕分别替代基础饲料中0(对照组)、10%(10%组)、20%(20%组)、30%(30%组)、40%(40%组)和50%(50%组)的鱼粉,配制6种等氮等脂的试验饲料,饲喂初始体重为(6.73±0.70)g的青鱼8周。每种试验饲料投喂4个养殖桶,每桶放养35尾鱼。结果显示:1)对照组、10%组和20%组增重率和特定生长率无显著差异(P>0.05),30%、40%和50%组的增重率和特定生长率显著低于对照组和10%组(P<0.05)。随着菜籽粕替代鱼粉比例的增加,肥满度、肝体比和肠体比呈现下降的趋势,饲料系数呈现先下降后上升的趋势,50%组的饲料系数显著高于对照组、10%组和20%组(P<0.05)。2)各组全鱼的水分和粗灰分含量无显著差异(P>0.05);随着菜籽粕替代鱼粉比例的增加,全鱼的粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量呈现下降的趋势,40%和50%组全鱼的粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。各组肌肉的水分、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量无显著差异(P>0.05);30%组、40%组和50%组肌肉的粗蛋白质含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。3)各组干物质和粗脂肪表观消化率无显著差异(P>0.05),20%组、30%组、40%组和50%组粗蛋白质表观消化率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。当饲料中菜籽粕替代鱼粉比例超过10%时,肠道胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性均显著下降(P<0.05)。4)血清总抗氧化能力和超氧化物歧化酶活性随着菜籽粕替代鱼粉比例的增加呈下降趋势,但各组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。当菜籽粕替代鱼粉比例高于20%时,血清过氧化氢酶活性显著降低(P<0.05),血清丙二醛含量显著升高(P<0.05)。5)当菜籽粕替代鱼粉比例超过10%时,肠绒毛长度、宽度和肌层厚度显著下降(P<0.05)。在门水平上,青鱼肠道菌群中的优势菌门为变形菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门;在属水平上,青鱼肠道菌群中的优势菌属为金黄杆菌属、无色杆菌属和气单胞菌属。菜籽粕替代20%和50%的鱼粉提高了青鱼肠道菌群中变形菌门和气单胞菌属的相对丰度。综上所述,青鱼饲料中菜籽粕替代鱼粉的比例以不超过20%为宜,此时不会对青鱼的生长和抗氧化能力产生明显的负面影响。

四川不同产区菜籽粕营养成分差异研究

本试验旨在对四川不同产区菜籽粕营养成分进行对比研究。试验从四川地区具有菜籽粕生产许可证的21家企业中按不同产区(四川东部、四川南部、四川北部和四川中部)选取17家(东部3家、南部3家、北部7家、中部4家),每家采集3份样品;另从3个饲料生产厂家采集加拿大进口菜籽粕,每个厂家取样3份,分别测定其常规营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸和抗营养因子含量。结果表明:1)四川地区菜籽粕主要成分含量为粗蛋白质(CP)41.07%、总能(GE)17.58 MJ/kg、粗纤维(CF)14.76%、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)52.65%、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)35.12%、赖氨酸(Lys)1.11%、蛋氨酸(Met)0.34%、胱氨酸(Cys)0.53%、色氨酸(Trp)0.37%、苏氨酸(Thr)1.41%、芥酸13.82%、硫代葡萄糖苷(GS)51.00μmol/g、异硫氰酸酯(ITC)0.20 mg/g。2)四川地区菜籽粕CP、钙(Ca)、Lys、Trp和Cys含量及GE显著低于加拿大菜籽粕(P<0.05),CF、NDF、ADF、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)、粗灰分(Ash)、芥酸、亚麻酸和GS含量显著高于加拿大菜籽粕(P<0.05)。3)四川不同产区之间菜籽粕大部分常规营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸、GS和ITC含量均无显著差异(P>0.05),但GE及Ash、淀粉、Ca、总磷(TP)、Met含量存在较大差异。综上所述,四川地区菜籽粕属于高芥酸和高GS的“双高”品质,不同产区菜籽粕营养成分存在一定差异。

弱电场中油菜籽蛋白提取优化及结构测定

以冷榨油菜籽为原料,将弱电场引入到油菜籽蛋白的提取中,使用单因素和正交试验结合法对弱电场中油菜籽蛋白提取工艺进行优化。结果表明:油菜籽蛋白提取因素对提取率影响的主次顺序为电压>温度>料液比,最佳提取工艺为电场电压15 V、水污温度30℃、料液比1∶10(g/mL),在此条件下提取率可达7.59%。使用红外光谱及元素分析对产品进行分析,显示提取产物中存在明显的酰胺Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ带,其蛋白纯度为88.75%;最后测定了最佳条件提取产物的扫描电镜,结果显示蛋白质成不规则颗粒状。本研究结果证明使用电场絮凝,可获得纯度较高的蛋白质,此研究可为其他种类蛋白质在弱电场中的提取提供一定的参考。

A fermented rapeseed meal additive:Effects on production performance,nutrient digestibility,colostrum immunoglobulin content and microbial flora in sows

This study was to assess the effect of fermented rapeseed meal(FRSM) in the diet of sows,taking into account the physiological period(pregnancy or lactation) and reproductive cycle(primiparous or multiparous sows),on production performance,nutrient digestibility,colostrum immunoglobulin content,and microbial flora in sows.The experimental material included 30 primiparous gilts and 30 multiparous sows after their second lactation.The animals in the control groups C_G(gilts) and Cs(sows)received a standard diet for pregnant or lactating sows,depending on the reproductive period.Experimental groups E_G and E_S comprised gilts and multiparous sows,respectively,receiving a diet with a 4%share of FRSM in place of soybean meal up to 100 d of gestation.In addition,from 100 d of gestation to7 d of lactation,the sows in experimental groups received a diet with a 9% share of FRSM,and then again a diet with a 4% share of FRSM until the end of lactation.The addition of 4% to 9% share of a FRSM component in feed significantly improves production parameters,mainly in primiparous gilts,leading to an increase in litter size and in litter weight at 28 d of age.It also helps to improve the digestibility of crude protein,fat,and crude fiber,and positively affects the gut microbiota of sows.Fermentation of rapeseed meal is an effective way to reduce anti-nutrients and to increase the level of lactic acid in the diet It also stimulates the immune system,which improves piglet health,reducing the severity of diarrhoea and mortality.

棉籽粕和菜籽粕内源抗营养因子脱除技术研究进展

我国非常规蛋白饲料资源丰富,主要包括棉籽粕和菜籽粕等。棉籽粕和菜籽粕的蛋白质含量高,但其中含有游离棉酚、硫代葡萄糖苷、植酸等多种抗营养因子,不仅会影响动物对营养物质的消化吸收,还可能引起营养代谢性疾病,限制了其在畜禽饲料中的广泛应用。抗营养因子的去除方法主要有物理法、化学法及生物法,其中生物法是利用微生物特定的代谢途径和代谢产物将抗营养因子分解。此方法不仅可有效降解和转化棉籽粕和菜籽粕中的抗营养因子,还可提高其消化率,改善适口性,提升饲用营养价值。文章主要综述了棉籽粕和菜籽粕中主要抗营养因子的毒理作用、脱除方法以及微生物发酵棉籽粕和菜籽粕在动物生产中的应用效果,以期为其在畜禽生产中的高效利用提供参考。