Assessing gray matter volume in patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

Idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder(iRBD) is often a precursor to neurodegenerative disease. However, voxel-based morphological studies evaluating structural abnormalities in the brains of iRBD patients are relatively rare. This study aimed to explore cerebral structural alterations using magnetic resonance imaging and to determine their association with clinical parameters in iRBD patients. Brain structural T1-weighted MRI scans were acquired from 19 polysomnogram-confirmed iRBD patients(male:female 16:3; mean age 66.6 ± 7.0 years) and 20 age-matched healthy controls(male:female 5:15; mean age 63.7 ± 5.9 years). Gray matter volume(GMV) data were analyzed based on Statistical Parametric Mapping 8, using a voxel-based morphometry method and two-sample t-test and multiple regression analysis. Compared with controls, iRBD patients had increased GMV in the middle temporal gyrus and cerebellar posterior lobe, but decreased GMV in the Rolandic operculum, postcentral gyrus, insular lobe, cingulate gyrus, precuneus, rectus gyrus, and superior frontal gyrus. iRBD duration was positively correlated with GMV in the precuneus, cuneus, superior parietal gyrus, postcentral gyrus, posterior cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, lingual gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and cerebellum posterior lobe. Furthermore, phasic chin electromyographic activity was positively correlated with GMV in the hippocampus, precuneus, fusiform gyrus, precentral gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, cuneus, inferior parietal lobule, angular gyrus, superior parietal gyrus, paracentral lobule, and cerebellar posterior lobe. There were no significant negative correlations of brain GMV with disease duration or electromyographic activity in iRBD patients. These findings expand the spectrum of known gray matter modifications in iRBD patients and provide evidence of a correlation between brain dysfunction and clinical manifestations in such patients. The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Huashan Hospital(approval No. KY2013-336) on January 6, 2014. This trial was registered in the ISRCTN registry(ISRCTN18238599).

Chemogenetic activation of sublaterodorsal tegmental glutamatergic neurons alleviates rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder symptoms in a chronic rat model of Parkinson disease

Rapid eye movement(REM)sleep behavior disorder(RBD)is a parasomnia that is featured by elevated motor behaviors and dream enactments during REM sleep.Clinical observations show that RBD bears significant relevance with several synucleinopathies such as Lewy body dementia and Parkinson disease(PD),and often develops prior to their diagnosis.Being a potential biomarker of PD,investigating the relationship of RBD symptoms and their emergence in developing PD would provide insight intoits pathogenesis.Here,in a chronic model of PD,rats with daily rotenone treatment exhibited key RBD features,including elevated sleep muscle tone,sleep fragmentation and EEG slowing at different time points.Based on detectedearly alpha synuclein aggregation and neural apoptosis in the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus(SLD),an area known to promote REM sleep and maintain sleep muscle atonia,the possible involvement of SLD glutamatergic neurons was interrogated.Via chemogenetic activation of SLD glutamatergic neurons,key RBD symptoms and EEG slowing in REM sleep were alleviated.These results are consistent with a progressive degeneration in REM sleep promoting pathways.Our findings provide a foundation for further studies into RBD and its relationship to neurodegenerative diseases.

Gender Differences in Rapid Eye Movement-Related Sleep Disordered Breathing

Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It is known to be associated more frequently with men than women, particularly in the premenopausal age range. The goal of this study is to evaluate gender differences among Korean patients diagnosed with SBD. This study included 309 patients who visited our Sleep Clinic due to sleep-related symptoms and were diagnosed with SDB by overnight polysomnography (PSG). We analyzed age, gender, body mass index, various PSG indices including sleep stages, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and AHI ratio in rapid eye movement (REM) versus non-REM (NREM) sleep stages (R:N ratio). Of those 309 patients diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea, 217 (70.2%) were men (mean age 51.05 ± 12.64 years) and 92 (29.8%) were women (mean age 64.53 ± 10.43 years). The mean AHI during total sleep time was 30.34 ± 21.17 in men and 21.47 ± 17.14 in women (P P P = 0.402). REM SDB with R:N ratio higher than 2.0 was more frequently observed in women than in men, 34.8% (32/92) of women, compared with 11.9% (26/217) in men (P 60 years old. These findings suggest the possibility of different pathophysiologic mechanisms of SDB between genders and also between NREM versus REM sleep, which can be partly explained by the influence of female sex hormones.

Effect of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder on Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity and Cognition of Parkinson＇s Disease Patients

Background：Rapid eye movement （REM） sleep behavior disorder （RBD） and obstructive sleep apnea （OSA） are the most common sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease （PD）. The aim of this study was to identify whether RBD could alleviate OSA severity in PD patients and its effect on cognitive impairment.Methods：From February 2014 to May 2017, we recruited 174 PD patients from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, all of whom underwent polysomnography （PSG）. We collected clinical data, PSG results, and compared information between patients with and without RBD or OSA by analysis of covariance. We also investigated the effect of these sleep disorders on cognitive impairment using linear regression.Results：We grouped participants as follows： PD only （n = 53）, PD ＋ OSA （n = 29）, PD ＋ RBD （n = 61）, and PD ＋ RBD ＋ OSA （n = 31）. Minimum oxygen saturation （SaO2） during whole sleep and in REM sleep was higher in PD ＋ RBD ＋ OSA patients than that in PD ＋ OSA patients. PD ＋ RBD patients had worse Mini-Mental Status Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment （MoCA） scores than those in the PD group （P 〈 0.001）, especially in visuospatial/executive, attention, and memory functions. The PD ＋ OSA group performed worse than the PD group in the delayed recall domain. After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, education, disease severity, and other sleep disorders, MoCA was negatively associated with OSA （β = ？0.736, P = 0.043） and RBD （β = ？2.575, P 〈 0.001）. The severity of RBD （tonic/phasic electromyography activity） and OSA （apnea-hypopnea index/oxygen desaturation index/minimum SaO2） were also associated with MoCA. The adjusted β values of RBD-related parameters were higher than that for OSA.Conclusions：We found that RBD alleviated OSA severity; however, RBD and OSA together exacerbated PD cognitive impairment. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether OSA treatment can improve cognition in PD.

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder Symptoms Correlate with Domains of Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson＆#39;s Disease

Background： Rapid eye movement （REM） sleep behavior disorder （RBD） may be a risk factor for cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson＆#39;s disease （PD）.However, little is known regarding the relation between the severity of RBD and the different domains of cognitive impairment.The aim of this study was： （1） to investigate the domains of cognitive impairment in patients with PD and RBD, and （2） to explore risk factors for PD-mild cognitive impairment （PD-MCI） and the relationship between RBD severity and impairment in different cognitive domains in PD.Methods： The participants were grouped as follows： PD without RBD （PD-RBD;n =42）, PD with RBD （PD ＋ RBD;n =32）, idiopathic RBD （iRBD;n =15）, and healthy controls （HCs;n =36）.All participants completed a battery of neuropsychological assessment of attention and working memory, executive function, language, memory, and visuospatial function.The information of basic demographics, diseases and medication history, and motor and nonmotor manifestations was obtained and compared between PD-RBD and PD ＋ RBD groups.Particular attention was paid to the severity of RBD assessed by the RBD Questionnaire-Hong Kong （RBDQ-HK） and the RBD Screening Questionnaire （RBDSQ）, then we further examined associations between the severity of RBD symptoms and cognitive levels via correlation analysis.Results： Compared to PD-RBD subjects, PD ＋ RBD patients were more likely to have olfactory dysfunction and their Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores were higher （P 〈 0.05）.During neuropsychological testing, PD ＋ RBD patients performed worse than PD-RBD patients, including delayed memory function, especially.The MCI rates were 33%, 63%, 33%, and 8% for PD-RBD, PD ＋ RBD, iRBD, and HC groups, respectively.RBD was an important factor for the PD-MCI variance （odds ratio =5.204, P =0.018）.During correlation analysis, higher RBDSQ and RBDQ-HK scores were significantly associated with poorer performance on the Trail Making Test-B （errors） and Auditory Verbal Learning Test （delayed recall） and higher RBD-HK scores were also associated with Rey-Osterrieth complex figure （copy） results.Conclusions： When PD-RBD and PD ＋ RBD patients have equivalent motor symptoms, PD ＋ RBD patients still have more olfactory dysfunction and worse daytime somnolence.RBD is an important risk factor for MCI, including delayed memory.Deficits in executive function, verbal delayed memory, and visuospatial function were consistently associated with more severe RBD symptoms.

Clinical features of Parkinson’s disease with and without rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

Background:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder(RBD)and Parkinson’s disease(PD)are two distinct clinical diseases but they share some common pathological and anatomical characteristics.This study aims to confirm the clinical features of RBD in Chinese PD patients.Methods:One hundred fifty PD patients were enrolled from the Parkinson`s disease and Movement Disorders Center in Department of Neurology,Shanghai General Hospital from January 2013 to August 2014.This study examined PD patients with or without RBD as determined by the REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire(RBDSQ),assessed motor subtype by Unified PD Rating Scale(UPDRS)III at“on”state,and compared the sub-scale scores representing tremor,rigidity,appendicular and axial.Investigators also assessed the Hamilton Anxiety Scale(HAMA),Hamilton Depression Scale(HAMD),Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE),Clinical Dementia Rating(CDR),and Parkinson’s disease Sleep Scale(PDSS).Results:One hundred fourty one PD patients entered the final study.30(21.28%)PD patients had probable RBD(pRBD)diagnosed with a RBDSQ score of 6 or above.There were no significant differences for age,including age of PD onset and PD duration,gender,smoking status,alcohol or coffee use,presence of anosmia or freezing,UPDRS III,and H-Y stages between the pRBD+and pRBD−groups.pRBD+group had lower MMSE scores,higher PDSS scores,and pRBD+PD patients had more prominent proportion in anxiety,depression,constipation,hallucination and a greater prevalence of orthostatic hypotension.Conclusion:pRBD+PD patients exhibited greater changes in non-motor symptoms.However,there was no increase in motor deficits.

CSF Aβ1-42 level is associated with cognitive decline in early Parkinson’s disease with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

Background:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder(RBD)is associated with cognitive decline in early Parkinson’s disease(PD).However,the underlyling basis for this association remains unclear.Methods:Parkinson’s Progression Marker’s Initiative(PPMI)subjects underwent baseline RBD testing with RBD sleep questionnaire(RBDSQ).Serial assessments included measures of motor symptoms,non-motor symptoms(NMS),neuropsychological assessment,blood and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)biomarkers.Up to three years follow-up data were included.We stratified early PD subjects into PD with RBD(RBDSQ score>5)and PD without RBD groups.Then,we evaluated baseline biomarkers in each group as a predictor of cognitive decline using Montreal Cognitive Assessment(MoCA)score changes over three years in regression models.Results:Four hundred twenty-three PD subjects were enrolled at baseline,and a total of 350 PD subjects had completed 3 years of study follow-up with completely serial assessments.We found that at baseline,only CSF β-amyloid 1–42(Aβ1–42)was significantly lower in PD subjects with RBD.On three years follow-up analysis,PD subjects with RBD were more likely to develop incident mild cognitive impairment(MCI)and presented greater cognitive decline in MoCA score.Lower baseline CSF Aβ1–42 predicted cognitive decline over 3 years only in PD subjects with RBD(β=−0.03,P=0.003).A significant interaction between Aβ1–42 and the 2 groups confirmed that this effect was indeed higher in PD with RBD than the other individual(β=−2.85,P=0.014).Conclusion:These findings indicate that CSF Aβ1–42 level is associated with global cognitive decline in early PD with RBD.The addition of CSF Aβ1–42 to RBD testing increase the likelihood of identifying those at high risk for cognitive decline in early PD.

Comparison Study of Polysomnographic Features in Multiple System Atrophy-cerebellar Types Combined with and without Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder

Background： The brain stem is found to be impaired in multiple system atrophy-ccrcbellar types （MSA-C）. Rapid eye movement （REM） sleep behavior disorder （RBD） is reported as a marker of progressive brain stem dysfunction. Few systematic studies about the sleep disturbances in MSA-C patients combined with or without RBD were reported. This study aimed to explore the polysomnographic （PSG） features of sleep disturbances between MSA-C patients with and without RBD. Methods： Totally, 46 MSA-C patients （23 with RBD, and 23 without RBD） were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent a structured interview for their demographic data, history of sleep pattern, and movement disorders; and then, overnight video-PSG was performed in each patient. All the records were evaluated by specialists at the Sleep Medicine Clinic for RBD and the Movement Disorder Clinic for MSA-C. The Student＇s t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test for continuous variables, and the Chi-square test for categorical variables were used in this study. Results： MSA-C patients with RBD had younger visiting age （52.6 ± 7.4 vs. 56.7 ± 6.0 years, P = 0.046） and shorter duration of the disease （12.0 [12.0, 24.0] vs. 24.0 [14.0, 36.0] months, P 0.009） than MSA-C patients without RBD. MSA-C with RBD had shorter REM sleep latency （111.7 ± 48.2 vs. 157.0 ± 68.8 rain, P = 0.042）, higher percentage of REM sleep （14.9% ±4.0% vs. 10.0% ± 3.2%, P = 0.019）, and lower Stage 1 （9.5% ±7.2% vs. 15.9% ±8.0%, P= 0.027） than MSA-C without RBD. Moreover, MSA-C patients with RBD had more decreased sleep efficiency （52.4% ±12.6% vs. 65.8% ±15.9%, P = 0.029） than that without RBD. Conclusions： In addition to the RBD, MSA-C patients with RBD had other more severe sleep disturbances than those without RBD. The sleep disorders of MSA patients might be associated with the progress of the disease.

帕金森病伴睡眠障碍的研究进展

帕金森病(PD)是一种与运动和非运动症状相关的大脑退行性疾病,与环境、遗传、神经系统老化等多种因素有关。近年的调查研究显示,中国PD平均患病年龄60岁,在65岁以上人群中,每10万人约1700名患者。睡眠障碍是PD的非运动症状之一,临床表现包括失眠、白天过度嗜睡、不宁腿综合征、快速眼动期睡眠行为障碍以及睡眠呼吸障碍等多种类型。由于存在个体差异,PD伴睡眠障碍疾病治疗过程中应在医生指导下选择最适合患者个体的药物。本文对PD睡眠障碍发病机制和常用药物治疗方案进行综述,希望能够为今后PD伴睡眠障碍的治疗提供新的思路。

伴和不伴快速眼动睡眠行为障碍帕金森病患者自发脑活动的静息态功能磁共振成像研究

目的快速眼动睡眠行为障碍(rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder,RBD)是帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)常见的非运动症状且是重要预后因素。本研究通过静息态功能磁共振成像,利用度中心度(degreecentrality,DC)和低频振幅(amplitudes of low-frequency fluctuation,ALFF)分析PD伴RBD和不伴有RBD患者组以及健康对照组三组间DC值和ALFF值,探索PD伴RBD患者脑功能活动特征及RBD特异性脑区,探究RBD发生的病理机制。材料与方法招募20例伴有RBD的PD患者(PD-RBD组)、40例无RBD的PD患者(PD-nonRBD组)和44例年龄性别匹配的健康对照(健康对照组),三组被试均接受磁共振扫描。利用静息态数据计算DC值和ALFF值,探测脑功能特征。结果方差分析结果显示三组间DC值主效应脑区为右侧中央前回、颞上回、小脑、额中回(P<0.05,FDR校正);ALFF值主效应脑区为左侧海马旁回、楔叶、舌回(P<0.05,FDR校正)。进一步分析发现相比于PD-nonRBD组,PD-RBD患者表现为右侧额中回DC值升高(t=4.02;P=0.007,FDR校正);左侧楔前叶DC值降低(t=5.30;P=0.009,FDR校正)。相比于健康对照组,PD-RBD患者表现为左侧额上回、小脑、右侧颞上回、左侧颞中回、额中回的DC值升高(P<0.05,FDR校正);左侧中央前回、颞上回和颞中回的DC值降低(P<0.05,FDR校正);右侧楔叶ALFF值降低(P<0.05,FDR校正)。结论PD-RBD在DC和ALFF上有独特的影像学特征,特别是右侧额中回、左侧楔前叶的功能异常可能与PD患者RBD的发生密切相关。

重复经颅磁刺激治疗帕金森病伴快速眼动睡眠行为障碍观察

目的探讨重复经颅磁刺激对帕金森病伴快速眼动睡眠行为障碍患者实施治疗的可行性与安全性。方法回顾性分析福州市第二医院2021年3月—2023年3月收治的帕金森病伴快速眼动睡眠行为障碍患者病例资料,查阅并筛选出100例帕金森病伴快速眼动睡眠行为障碍患者完整病例,根据治疗方案分为2组,各50例。参照组采取药物治疗,研究组则在参照组治疗基础上配合重复经颅磁刺激治疗。比较2组治疗效果。结果2组患者治疗后的总睡眠时间(total sleep time,TST)、睡眠效率(sleep efficiency,SE)、快速眼动睡眠时间(rapid eye movement sleep,REMS)比治疗前更高,且研究组治疗后的指标[(360.45±25.68)min、(76.15±5.15)%、(12.85±4.32)min]均高于参照组[(317.85±23.12)min、(68.76±4.31)%、(8.05±1.65)min];而睡眠潜伏期(sleeplatency,SL)、醒觉指数(arousalindex,AI)则要低于治疗前,且研究组治疗后的指标[(17.12±3.45)min、(24.05±2.48)次/h]低于参照组[(24.18±4.36)min、(35.36±3.12)次/h],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,2组的爱泼沃斯嗜睡量表(Epworth sleeping scale,ESS)评分要低于治疗前,且研究组治疗后评分[(6.01±2.02)分]低于参照组[(8.12±2.05)分],而蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal cognitive assess-ment scale,MoCA)评分、PD睡眠量表(PDsleepscale,PDSS)评分高于治疗前,且研究组治疗后的分数[(25.38±2.76)分、(119.85±11.05)分]明显高出参照组[(22.38±2.13)分、(113.15±10.35)分],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论对于帕金森病伴快速眼动睡眠行为障碍采取重复经颅磁刺激治疗,可取得良好治疗效果,对于患者的睡眠障碍改善、认知功能改善有积极作用,且不会增加患者的不良反应发生率,具有较高的安全性。

Sleep Disturbance in Parkinson’s Disease Varies with Age of Onset and Family History

Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease more common in those over the age of 60. PD is classically characterized by motor features, although patients may also experience non-motor symptoms. Sleep disturbances, such as rapid eye movement (REM) behavior disorder (RBD), are common in patients with PD and may precede onset of PD. Methods: Data was collected on patients with PD (358 subjects)in a movement disorders clinic at a safety net hospital. In this retrospective database analysis, the association of PD complications with age of onset was evaluated using chi-square tests and logistic regression. Results: Of the PD complications analyzed, there was a significant difference in sleep disturbances by age. Among the 358 PD patients, 120 individuals (33.5%) had information regarding the presence or absence of sleep disturbances. There was a significant difference between the early (onset < 50) and later onset (≥50) groups (p = 0.03) with the odds of having a sleep disorder for the early group 1.6 times that of the late group. Those subjects with siblings who also had PD had 2.0 times the odds of having a sleep disorder compared those without (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Non-motor symptoms such as sleep disorders are a useful predictor of early onset PD. Genetic components of PD impact both motor and non-motor aspects of the disease.

基于多导睡眠监测技术的帕金森病睡眠结构特征分析

目的 采用多导睡眠监测的方法研究客观评估快动眼睡眠行为障碍(RBD)以及帕金森病(PD)患者的睡眠结构。方法 收集就诊于陕西省人民医院神经内科的RBD、PD患者及性别、年龄匹配的对照人群,收集人口学资料及病史,并进行多导睡眠监测,分析睡眠结构及应用数学方法提取脑电信号特征。结果 共纳入RBD患者28例,PD患者39例,正常对照组50例。PD组的睡眠效率、R期睡眠占比、N2期睡眠占比显著低于对照组(P<0.05),PD组的睡眠潜伏期、R期睡眠潜伏期、N1期睡眠占比显著高于对照组(P<0.05);RBD介于对照组与PD组之间,与PD组变化趋势一致,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。PD组在小波包分解法(3,4)处能量值显著升高。结论 PD患者有着显著及客观存在的睡眠障碍,应用PSG进行睡眠结构分析有助于发现早期PD甚至临床前期PD。小波包分解法(3,4)处能量值升高很可能是PD的前驱生物标志物。

伴或不伴快动眼睡眠行为障碍的帕金森病临床特点比较

目的 比较伴或不伴快动眼睡眠行为障碍的帕金森病(PD-RBD^(+);PD-RBD^(-))在临床特征上的差异。方法 收集在陕西省人民医院就诊的PD患者,通过多导睡眠监测技术(PSG)将其划分为PD-RBD^(+)组和PD-RBD^(-)组,收集人口学资料,完成临床资料收集及相关神经心理量表测评,统计两组患者病情严重程度、运动及非运动症状特点,并进行统计分析。结果 共纳入PD患者59例,其中PDRBD^(+)组25例,PD-RBD^(-)组34例。PD-RBD^(+)组比PD-RBD^(-)组男性更多,强直为主型占比多,UPDRS第Ⅲ部分分数更高,冻结和体位性低血压发生率高。结论 总体而言,PD-RBD^(+)组症状较PD-RBD^(-)组更重。

帕金森病伴快动眼睡眠行为障碍的神经影像学研究进展

快动眼睡眠行为障碍(RBD)是最具代表性的帕金森病(PD)伴随症状之一,研究表明其与运动及非运动症状的恶化相关,严重影响帕金森病患者预后及生活质量,然而目前帕金森合并RBD(PD-RBD+)的发生机制仍不明确。随着近年来神经影像技术的发展,越来越多的研究关注PD-RBD+的神经影像学改变,以期发现特异性影像学标志物,为该病的诊断及治疗提供相关证据,本文就PD-RBD+相关神经影像学研究展开综述。

发作性睡病伴快速眼动睡眠行为障碍的相关性研究进展

发作性睡病(narcolepsy,NT)是与快速眼动睡眠期(rapid eye movement,REM)相关的一种中枢性嗜睡疾病,好发于儿童与青少年,临床表现为日间过度思睡和猝倒,还可伴有异常的快速眼动表现,如入睡幻觉、睡眠麻痹、夜间睡眠紊乱以及其他快速眼动睡眠行为障碍(REM sleep behavior disorder,RBD)等;其发病率较低,为0.02%~0.05%不等[1],发病年龄有两个高峰,分别为15岁和35岁。国际睡眠障碍分类第3版(The International Classification of Sleep Disorders-Third Edition,ICSD-3)将NT分为1型发作性睡病(narcolepsy type 1,NT1:伴猝倒/下丘脑分泌素缺乏)和2型发作性睡病(narcolepsy type 2,NT2:无猝倒和下丘脑分泌素缺乏),其中NT1所占比例为75%~80%。NT1和NT2均有日间过度思睡的临床症状,NT1表现为脑脊液分泌素1(hypocretin-1,hcrt-1)水平下降以及猝倒,这表明NT1与下丘脑hcrt-1密切相关;NT2的发病原因目前认为可能是下丘脑损害不完全,因此脑脊液中hcrt-1水平低下或略低,部分NT2患者后期又可发展为NT1[2]。NT的诊断通常具有滞后性,可达10年以上[1],严重影响患者学习和工作,甚至带来心理上的焦虑与抑郁,因此该疾病应早发现、早诊断,并采取及时的干预措施。

快速眼动睡眠行为障碍和帕金森病患者血浆外泌体α-syn的变化

目的定量分析血浆外泌体中α-突触核蛋白(α-synuclein,α-syn)含量在PD和iRBD中的差异,寻找可预测的生物学标志物。方法对20例iRBD患者、21例不伴RBD的PD患者(PD-nRBD)和20例年龄、性别匹配的正常健康人群(HC组),利用快动眼睡眠行为障碍量表-香港版(rapid-eye-movement sleep behavior disorder questionnaire hongkong,RBDQ-HK)评估所有受试者的夜间症状,利用统一帕金森病等级评分-运动部分(Unified Parkinsons Disease Rating Scale motor section,UPDRSⅢ)测评受试者的运动损害;采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血浆外泌体的α-syn含量,并分别分析3组血浆外泌体α-syn含量,及其与RBDQ-HK评分及UPDRSⅢ评分的相关性。结果iRBD组、PD-nRBD组、HC组的UPDRSⅢ评分具有统计学差异(P=0.0001),组间比较具有统计学差异(P<0.05);3组RBDQHK评分具有统计学差异(P=0.0001),iRBD组显著高于其他两组(P=0.0001)。iRBD组、PD-nRBD组血浆外泌体α-syn分别高于健康对照组(healthy control,HC)(P=0.001),iRBD组的血浆外泌体α-syn低于PD-nRBD组,但无组间差异(P>0.05)。iRBD组血浆外泌体α-syn与RBDQ-HK呈正相关(r=0.842,P=0.0001),PD-nRBD组血浆外泌体α-syn含量与UPDRS III得分、H-Y分期正相关(r=0.817,P=0.0001;r=0.592,P=0.005)。结论iRBD患者血浆外泌体存在α-syn,与PD-nRBD相似,且与PD-nRBD的运动评分和iRBD的夜间症状评分相关;血浆外泌体α-syn有望成为预测iRBD转化PD的早期生物学标志物。

刘红梅教授对快速眼动睡眠行为障碍的中医认识

总结刘红梅教授对于快速眼动睡眠行为障碍的独特见解,认为肝魂妄动、心神受扰是基本病机,肝肾不足是发病基础,风、火、痰是主要病理因素。临床上虽常将其归于“失眠”“不寐”诊治,但应抓住其病机特点,区别于一般睡眠障碍疾病处方用药,注重补养肝肾精气,兼顾风、火、痰邪用药,可达定魂安神之功,以得安眠。

Clinical Significance of REM Sleep Behavior Disorders and Other Non-motor Symptoms of Parkinsonism

Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder （RBD） is one of the most common non-motor symptoms of parkinsonism, and it may serve as a prodromal marker of neurodegenerative disease. The mechanism underlying RBD is unclear. Several prospective studies have reported that specific non-motor symptoms predict a conversion risk of developing a neurodegenerative disease, including olfactory dysfunction, abnormal color vision, autonomic dysfunction, excessive daytime sleepiness, depression, and cognitive impairment. Parkinson＇s disease （PD） with RBD exhibits clinical heterogeneity with respect to motor and non-motor symptoms compared with PD without RBD. In this review, we describe the main clinical and pathogenic features of RBD, focusing on its association with other non-motor symptoms of parkinsonism.

从肝脾失调论治快速眼球运动睡眠期行为障碍

快速眼球运动睡眠期行为障碍(RBD)是指在视频多导睡眠监测(v-PSG)上监测到快速眼球运动睡眠期异常行为发作或肌肉失迟缓现象(RWA),其中特发性RBD是α-突触核病等神经变性疾病的前驱期标志,目前临床上西医药物疗效欠佳,并且有一定副作用。RBD暂无特定的中医病名,但“梦魇”“梦呓”“梦惊”等均为其特征性的临床表现。“肝脾失调”是贯穿该病发生发展始终的核心病机,气机升降失司、血液功能失常、风痰上扰为三大主要病因病机,以疏肝理气、养血活血、熄风化痰法拓展RBD新的中医辨证思路,随证灵活化裁,以期为中医药治疗睡眠疾病提供更多的理论基础及临床经验,为未来临床及科研提供借鉴和启发。