Assessing gray matter volume in patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

Idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder(iRBD) is often a precursor to neurodegenerative disease. However, voxel-based morphological studies evaluating structural abnormalities in the brains of iRBD patients are relatively rare. This study aimed to explore cerebral structural alterations using magnetic resonance imaging and to determine their association with clinical parameters in iRBD patients. Brain structural T1-weighted MRI scans were acquired from 19 polysomnogram-confirmed iRBD patients(male:female 16:3; mean age 66.6 ± 7.0 years) and 20 age-matched healthy controls(male:female 5:15; mean age 63.7 ± 5.9 years). Gray matter volume(GMV) data were analyzed based on Statistical Parametric Mapping 8, using a voxel-based morphometry method and two-sample t-test and multiple regression analysis. Compared with controls, iRBD patients had increased GMV in the middle temporal gyrus and cerebellar posterior lobe, but decreased GMV in the Rolandic operculum, postcentral gyrus, insular lobe, cingulate gyrus, precuneus, rectus gyrus, and superior frontal gyrus. iRBD duration was positively correlated with GMV in the precuneus, cuneus, superior parietal gyrus, postcentral gyrus, posterior cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, lingual gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and cerebellum posterior lobe. Furthermore, phasic chin electromyographic activity was positively correlated with GMV in the hippocampus, precuneus, fusiform gyrus, precentral gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, cuneus, inferior parietal lobule, angular gyrus, superior parietal gyrus, paracentral lobule, and cerebellar posterior lobe. There were no significant negative correlations of brain GMV with disease duration or electromyographic activity in iRBD patients. These findings expand the spectrum of known gray matter modifications in iRBD patients and provide evidence of a correlation between brain dysfunction and clinical manifestations in such patients. The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Huashan Hospital(approval No. KY2013-336) on January 6, 2014. This trial was registered in the ISRCTN registry(ISRCTN18238599).

Chemogenetic activation of sublaterodorsal tegmental glutamatergic neurons alleviates rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder symptoms in a chronic rat model of Parkinson disease

Rapid eye movement(REM)sleep behavior disorder(RBD)is a parasomnia that is featured by elevated motor behaviors and dream enactments during REM sleep.Clinical observations show that RBD bears significant relevance with several synucleinopathies such as Lewy body dementia and Parkinson disease(PD),and often develops prior to their diagnosis.Being a potential biomarker of PD,investigating the relationship of RBD symptoms and their emergence in developing PD would provide insight intoits pathogenesis.Here,in a chronic model of PD,rats with daily rotenone treatment exhibited key RBD features,including elevated sleep muscle tone,sleep fragmentation and EEG slowing at different time points.Based on detectedearly alpha synuclein aggregation and neural apoptosis in the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus(SLD),an area known to promote REM sleep and maintain sleep muscle atonia,the possible involvement of SLD glutamatergic neurons was interrogated.Via chemogenetic activation of SLD glutamatergic neurons,key RBD symptoms and EEG slowing in REM sleep were alleviated.These results are consistent with a progressive degeneration in REM sleep promoting pathways.Our findings provide a foundation for further studies into RBD and its relationship to neurodegenerative diseases.

Gender Differences in Rapid Eye Movement-Related Sleep Disordered Breathing

Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It is known to be associated more frequently with men than women, particularly in the premenopausal age range. The goal of this study is to evaluate gender differences among Korean patients diagnosed with SBD. This study included 309 patients who visited our Sleep Clinic due to sleep-related symptoms and were diagnosed with SDB by overnight polysomnography (PSG). We analyzed age, gender, body mass index, various PSG indices including sleep stages, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and AHI ratio in rapid eye movement (REM) versus non-REM (NREM) sleep stages (R:N ratio). Of those 309 patients diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea, 217 (70.2%) were men (mean age 51.05 ± 12.64 years) and 92 (29.8%) were women (mean age 64.53 ± 10.43 years). The mean AHI during total sleep time was 30.34 ± 21.17 in men and 21.47 ± 17.14 in women (P P P = 0.402). REM SDB with R:N ratio higher than 2.0 was more frequently observed in women than in men, 34.8% (32/92) of women, compared with 11.9% (26/217) in men (P 60 years old. These findings suggest the possibility of different pathophysiologic mechanisms of SDB between genders and also between NREM versus REM sleep, which can be partly explained by the influence of female sex hormones.

Effect of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder on Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity and Cognition of Parkinson＇s Disease Patients

Background：Rapid eye movement （REM） sleep behavior disorder （RBD） and obstructive sleep apnea （OSA） are the most common sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease （PD）. The aim of this study was to identify whether RBD could alleviate OSA severity in PD patients and its effect on cognitive impairment.Methods：From February 2014 to May 2017, we recruited 174 PD patients from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, all of whom underwent polysomnography （PSG）. We collected clinical data, PSG results, and compared information between patients with and without RBD or OSA by analysis of covariance. We also investigated the effect of these sleep disorders on cognitive impairment using linear regression.Results：We grouped participants as follows： PD only （n = 53）, PD ＋ OSA （n = 29）, PD ＋ RBD （n = 61）, and PD ＋ RBD ＋ OSA （n = 31）. Minimum oxygen saturation （SaO2） during whole sleep and in REM sleep was higher in PD ＋ RBD ＋ OSA patients than that in PD ＋ OSA patients. PD ＋ RBD patients had worse Mini-Mental Status Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment （MoCA） scores than those in the PD group （P 〈 0.001）, especially in visuospatial/executive, attention, and memory functions. The PD ＋ OSA group performed worse than the PD group in the delayed recall domain. After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, education, disease severity, and other sleep disorders, MoCA was negatively associated with OSA （β = ？0.736, P = 0.043） and RBD （β = ？2.575, P 〈 0.001）. The severity of RBD （tonic/phasic electromyography activity） and OSA （apnea-hypopnea index/oxygen desaturation index/minimum SaO2） were also associated with MoCA. The adjusted β values of RBD-related parameters were higher than that for OSA.Conclusions：We found that RBD alleviated OSA severity; however, RBD and OSA together exacerbated PD cognitive impairment. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether OSA treatment can improve cognition in PD.

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder Symptoms Correlate with Domains of Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson＆#39;s Disease

Background： Rapid eye movement （REM） sleep behavior disorder （RBD） may be a risk factor for cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson＆#39;s disease （PD）.However, little is known regarding the relation between the severity of RBD and the different domains of cognitive impairment.The aim of this study was： （1） to investigate the domains of cognitive impairment in patients with PD and RBD, and （2） to explore risk factors for PD-mild cognitive impairment （PD-MCI） and the relationship between RBD severity and impairment in different cognitive domains in PD.Methods： The participants were grouped as follows： PD without RBD （PD-RBD;n =42）, PD with RBD （PD ＋ RBD;n =32）, idiopathic RBD （iRBD;n =15）, and healthy controls （HCs;n =36）.All participants completed a battery of neuropsychological assessment of attention and working memory, executive function, language, memory, and visuospatial function.The information of basic demographics, diseases and medication history, and motor and nonmotor manifestations was obtained and compared between PD-RBD and PD ＋ RBD groups.Particular attention was paid to the severity of RBD assessed by the RBD Questionnaire-Hong Kong （RBDQ-HK） and the RBD Screening Questionnaire （RBDSQ）, then we further examined associations between the severity of RBD symptoms and cognitive levels via correlation analysis.Results： Compared to PD-RBD subjects, PD ＋ RBD patients were more likely to have olfactory dysfunction and their Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores were higher （P 〈 0.05）.During neuropsychological testing, PD ＋ RBD patients performed worse than PD-RBD patients, including delayed memory function, especially.The MCI rates were 33%, 63%, 33%, and 8% for PD-RBD, PD ＋ RBD, iRBD, and HC groups, respectively.RBD was an important factor for the PD-MCI variance （odds ratio =5.204, P =0.018）.During correlation analysis, higher RBDSQ and RBDQ-HK scores were significantly associated with poorer performance on the Trail Making Test-B （errors） and Auditory Verbal Learning Test （delayed recall） and higher RBD-HK scores were also associated with Rey-Osterrieth complex figure （copy） results.Conclusions： When PD-RBD and PD ＋ RBD patients have equivalent motor symptoms, PD ＋ RBD patients still have more olfactory dysfunction and worse daytime somnolence.RBD is an important risk factor for MCI, including delayed memory.Deficits in executive function, verbal delayed memory, and visuospatial function were consistently associated with more severe RBD symptoms.

Memory consolidation during sleep and adult hippocampal neurogenesis

In anticipation of the massive burden of neurodegenerative disease within super-aged societies, great efforts have been made to utilize neural stem and progenitor cells for regenerative medicine. The capacity of intrinsic neural stem and progenitor cells to regenerate damaged brain tissue remains unclear, due in part to the lack of knowledge about how these newly born neurons integrate into functional circuitry. As sizable integration of adult-born neurons naturally occurs in the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus, clarifying the mechanisms of this process could provide insights for applying neural stem and progenitor cells in clinical settings. There is convincing evidence of functional correlations between adult-born neurons and memory consolidation and sleep; therefore, we describe some new advances that were left untouched in our recent review.

Clinical features of Parkinson’s disease with and without rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

Background:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder(RBD)and Parkinson’s disease(PD)are two distinct clinical diseases but they share some common pathological and anatomical characteristics.This study aims to confirm the clinical features of RBD in Chinese PD patients.Methods:One hundred fifty PD patients were enrolled from the Parkinson`s disease and Movement Disorders Center in Department of Neurology,Shanghai General Hospital from January 2013 to August 2014.This study examined PD patients with or without RBD as determined by the REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire(RBDSQ),assessed motor subtype by Unified PD Rating Scale(UPDRS)III at“on”state,and compared the sub-scale scores representing tremor,rigidity,appendicular and axial.Investigators also assessed the Hamilton Anxiety Scale(HAMA),Hamilton Depression Scale(HAMD),Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE),Clinical Dementia Rating(CDR),and Parkinson’s disease Sleep Scale(PDSS).Results:One hundred fourty one PD patients entered the final study.30(21.28%)PD patients had probable RBD(pRBD)diagnosed with a RBDSQ score of 6 or above.There were no significant differences for age,including age of PD onset and PD duration,gender,smoking status,alcohol or coffee use,presence of anosmia or freezing,UPDRS III,and H-Y stages between the pRBD+and pRBD−groups.pRBD+group had lower MMSE scores,higher PDSS scores,and pRBD+PD patients had more prominent proportion in anxiety,depression,constipation,hallucination and a greater prevalence of orthostatic hypotension.Conclusion:pRBD+PD patients exhibited greater changes in non-motor symptoms.However,there was no increase in motor deficits.

Polysomnographic sleep aspects in liver cirrhosis: A case control study

AIM: To study sleep aspects and parameters in cirrhotic patients and assess the role of liver dysfunction severity in polysomnographic results. METHODS: This was a case-control study. Patients with a diagnosis of liver cirrhosis were consecutively enrolled in the study. Clinical examinations and laboratory liver tests were performed in all patients, and disease severity was assessed using the Child-Pugh score. The control group consisted of ageand gender-matched healthy volunteers. All individuals answered a questionnaire about habits, behaviors, and complaints related to sleep and were submitted to polysomnography. Sleep parameters were compared between the two groups, and separate analyses were performed among classesof Child-Pugh classification in the cirrhotic group. RESULTS: Forty-two cirrhotic patients and forty-two controls were enrolled. Compared to the control group, the cirrhotic group exhibited lower sleep efficiency (mean ± SD: 73.89% ± 14.99% vs 84.43% ± 8.55%, P < 0.01), increased latency (151.27 ± 93.24 min vs 90.62 ± 54.74 min, P < 0.01) and a lower percentage of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (14.04% ± 5.64% vs 20.71% ± 6.77%, P < 0.05) as well as a higher frequency of periodic limb movements (10.56 ± 2.85/h vs 2.79 ± 0.61/h, P < 0.01). The comparison of sleep parameters among Child A, B and C cirrhotic patients revealed a significant reduction of REM sleep stage occurrence in individuals with severe liver disease (Child C patients) compared to Child A/B patients (polysomnography percentage of REM sleep stage of patients Child A: 16.1% ± 1.2%; Child B: 14.9% ± 1.2%; Child C: 8.6% ± 1.6%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Cirrhosis was associated with shorter sleep time, reduced sleep efficiency, increased sleep latency, increased REM latency and reduced REM sleep. Additionally, disease severity influences sleep parameters.

CSF Aβ1-42 level is associated with cognitive decline in early Parkinson’s disease with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

Background:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder(RBD)is associated with cognitive decline in early Parkinson’s disease(PD).However,the underlyling basis for this association remains unclear.Methods:Parkinson’s Progression Marker’s Initiative(PPMI)subjects underwent baseline RBD testing with RBD sleep questionnaire(RBDSQ).Serial assessments included measures of motor symptoms,non-motor symptoms(NMS),neuropsychological assessment,blood and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)biomarkers.Up to three years follow-up data were included.We stratified early PD subjects into PD with RBD(RBDSQ score>5)and PD without RBD groups.Then,we evaluated baseline biomarkers in each group as a predictor of cognitive decline using Montreal Cognitive Assessment(MoCA)score changes over three years in regression models.Results:Four hundred twenty-three PD subjects were enrolled at baseline,and a total of 350 PD subjects had completed 3 years of study follow-up with completely serial assessments.We found that at baseline,only CSF β-amyloid 1–42(Aβ1–42)was significantly lower in PD subjects with RBD.On three years follow-up analysis,PD subjects with RBD were more likely to develop incident mild cognitive impairment(MCI)and presented greater cognitive decline in MoCA score.Lower baseline CSF Aβ1–42 predicted cognitive decline over 3 years only in PD subjects with RBD(β=−0.03,P=0.003).A significant interaction between Aβ1–42 and the 2 groups confirmed that this effect was indeed higher in PD with RBD than the other individual(β=−2.85,P=0.014).Conclusion:These findings indicate that CSF Aβ1–42 level is associated with global cognitive decline in early PD with RBD.The addition of CSF Aβ1–42 to RBD testing increase the likelihood of identifying those at high risk for cognitive decline in early PD.

Modifi cation of sleep architecture in an animal model of experimental cirrhosis

AIM： To analyze the polygraphic sleep patterns during cirrhosis progression in a rat model by repeated CCh administration. METHODS： Male Wistar rats received three weekly injections of CCl4 for 11 wk, and were analyzed before and during the induction of cirrhosis. Rats were im- planted with electrodes to record their sleep patterns. Polygraph recordings were made weekly over 11 wk for 8 h, during the light period. After a basal recording, rats received three weekly injections of CCl4. Histological confirmation of cirrhosis was performed after 11 wk. RESULTS： The results showed a progressive decrease in total wake time that reached statistical significance from the second week of treatment. In addition, there was an increase in total time of slow wave sleep （SWS）Ⅱ and rapid eye movement sleep （REM sleep） in most of the 11 wk. SWS I showed no significant variations. During the final weeks, a significant increase in REM sleep frequency was also observed. Histological analyses of the livers showed unequivocal signs of cirrhosis. CONCLUSION： These data suggest that hepatic failure produced by CCh administration is capable of modifying the sleep pattern even after only a few doses.

Comparison Study of Polysomnographic Features in Multiple System Atrophy-cerebellar Types Combined with and without Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder

Background： The brain stem is found to be impaired in multiple system atrophy-ccrcbellar types （MSA-C）. Rapid eye movement （REM） sleep behavior disorder （RBD） is reported as a marker of progressive brain stem dysfunction. Few systematic studies about the sleep disturbances in MSA-C patients combined with or without RBD were reported. This study aimed to explore the polysomnographic （PSG） features of sleep disturbances between MSA-C patients with and without RBD. Methods： Totally, 46 MSA-C patients （23 with RBD, and 23 without RBD） were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent a structured interview for their demographic data, history of sleep pattern, and movement disorders; and then, overnight video-PSG was performed in each patient. All the records were evaluated by specialists at the Sleep Medicine Clinic for RBD and the Movement Disorder Clinic for MSA-C. The Student＇s t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test for continuous variables, and the Chi-square test for categorical variables were used in this study. Results： MSA-C patients with RBD had younger visiting age （52.6 ± 7.4 vs. 56.7 ± 6.0 years, P = 0.046） and shorter duration of the disease （12.0 [12.0, 24.0] vs. 24.0 [14.0, 36.0] months, P 0.009） than MSA-C patients without RBD. MSA-C with RBD had shorter REM sleep latency （111.7 ± 48.2 vs. 157.0 ± 68.8 rain, P = 0.042）, higher percentage of REM sleep （14.9% ±4.0% vs. 10.0% ± 3.2%, P = 0.019）, and lower Stage 1 （9.5% ±7.2% vs. 15.9% ±8.0%, P= 0.027） than MSA-C without RBD. Moreover, MSA-C patients with RBD had more decreased sleep efficiency （52.4% ±12.6% vs. 65.8% ±15.9%, P = 0.029） than that without RBD. Conclusions： In addition to the RBD, MSA-C patients with RBD had other more severe sleep disturbances than those without RBD. The sleep disorders of MSA patients might be associated with the progress of the disease.

Sleep Paralysis - Cultural Significance and Its Management

Sleep paralysis (SP) is a benign,transient episode of immobility and it lasts a few seconds to a few minutes.It can occur while falling asleep or on awakening.It is a condition of unknown etiology and all the skeletal muscles are almost ‘paralyzed’.It leads to an inability to speak or move but individual remains conscious.This review summarizes the existential clinical literature on sleep paralysis most relevant to practitioners;also summarizes the many historical and artistic manifestations of SP in different cultures.It also throws light on the available Arabic literature and others as per the aim of the review.For this review,literature search using engines was carried out,and review papers and original research articles were analyzed.We start with a review which summarizes the collection of symptoms,prevalence rate,risk factors and etiological theories,characteristics and classification of the SP over the past years up to the present time,also the management in the form of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy as well as the cultural significances in different countries.SP plays an important role in the genesis and maintenance of many supernatural beliefs such as nocturnal alien abductions,demonic and ghost attacks in individuals with intact reality testing.

Sleep Disturbance in Parkinson’s Disease Varies with Age of Onset and Family History

Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease more common in those over the age of 60. PD is classically characterized by motor features, although patients may also experience non-motor symptoms. Sleep disturbances, such as rapid eye movement (REM) behavior disorder (RBD), are common in patients with PD and may precede onset of PD. Methods: Data was collected on patients with PD (358 subjects)in a movement disorders clinic at a safety net hospital. In this retrospective database analysis, the association of PD complications with age of onset was evaluated using chi-square tests and logistic regression. Results: Of the PD complications analyzed, there was a significant difference in sleep disturbances by age. Among the 358 PD patients, 120 individuals (33.5%) had information regarding the presence or absence of sleep disturbances. There was a significant difference between the early (onset < 50) and later onset (≥50) groups (p = 0.03) with the odds of having a sleep disorder for the early group 1.6 times that of the late group. Those subjects with siblings who also had PD had 2.0 times the odds of having a sleep disorder compared those without (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Non-motor symptoms such as sleep disorders are a useful predictor of early onset PD. Genetic components of PD impact both motor and non-motor aspects of the disease.

Increased Arousal Levels and Decreased Sleep by Brain Music in Rats

More and more studies have been reported on whether music and other types of auditory stimulation would improve the quality of sleep. Many of these studies have found significant results, but others argue that music is not significantly better than the tones or control conditions in improving sleep. For further understanding the relationship between music and sleep or music and arousal, the present study therefore examines the effects of brain music on sleep and arousal by means of biofeedback. The music is from the transformation of rapid eye movement （REM） sleep electroencephalogram （EEG） of rats using an algorithm in the Chengdu Brain Music （CBM） system. When the brain music was played back to rats, EEG data were recorded to assess the efficacy of music to induce or improve sleep, or increase arousal levels by sleep staging, etc. Our results demonstrate that exposure to the brain music increases arousal levels and decreases sleep in rats, and the underlying mechanism of decreased non-rapid eye movement （NREM） and REM sleep may be different.

睡眠剥夺对面孔情绪加工的影响——认知神经科学的视角

面部表情是社会互动和情绪感染的重要形式,准确的面部情绪加工有助于做出合适的社会行为.睡眠缺乏会影响面孔情绪加工的不同方面,损伤面孔情绪分类和模糊情绪评级,并减弱记忆的巩固效果.以往研究通过不同类型的剥夺操作,为整夜睡眠、快速眼动(REM)睡眠和非快速眼动(NREM)睡眠在面孔情绪加工中的作用提供了依据.综合已有证据,面孔情绪加工异常可能是REM阶段特异性依赖的,体现在杏仁核、前额叶、脑岛及前扣带等脑区的皮层活动及睡眠阶段γ和θ等脑电活动.应加强睡眠阶段或组合在面孔情绪加工中的机制探讨,有望未来基于面孔情绪加工,更好地实现对睡眠相关疾病的诊断及治疗效果的预测.

阿戈美拉汀改善快速动眼睡眠剥夺介导的大鼠认知功能障碍

目的:研究表明睡眠不足与氧化应激有关,氧化应激会导致学习和记忆障碍。褪黑素衍生物阿戈美拉汀具有抗氧化和神经保护作用。本研究探讨了阿戈美拉汀是否可以克服氧化应激,防止睡眠不足引起的认知功能障碍。方法:采用多平台模型诱导法制备大鼠快速动眼睡眠剥夺(REM-SD)模型,通过灌胃方法给予模型大鼠阿戈美拉汀。采用新物体识别实验检测大鼠空间学习记忆能力,利用商品化试剂盒检测大鼠海马组织中丙二醛(MDA)的含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性。结果:REM-SD严重损害了大鼠对新物体的识别能力(P<0.05),而阿戈美拉汀治疗可防止这种影响。此外,REM-SD诱导海马MDA增加,而SOD活性降低(P<0.05)。结论:REM-SD导致大鼠认知功能障碍,而阿戈美拉汀治疗可能通过使海马体中的抗氧化应激机制正常化来防止这种障碍。

发作性睡病患者的多次睡眠潜伏期试验对照研究

目的探讨多次睡眠潜伏期试验(MSLT)对发作性睡病的诊断价值。方法对35例发作性睡病和25例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者及20名正常对照组进行白天5次MSLT和整夜多导睡眠图(PSG)描记,分析平均睡眠潜伏期(SL)、睡眠初期出现REM(SOREMP)次数及夜间睡眠相关参数。结果MSLT显示发作性睡病组SL缩短(4.6±2.5)min和SOREMPs≥2(2.3±1.2)次,SL<5min+SOREMPs≥2次25例(71%),睡眠次数发作性睡病和OSAS2组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05),组间比较差异有显著性(F=23.58～65.99,P<0.001);整夜PSG结果比较发作性睡病组总睡眠时间(336.81±34.08)min、REM潜伏期缩短(17.21±7.25)min,组间比较差异有显著性(P<0.01),OSAS组显示具有明显呼吸暂停(平均17次以上)和血氧饱和度降低(87%)的特征(P<0.01)。结论发作性睡病患者具有明显的REM睡眠提前和睡眠潜伏期缩短的特征,MSLT对发作性睡病的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要参考价值。

快速眼动睡眠对心血管疾病发病率的影响

目的探讨快速眼动(rapid eye movement,REM)睡眠对心血管疾病发病率的影响.方法利用前瞻性队列研究——美国“睡眠心脏健康研究”数据库(sleep heart health study,SHHS,注册号:NCT00005275),对纳入多导睡眠图监测记录的受试者基线睡眠时间、睡眠效率及REM睡眠特征进行多元Cox回归模型分析.同时在睡眠呼吸障碍(sleep-disordered breathing,SDB)人群和非SDB人群中进行敏感性分析,来阐明REM睡眠对心血管疾病发病率的影响.结果本研究共纳入4902例受试者,随访11年后,其中有1152例受试者发生心血管疾病.经过多因素分析,发现随着REM睡眠时间延长(HR0.974,95%CI0.951~0.997,P=0.028)及REM睡眠构成比(percent of sleep time in REM sleep,REMP)增加(HR 0.990,95%CI0.980~1.000,P=0.047),心血管疾病发病率减低,差异有统计学意义.敏感性分析结果显示,在SDB人群中,这种相关性更加明显,即REM睡眠时间(HR 0.967,95%CI0.937~0.997,P=0.034)和REMP(HR0.986,95%CI0.974~0.999,P=0.039)越高,心血管疾病发生风险越低.结论在社区人群中,REM睡眠与心血管疾病发病率可能存在相关性,其中尤以SDB人群为甚.

热环境对睡眠的影响

通过对近50年研究文献的综述,系统梳理了热环境对睡眠影响的基本认识。寝具是热环境影响睡眠的重要因素,睡眠状态热中性温度与寝具总热阻成反比。寝具总热阻较小时,冷、热刺激均对睡眠有干扰,主要表现为觉醒时长增加,SWS(慢波睡眠)和REM(快速眼动)睡眠时长缩短,且冷刺激的干扰比热刺激强烈。通过被子和睡衣调整,睡眠质量可在较宽的低温范围内保持不变,对应的床气候热中性温度稳定。平均辐射温度和空气温度共同作用于床气候温度。高湿会进一步加强高温对睡眠的影响,气流可明显改善高温高湿下的睡眠质量。热刺激的影响集中在SWS为主的睡眠前半段,而冷刺激的影响集中在REM睡眠为主的睡眠后半段。小幅中性-冷变温可提高睡眠质量,小幅中性-热变温和大幅中性-热阶跃升温对睡眠无显著影响。通过热环境调节体核温度和皮肤温度对睡眠质量有一定影响。夏季比其他季节的睡眠质量差,较冷季节提高室内空气温度和平均辐射温度有助于睡眠,远端部位的皮肤温度与睡眠/清醒作息存在较好的对应关系。为进一步的研究提供了建议和方向。

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征伴哮喘患儿的睡眠监测特点

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)伴哮喘患儿睡眠监测的特点。方法选取2010年1月至2012年10月首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院收治的96例OSAHS患儿,其中伴哮喘的OSAHS组和单纯OSAHS组各48例,对两组的睡眠监测结果进行回顾性分析。结果 OSAHS伴哮喘组在快速眼动睡眠期(rapid-eye movement,REM)的呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea-hypopnea index,AHI)为(13.42±6.84)次/h,明显高于非哮喘组[(9.64±7.07)次/h],差异有统计学意义(P=0.010)。两组的平均SpO2虽无明显变化,但伴哮喘的OSAHS组SpO2下降最大值[(13.96±4.36)%]明显高于单纯OSHAS组[(10.29±3.93)%],差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。REM期SpO2下降的最大值组间比较差异有统计学意义[(14.29±5.57)%比(10.63±4.47)%,P=0.000];在非快速眼动睡眠期(non-rapid-eye movement,NREM),两组的AHI、SpO2下降最大值组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。中重度OSAHS伴哮喘组比中重度单纯OSAHS组在REM期有更高的AHI[(19.70±8.10)次/h比(12.50±7.12)次/h,P=0.016],轻度OSHAS两组的REM期、NREM期的AHI的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论伴哮喘的OSAHS患儿睡眠事件多发生在REM期,REM期有更高的AHI以及更显著的SpO2下降,使得伴哮喘的OSAHS患儿微觉醒和睡眠片段化增加,REM期睡眠减少,对患儿生长发育有更大危害,应主张积极手术。