Revealing the Multifunctional Electrocatalysis of Indium-Modulated Phthalocyanine for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

The sluggish kinetics of complicated multiphase conversions and the severe shuttling effect of lithium polysulfides(LiPSs)significantly hinder the applications of Li-S battery,which is one of the most promising candidates for the next-generation energy storage system.Herein,a bifunctional electrocatalyst,indium phthalocyanine self-assembled with carbon nanotubes(InPc@CNT)composite material,is proposed to promote the conversion kinetics of both reduction and oxidation processes,demonstrating a bidirectional catalytic effect on both nucleation and dissolution of Li_(2)S species.The theoretical calculation shows that the unique electronic configuration of InPc@CNT is conducive to trapping soluble polysulfides in the reduction process,as well as the modulation of electron transfer dynamics also endows the dissolution of Li_(2)S in the oxidation reaction,which will accelerate the effectiveness of catalytic conversion and facilitate sulfur utilization.Moreover,the InPc@CNT modified separator displays lower overpotential for polysulfide transformation,alleviating polarization of electrode during cycling.The integrated spectroscopy analysis,HRTEM,and electrochemical study reveal that the InPc@CNT acts as an efficient multifunctional catalytic center to satisfy the requirements of accelerating charging and discharging processes.Therefore,the Li-S battery with InPc@CNT-modified separator obtains a discharge-specific capacity of 1415 mAh g^(-1)at a high rate of 0.5 C.Additionally,the 2 Ah Li-S pouch cells deliver 315 Wh kg^(-1)and achieved 80%capacity retention after 50 cycles at 0.1 C with a high sulfur loading of 10 mg cm^(-2).Our study provides a practical method to introduce bifunctional electrocatalysts for boosting the electrochemical properties of Li-S batteries.

Multiple factors influencing high-purity indium electrolytic refining

The effects of various contaminants in the electrolytic refinement of indium were investigated using a glow discharge mass spectrometer(GDMS).The effects of several factors such as the indium ion(In3+)concentration,the sodium chloride(NaCl)concentration,the current density,the gelatin concentration,the pH,and the electrode distance,were examined.Significant variations in impurity levels concerning gelatin concentration were observed.Both the gelatin and In3+concentration were moderately positively correlated with the Pb content.The Sb concentration was associated positively with the NaCl concentration,while the Ti concentration had an adverse correlation with the NaCl concentration.The Bi element content was positively linked to the electrode distance.As the current density increased,Cu,Pb,and Bi impurities initially rose and then eventually declined.Notably,a critical current density of 45 A·m^(-2) was identified in this behavior.

Tailoring Ni based catalysts by indium for the dehydrogenative coupling of ethanol into ethyl acetate

Exploring stable and robust catalysts to replace the current toxic CuCr based catalysts for dehydrogenative coupling of ethanol to ethyl acetate is a challenging but promising task.Herein,novel NiIn based catalysts were developed by tailoring Ni catalysts with Indium(In)for this reaction.Over the optimal Ni0.1Zn0.7Al0.3InOx catalyst,the ethyl acetate selectivity reached 90.1%at 46.2%ethanol conversion under the conditions of 548 K and a weight hourly space velocity of 1.9 h^(-1)in the 370 h time on stream.Moreover,the ethyl acetate productivity surpassed 1.1 g_(ethyl acetate)g_(catalyst)^(-1)h^(-1),,one of the best performance in current works.According to catalyst characterizations and conditional experiments,the active sites for dehydrogenative coupling of ethanol to ethyl acetate were proved to be Ni4In alloys.The presence of In tailored the chemical properties of Ni,and subsequently inhibited the C-C cracking and/or condensation reactions during ethanol conversions.Over Ni4In alloy sites,ethanol was dehydrogenated into acetaldehyde,and then transformed into acetyl species with the removal of H atoms.Finally,the coupling between acetyl species and surface-abundant ethoxyde species into ethyl acetate was achieved,affording a high ethyl acetate selectivity and catalyst stability.

Phase composition,conductivity,and sensor properties of cerium-doped indium oxide

The hydrothermal synthesis of In_(2)O_(3)and CeO_(2)–In_(2)O_(3)is investigated as well as the properties of sensor layers based on these compounds.During the synthesis of In_(2)O_(3),intermediate products In(OH)_(3)and InOOH are formed,which are the precursors of stable cubic(c-In_(2)O_(3))and metastable rhombohedral(rh-In_(2)O_(3))phases,respectively.A transition from c-In_(2)O_(3)to rh-In_(2)O_(3)is observed with the addition of CeO_(2).The introduction of cerium into rh-In_(2)O_(3)results in a decrease in the sensor response to hydrogen,while it increases in composites based on c-In_(2)O_(3).The data on the sensor activity of the composites correlate with XPS results in which CeO_(2)causes a decrease in the concentrations of chemisorbed oxygen and oxygen vacancies in rh-In_(2)O_(3).The reverse situation is observed in composites based on c-In_(2)O_(3).Compared to In_(2)O_(3)and CeO_(2)–In_(2)O_(3)obtained by other methods,the synthesized composites demonstrate maximum response to H_(2)at low temperatures by 70–100℃,and have short response time(0.2–0.5 s),short recovery time(6–7 s),and long-term stability.A model is proposed for the dependence of sensitivity on the direction of electron transfer between In_(2)O_(3)and CeO_(2).

Soil Profile Concentration Distributions of Aluminum, Gallium, Indium and Thallium across Southeastern Missouri

The soil chemistry of gallium, indium, and thallium is not well defined, particularly with emerging evidence that these elements have toxic properties and may influence food safety. The purpose of this investigation was to estimate the soil concentrations of gallium, indium, and thallium and determine if these elements have a soil chemistry like aluminum and therefore demonstrate significant concentration correlations with aluminum. Twenty-seven soil series were selected, and the elemental concentrations were determined using aqua regia digestion with analytical determination performed using inductively coupled plasma emission-mass spectroscopy. The concentrations of gallium, indium, and thallium generally compared with the known literature. Aluminum-gallium and aluminum-thallium exhibited significant concentration correlations across the soil horizons of the sampled soils. Aluminum, gallium, and thallium did demonstrate concentration increases in soil horizons having illuviation of phyllosilicates, implying these phyllosilicates have adsorption and isomorphic substitution behaviors involving these elements.

Critical current degradation in an epoxy-impregnated rare-earth Ba_(2)Cu_(3)O_(7-x)coated conductor caused by damage during a quench

High-temperature superconducting(HTS)rare-earth Ba_(2)Cu_(3)O_(7-x)(REBCO)coated conductors(CCs)have significant potential in high-current and high-field applications.However,owing to the weak interface strength of the laminated composite REBCO CCs,the damage induced by the thermal mismatch stress under a combination of epoxy impregnation,cooling,and quenching can cause premature degradation of the critical current.In this study,a three-dimensional(3D)electromagnetic-thermal-mechanical model based on the H-formulation and cohesive zone model(CZM)is developed to study the critical current degradation characteristics in an epoxy-impregnated REBCO CC caused by the damage during a quench.The temperature variation,critical current degradation of the REBCO CC,and its degradation onset temperature calculated by the numerical model are in agreement with the experimental data taken from the literature.The delamination of the REBCO CC predicted by the numerical model is consistent with the experimental result.The numerical results also indicate that the shear stress is the main contributor to the damage propagation inside the REBCO CC.The premature degradation of the critical current during a quench is closely related to the interface shear strength inside the REBCO CC.Finally,the effects of the coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE)of the epoxy resin,thickness of the substrate,and substrate material on the critical current degradation characteristics of the epoxy-impregnated REBCO CC during a quench are also discussed.These results help us understand the relationship between the current-carrying degradation and damage in the HTS applications.

Copper Indium Sulfide Enables Li-CO_(2)Batteries with Boosted Reaction Kinetics and Cycling Stability

High energy density Li-CO_(2)batteries have attracted much attention owing to the"two birds with one stone"feature in fixing greenhouse gas CO_(2)and providing renewable energy.However,poor reversibility of the discharge product Li_(2)CO_(3)is one of the main problems that limit its application,resulting in poor cycling stability and severe polarization.Herein,copper indium sulfide(CIS),a semiconducting non-precious metal sulfide,is fabricated as cathode catalysts for high-performance Li-CO_(2)batteries.Combined with the synergistic effect of bimetallic valence bonding and coordinated electron transfer,Li-CO_(2)batteries using CIS cathodes exhibit high full specific discharge capacity,excellent rate capability and cycle stability,namely it delivers a high specific full discharge capacity of 8878μAh cm^(-2),runs steadily from 10 to 100μA cm^(-2),and performs a stable long-term cycling behavior(>1050 h)under a high energy efficiency of 84%and a low charge voltage of approximately 3.4 V at 20μA cm^(-2)within 100μAh cm^(-2).In addition,a flexible Li-CO_(2)pouch cell is constructed to reveal the potential of employing CIS to fabricate flexible high energy storage devices in practical applications.This work shows a promising development pathway toward next-generation sustainable energy storage devices.

The strain rate sensitive and anisotropic behavior of rare-earth magnesium alloy ZEK100 sheet

To overcome the limitation in formability at room temperature,manufacturers have developed magnesium alloys with remarkable properties by adding rare-earth elements.The rare-earth magnesium alloys behave differently from the conventional alloys,especially with respect to their coupled anisotropic and strain rate sensitive behavior.In the current work,such behavior of the rare-earth Mg alloy ZEK100 sheet at room temperature is investigated with the aid of the elastic viscoplastic self-consistent polycrystal plasticity model.Different strain rate sensitivities(SRSs)for various deformation modes are employed by the model to simulate the strain rate sensitive behaviors under different loading directions and loading rates.Good agreement between the experiments and simulations reveals the importance and necessity of using different SRSs for each deformation mode in hexagonal close-packed metals.Furthermore,the relative activities of each deformation mode and the texture evolution during different loadings are discussed.The anisotropic and strain rate sensitive behavior is ascribed to the various operating deformation modes with different SRSs during loading along different directions.

Study on the occurrence state of indium in sphalerite of Dulong Sn–Zn–In polymetallic deposit,Southwest China

The Dulong deposit,located in the Laojunshan area of southeastern Yunnan,China,is an important polymetallic deposit due to its high reserves of tin,zinc,and indium.The occurrence state of indium is critical for understanding its supernormal enrichment mechanism.Previous studies investigated the occurrence state of indium(including the valence state)based on the indium content in sphalerite and the correlation between metal concentrations.However,more evidence is needed to better constrain indium occurrence at the micro-,nano-,or even atomic scale.In this study,EPMA-FIB-SEM-TEM and XPS techniques were employed to investigate the indium distribution characteristics and occurrence state in sphalerite from the Dulong Sn–Zn–In polymetallic deposit.The maximum concentration of indium in the indium-rich sphalerite samples is 0.37%,and the results of the EPMA analysis showed a relatively homogeneous distribution of indium in sphalerite.The FIB-SEM-TEM results demonstrated that the lattice stripes of sphalerite were periodically and continuously distributed at the nanoscale,confirming that sphalerite in the deposit was an excellent single crystal structure,and the peak heights of the various characteristic peaks of indium in the EDX spectra were relatively close to each other,with no distinct peaks of high indium content.In addition,the XPS results indicate that the element valence state of indium in sphalerite is In^(3+),and it combines with S^(2-)to form a bond.These results indicate that indium in sphalerite of the Dulong deposit is uniformly distributed at both the micro-and nanoscale,and there is no indium-independent mineral.In^(3+)enters the crystal lattice of sphalerite by replacing Zn2+in the form of isomorphic substitution.

中国稀散金属矿资源概况

中国稀散金属资源丰富,在全球占有重要的战略地位。对中国542处矿产地(包括759个矿床/点)的稀散金属资源调查数据分析表明,目前中国已查明稀散金属资源储量102.82万t,其中,镓矿44.65万t,锗矿1.39万t,铟矿2.52万t,铊矿2.96万t,镉矿47.12万t,硒矿2.56万t,碲矿1.53万t,铼矿893.00 t。中国稀散金属资源具有如下特征:①分布广泛,但主要集中在西南地区、中南地区和华北地区,云南、河南、广西、内蒙古、山西、贵州、广东等是稀散金属资源较丰富的省(区);②独立矿床极少,但资源储量占到全国稀散金属资源总量的6.64%;③矿床规模以中、小型为主,但大型矿床和超大型矿床资源储量占全国稀散金属资源总量的80%以上;④主要伴生在铅锌多金属矿、铝土矿和煤矿中,3类矿床中的稀散金属资源储量占全国稀散金属资源总量的80%左右;⑤总体综合利用率较低。中国镓、锗、铊资源的储备充足,但硒、碲、铼、铟、镉资源相对缺乏。

超声-微波复合场下从铟铁酸锌中强化提铟

在超声-微波场作用下,对铟铁酸锌(ZnFe_(2-x)In_(x)O_(4))中铟进行强化碱浸。结果表明,铟不能在ZnFe_(2-x)In_(x)O_(4)八面体晶格中大量固溶,最大固溶量约4.0%(质量分数,对应x=0.088);外场对铟浸出的促进作用大小顺序为:叠加超声-微波复合场>微波单场>顺序复合场>超声单场;在叠加超声-微波复合场下铟浸出率达56.6%,而超声单场下铟浸出率为30.2%;外场作用下碱浸,将In^(3+)从晶格中释放出来,不会使铁酸锌的八面体晶格坍塌;叠加超声-微波复合场下浸出的In^(3+)较多,样品的晶格常数下降较大,衍射峰强度降低与右移现象明显。

高品质磷化铟多晶的HGF法合成研究

用高压水平温度梯度定向结晶技术合成了磷化铟(InP)多晶。分析了不同温度梯度对多晶配比度的影响,结果表明当温度梯度低于4℃/cm时,多晶呈明显富铟状态,配比度在97%以下;当温度梯度在5℃/cm以上时多晶致密、无铟夹杂,达到近化学配比状态,配比度达到99%以上。对多晶样品进行了霍尔测试和辉光放电质谱(GDMS)测试,合成的高配比度磷化铟多晶载流子浓度在8×10^(15)cm^(-3)以下,迁移率在3900 cm~2·V^(-1)·s^(-1)以上,纯度达到99.99999%以上。多晶中的杂质主要有Si,S,Fe,Cu,Zn,As等,分析了杂质的来源及其对材料性能的影响。

试论稀散金属矿产与新质生产力

稀散金属(锗、镓、铟、铊、铼、镉、硒、碲)并不被社会大众所熟悉,但在我国却属于优势矿产资源。稀散金属在传统产业中的用途比较局限,用量也不大,有的金属全世界一年也就用十几吨。但是,这8种金属个个“身怀绝技”,对战略性新兴产业和未来产业至关重要。比如,镓在液态金属、锗和铟在电子工业、镉在军工领域、铼在战机发动机、碲和硒在光电产业、硒和铊在生物医学领域都具有不可限量的发展潜力。战略性新兴产业和未来产业又是国际竞争的关键环节和焦点领域,需要新质生产力来支撑。加快形成与稀散金属密切相关的新质生产力,是实现高质量发展、构建新发展格局的重要路径,也是保障国家经济安全的客观需要。稀散金属也是我国矿产资源领域安全保障体系的重要组成部分。因此,加强对稀散金属矿产资源的勘查、开发与管理,理清稀散金属与新质生产力之间的内在逻辑,探索关键矿产找矿工作部署的战略构想,通过创新引领,加快新一轮找矿突破战略行动的实施步伐,加深社会各界对于稀散金属重要性的认知程度,鼓励全社会加大地质找矿投入的力度,对于保障能源资源安全、增强发展新动能具有重要的意义。

机械活化微波协同强化铟铁酸锌中铟的浸出

针对常规酸浸提铟浸出率较低的问题,采用机械活化和微波协同强化的方法对铟铁酸锌中的铟进行酸浸提取,分析机械活化前后铟铁酸锌的晶格结构变化,研究不同工艺因素对铟铁酸锌中铟浸出行为的影响规律,并对机械活化微波协同下的铟浸出过程进行动力学分析。结果表明:机械活化后,铟铁酸锌的晶体结构被破坏,衍射峰强度降低、峰型宽化,晶粒尺寸减小,晶格应变增加;常规条件下,铟浸出率在低温低酸时最高仅59.2%,高温高酸时达92.0%(150 min);微波、机械活化分别单独及协同作用时,低温低酸下铟浸出的促进不明显,而高温高酸下浸出率均达到100%,但时间分别逐渐减少为120,90,60 min,机械活化与微波的协同作用可显著提升铟的浸出效率;表面化学反应控制模型比较适用于机械活化微波协同下铟浸出的动力学过程。

钙钛矿/铜铟镓硒叠层太阳电池的发展及展望

综述近年来钙钛矿/铜铟镓硒叠层太阳电池的发展现状,介绍钙钛矿/铜铟镓硒叠层太阳电池技术在效率和可靠性方面的优势。从工艺优化、结构协同设计和性能优化等方面对钙钛矿/铜铟镓硒叠层太阳电池进行总结,着重讨论叠层结构的每个子单元太阳电池复杂的协同效应。

莆田地震台铟瓦棒伸缩仪故障分析及维修技术研究

该文论述莆田地震台形变观测仪器SS-Y型铟瓦棒伸缩仪近几年来的故障,从电源、主机、传感器、线路故障等几个方面对故障进行整理、分类、统计。通过故障的表现形式分析故障原因,整理出不同故障曲线形态产生的原因。总结莆田地震台维修经验,结合其他台站经验,针对不同故障给出维修方案,可为其他相关地震台站提供借鉴。

模压成型压力对氧化铟锡(ITO)靶材性能影响研究

以化学共沉淀-煅烧法制备的纳米ITO粉体为原料,通过模压、冷等静压成型,采用常压烧结法制备了ITO靶材,研究了模压成型压力对ITO靶材相对密度、电阻率和晶粒尺寸的影响。结果表明,模压成型压力60 MPa且烧结条件适宜时,制得的ITO靶材相对密度为99.81%、电阻率为1.707×10^(-4)Ω·cm、平均晶粒尺寸为7.62μm。研究结果可为ITO靶材的致密化与大型化生产提供借鉴。

基于大数据的中国稀散金属矿成矿规律定量研究

地质大数据推动地球科学研究逐渐从定性研究向半定量研究、定量研究迈进。稀散金属(锗、镓、铟、铊、铼、镉、硒、碲)是我国的优势矿产资源,因传统用途局限,研究相对不足。本文通过对759处稀散金属矿床(点)资料的系统梳理,定量分析了542处稀散金属矿产地(含矿点)的成矿密度、成矿强度及各成矿期稀散金属矿的成矿强度问题。研究结果表明:中国稀散金属矿床空间分布广泛但相对集中,可划分为七大主要资源集中区;广西、云南矿床(点)数量最多(61处),云南资源储量最大(24×10^(4)t),河南是稀散金属矿成矿密度最大、成矿强度最强的省份(3.4处/10^(4)km^(2)、8100 t/10^(4)km^(2))。中国稀散金属矿床时间分布不平衡,燕山期是主要成矿阶段,成矿密度最大达2.3处/Ma,而喜马拉雅期成矿强度最强,稀散金属资源储量超4000 t/Ma。划分了18个稀散金属矿集区,兰坪-普洱(DM-J13)成矿强度最大。今后应加强稀散金属综合研究,加强其地质找矿与开发利用,促进新质生产力的形成与发展。

Al掺杂硫铟锌光催化剂的制备综合实验教学设计与实践

结合化学工程与工艺专业人才培养方案和实践教学体系的要求,设计了硫铟锌(ZnIn2S4)基光催化剂的制备综合性实验。实验采用溶剂热法制备了Al掺杂硫铟锌光催化剂,系统地表征分析了光催化剂的晶体结构、形貌以及光电化学特性。该实验是将典型的科研成果转化为实验教学内容,有助于学生了解该领域的前沿科学成果和研究方法,掌握光催化剂的制备技术,进而深入理解光电化学性能相关专业理论知识。科研反哺教学有利于创新实验教学内容,激发和培养学生的创新意识和专业综合实践能力。

铟基配合物材料的刚果红吸附性能及其机理研究

含有机染料的废水会导致严重环境污染,有效去除废水中有机染料污染物的研究广受关注。本研究利用均苯四甲酸和四水合硝酸铟作为原料,通过直接沉淀法和溶剂热法成功组装了两个铟基配合物材料(In-CP#1和In-CP#2),并对其进行了表面形貌、红外光谱、X-射线粉末衍射、比表面积以及热重表征。同时,将两化合物作为吸附剂,系统研究了吸附时间和有机染料初始浓度对其吸附性能的影响及其吸附机理。结果表明,两化合物的吸附机理主要是化学作用,且吸附过程符合准二级动力学特征,但并不符合Langmuir单分子层吸附模型。