Transplantation of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells and hepatocyte stem cells from liver fibrosis rats ameliorates liver fibrosis

AIM To explore the effectiveness for treating liver fibrosisby combined transplantation of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells(BM-EPCs) and bone marrow-derived hepatocyte stem cells(BDHSCs) from the liver fibrosis environment.METHODS The liver fibrosis rat models were induced with carbon tetrachloride injections for 6 wk. BM-EPCs from rats with liver fibrosis were obtained by different rates of adherence and culture induction. BDHSCs from rats with liver fibrosis were isolated by magnetic bead cell sorting. Tracing analysis was conducted by labeling EPCs with PKH26 in vitro to show EPC location in the liver. Finally, BM-EPCs and/or BDHSCs transplantation into rats with liver fibrosis were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of BM-EPCs and/or BDHSCs on liver fibrosis.RESULTS Normal functional BM-EPCs from liver fibrosis rats were successfully obtained. The co-expression level of CD133 and VEGFR2 was 63.9% ± 2.15%. Transplanted BM-EPCs were located primarily in/near hepatic sinusoids. The combined transplantation of BM-EPCs and BDHSCs promoted hepatic neovascularization, liver regeneration and liver function, and decreased collagen formation and liver fibrosis degree. The VEGF levels were increased in the BM-EPCs(707.10 ± 54.32) and BM-EPCs/BDHSCs group(615.42 ± 42.96), compared with those in the model group and BDHSCs group(P < 0.05). Combination of BM-EPCs/BDHSCs transplantation induced maximal up-regulation of PCNA protein and HGF m RNA levels. The levels of alanine aminotransferase(AST), aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin(TBIL), prothrombin time(PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time in the BMEPCs/BDHSCs group were significantly improved, to be equivalent to normal levels(P > 0.05) compared with those in the BDHSC(AST, TBIL and PT, P < 0.05) and BM-EPCs(TBIL and PT, P < 0.05) groups. Transplantation of BM-EPCs/BDHSCs combination significantly reduced the degree of liver fibrosis(staging score of 1.75 ± 0.25 vs BDHSCs 2.88 ± 0.23 or BMEPCs 2.75 ± 0.16, P < 0.05).CONCLUSION The combined transplantation exhibited maximal therapeutic effect compared to that of transplantation of BM-EPCs or BDHSCs alone. Combined transplantation of autogenous BM-EPCs and BDHSCs may represent a promising strategy for the treatment of liver fibrosis, which would eventually prevent cirrhosis and liver cancer.

Effect of Intracoronary Infusion of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells or Peripheral Endothelial Progenitor Cells on Myocardial Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Mini-swine

Objective To simulate and assess the clinical effect of intracoronary infusion of bone marrow mononuclear cells or peripheral endothelial progenitor cells on myocardial reperfusion injury in mini-swine model. Methods Twenty-three mini-swine with myocardial reperfusion injury were used as designed in the study protocol. About （3.54±0.90）×10^7 bone marrow mononuclear cells （MNC group, n=9） or （1.16± 1.07）× 10^7 endothelial progenitor cells （EPC group, n=7） was infused into the affected coronary segment of the swine. The other mini-swine were infused with phosphate buffered saline as control （n=7）. Echocardio- graphy and hemodynamic studies were performed before and 4 weeks after cell infusion. Myocardium infarc- tion size was calculated. Stem cell differentiation was analyzed under a transmission electromicroscope. Results Left ventricular ejection fraction dropped by 0% in EPC group, 2% in MNC group, and 10% in the control group 4 weeks after cell infusion, respectively （P〈0.05）. The systolic parameters increased in MNC and EPC groups but decreased in the control group. However, the diastolic parameters demonstrated no significant change in the three groups （P〉0.05）. EPC decreased total infarction size more than MNC did （1.60±0.26 cm2 vs. 3.71±1.38 cm2, P〈0.05）. Undermature endothelial cells and myocytes were found under transmission electromlcroscope. Conclusions Transplantation of either MNC or EPC may be beneficial to cardiac systolic function, but might not has obvious effect on diastolic function. Intracoronary infusion of EPC might be better than MNC in controlling infarction size. Both MNC and EPC may stimulate angiogenesis, inhibit flbrogenesis, and differentiate into myocardial cells.

Improvement of learning and memory abilities and motor function in rats with cerebral infarction by intracerebral transplantation of neuron-like cells derived from bone marrow stromal cells

BACKGROUND： Transplantation of fetal cell suspension or blocks of fetal tissue can ameliorate the nerve function after the injury or disease in the central nervous system, and it has been used to treat neurodegenerative disorders induced by Parkinson disease. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effects of the transplantation of neuron-like cells derived from bone marrow stromal cells （rMSCs） into the brain in restoring the dysfunctions of muscle strength and balance as well as learning and memory in rat models of cerebral infarction. DESIGN ： A randomized controlled experiment.SETTING ： Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan Medical College of Sun Yat-sen University.MATERIALS ： Twenty-four male SD rats （3-4 weeks of age, weighing 200-220 g） were used in this study （Certification number：2001A027）. METHODS： The experiments were carried out in Zhongshan Medical College of Sun Yat-sen University between December 2003 and December 2004. ① Twenty-four male SD rats randomized into three groups with 8 rats in each： experimental group, control group and sham-operated group. Rats in the experiment al group and control group were induced into models of middle cerebral artery occlusion （MCAO）. After in vitro cultured, purified and identified with digestion, the Fischer344 rMSCs were induced to differentiate by tanshinone IIA, which was locally injected into the striate cortex （18 area） of rats in the experimental group, and the rats in the control group were injected by L-DMEM basic culture media （without serum） of the same volume to the corresponding brain area. In the sham-operated group, only muscle and vessel of neck were separated. ② At 2 and 8 weeks after the transplantation, the rats were given the screen test, prehensile-traction test, balance beam test and Morris water-maze test. ③ The survival and distribution of the induced cells in corresponding brain area were observed with Nissl stained with toluidine blue and hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining in the groups.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ： ① Results of the behavioral tests （time of the Morris water-maze test screen test, prehensile-traction test, balance beam test）; ② Survival and distribution of the induced cells.RESULTS： All the 24 rats were involved in the analysis of results. ① Two weeks after transplantation, rats with neuron-like cells grafts in the experimental group had significant improvement on their general muscle strength than those in the control group [screen test： （9.4±1.7）, （4.7±1.0） s, P 〈 0.01]; forelimb muscle strength [prehensile-traction test： （7.6±1.4）, （5.2±1.2） s, P 〈 0.01], ability to keep balance [balance beam test： （7.9±0.74）, （6.1±0.91） s, P 〈 0.01] and abilities of learning and memory [latency to find the platform： （35.8±5.9）, （117.5±11.6） s, P 〈 0.01; distance： （623.1±43.4）, （1 902.3±98.6） cm, P 〈 0.01] as compared with those in the control group. The functional performances in the experimental group at 8 weeks were better than those at two weeks, which were still obviously different from those in the sham-operated group （P 〈 0.05）. ② The HE and Nissl stained brain tissue section showed that there was nerve cell proliferation at the infarcted cortex in the experiment group, the density was higher than that in the control group, plenty of aggregative or scattered cells could be observed at the site where needle was inserted for transplantation, the cells migrated directively towards the area around them, the cerebral vascular walls were wrapped by plenty of cells; In the control group, most of the cortices were destroyed, karyopyknosis and necrosis of neurons were observed, normal nervous tissue structure disappeared induced by edema, only some nerve fibers and glial cells remained.CONCLUSION： The rMSCs transplantation can obviously enhance the motor function and the abilities of learning and memory in rat models of cerebral infarction.

Early therapeutic effect of platelet-rich fibrin combined with allogeneic bone marrow-derived stem cells on rats’ critical-sized mandibular defects

BACKGROUND Critically sized bone defects represent a significant challenge to orthopaedic surgeons worldwide.These defects generally result from severe trauma or resection of a whole large tumour.Autologous bone grafts are the current gold standard for the reconstruction of such defects.However,due to increased patient morbidity and the need for a second operative site,other lines of treatment should be introduced.To find alternative unconventional therapies to manage such defects,bone tissue engineering using a combination of suitable bioactive factors,cells,and biocompatible scaffolds offers a promising new approach for bone regeneration.AIM To evaluate the healing capacity of platelet-rich fibrin(PRF)membranes seeded with allogeneic mesenchymal bone marrow-derived stem cells(BMSCs)on critically sized mandibular defects in a rat model.METHODS Sixty-three Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to bilateral bone defects of critical size in the mandibles created by a 5-mm diameter trephine bur.Rats were allocated to three equal groups of 21 rats each.Group I bone defects were irrigated with normal saline and designed as negative controls.Defects of group II were grafted with PRF membranes and served as positive controls,while defects of group III were grafted with PRF membranes seeded with allogeneic BMSCs.Seven rats from each group were killed at 1,2 and 4 wk.The mandibles were dissected and prepared for routine haematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining,Masson's trichrome staining and CD68 immunohistochemical staining.RESULTS Four weeks postoperatively,the percentage area of newly formed bone was significantly higher in group III(0.88±0.02)than in groups I(0.02±0.00)and II(0.60±0.02).The amount of granulation tissue formation was lower in group III(0.12±0.02)than in groups I(0.20±0.02)and II(0.40±0.02).The number of inflammatory cells was lower in group III(0.29±0.03)than in groups I(4.82±0.08)and II(3.09±0.07).CONCLUSION Bone regenerative quality of critically sized mandibular bone defects in rats was better promoted by PRF membranes seeded with BMSCs than with PRF membranes alone.

Vascular endothelial growth factor/platelet-derived growth factor receptor pathway is involved in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and directional migration toward gliomas

BACKGROUND： Vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） induces bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell （BMSC） differentiation into vascular endothelial-like cells and promotes BMSC migration toward gliomas. However, the molecular mechanisms by which VEGF induces BMSC differentiation and migration remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE; To investigate the role of platelet-derived growth factor （PDGF） receptor （PDGFR） in BMSC differentiation and migration induced by VEGE DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A parallel, controlled, in vitro experiment was performed at the Molecular Neurobiology ＆ Neural Regeneration and Repairing Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China from June 2008 to March 2009. MATERIALS： U87 glioma cells were purchased from Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences; mouse anti-human PDGFR and VEGF receptor （VEGFR） monoclonal antibodies were purchased from Peprotech, USA. METHODS： Isolated BMSCs were precultured with neutralizing antibody for VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, PDGFR-α, and PDGFR-β to block biological activity of related receptors, followed by induced differentiation with 50μg/L VEGF. BMSCs induced with 50μg/L VEGF alone served as the VEGF-induced group. The control group remained untreated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Cell surface markers were identified by flow cytometry; BMSC surface cytokine receptor expression was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; the Transwell model was used to observe cell migration. RESULTS： After blocking the PDGFR, VEGF did not induce BMSC cell surface marker CD-31 or von Willebrand factor （vWF） expression. However, inhibition with VEGF receptor blocking agents, VEGF induced BMSCs to express CD-31 and vWE Following inhibition of the PDGFR, the number of cells migrating through the polycarbonate membrane Transwell chamber was decreased, as well as the number of BMSCs migrating to glioma cells. However, through the use of VEGF receptor blocking agents, the number of migrating cells remained unchanged. VEGF preculture increased the number of BMSCs migrating to gliomas. CONCLUSION： VEGF interacts with PDGFRs on the BMSC surface to attract BMSC directional migration and induce BMSC differentiation. The VEGF/PDGFR pathway participates in BMSC directional migration to glioma. VEGF pretreatment increased efficiency of BMSC migration to glioma.

Endothelial progenitor cells as factors in neovascularization and endothelial repair

Endothelial progenitor cells(EPCs)are a heterogeneous population of cells that are provided by the bone marrow and other adult tissue in both animals and humans.They express both hematopoietic and endothelial surface markers,which challenge the classic dogma that the presumed differentiation of cells into angioblasts and subsequent endothelial and vascular differentiation occurred exclusively in embryonic development.This breakthrough stimulated research to understand the mechanism(s)underlying their physiologic function to allow development of new therapeutic options.One focus has been on their ability to form new vessels in injured tissues,and another has been on their ability to repair endothelial damage and restore both monolayer integrity and endothelial function in denuded vessels.Moreover,measures of their density have been shown to be a better predictor of cardiovascular events,both in healthy and coronary artery disease populations than the classical tools used in the clinic to evaluate the risk stratification.In the present paper we review the effects of EPCs on revascularization and endothelial repair in animal models and human studies,in an attempt to better understand their function,which may lead to potential advancement in clinical management.

Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues

BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) constitute a promising tool in regenerative medicine and can be isolated from different human tissues. However, their biological properties are still not fully characterized. Whereas MSCs from different tissue exhibit many common characteristics, their biological activity and some markers are different and depend on their tissue of origin. Understanding the factors that underlie MSC biology should constitute important points for consideration for researchers interested in clinical MSC application. AIM To characterize the biological activity of MSCs during longterm culture isolated from: bone marrow (BM-MSCs), adipose tissue (AT-MSCs), skeletal muscles (SMMSCs), and skin (SK-MSCs). METHODS MSCs were isolated from the tissues, cultured for 10 passages, and assessed for: phenotype with immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, multipotency with differentiation capacity for osteo-, chondro-, and adipogenesis, stemness markers with qPCR for mRNA for Sox2 and Oct4, and genetic stability for p53 and c-Myc;27 bioactive factors were screened using the multiplex ELISA array, and spontaneous fusion involving a co-culture of SM-MSCs with BM-MSCs or AT-MSCs stained with PKH26 (red) or PKH67 (green) was performed. RESULTS All MSCs showed the basic MSC phenotype;however, their expression decreased during the follow-up period, as confirmed by fluorescence intensity. The examined MSCs express CD146 marker associated with proangiogenic properties;however their expression decreased in AT-MSCs and SM-MSCs, but was maintained in BM-MSCs. In contrast, in SK-MSCs CD146 expression increased in late passages. All MSCs, except BM-MSCs, expressed PW1, a marker associated with differentiation capacity and apoptosis. BM-MSCs and AT-MSCs expressed stemness markers Sox2 and Oct4 in long-term culture. All MSCs showed a stable p53 and c-Myc expression. BM-MSCs and AT-MSCs maintained their differentiation capacity during the follow-up period. In contrast, SK-MSCs and SM-MSCs had a limited ability to differentiate into adipocytes. BM-MSCs and AT-MSCs revealed similarities in phenotype maintenance, capacity for multilineage differentiation, and secretion of bioactive factors. Because AT-MSCs fused with SM-MSCs as effectively as BM-MSCs, AT-MSCs may constitute an alternative source for BM-MSCs. CONCLUSION Long-term culture affects the biological activity of MSCs obtained from various tissues. The source of MSCs and number of passages are important considerations in regenerative medicine.

The effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats

Objective:To study the influence of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)transplantation on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension(HPH)in rats.Methods:MSCs in SD rats were separated,cultivated,identified in vitro,and labeled by the green fluorescence protein(GFP)adenovirus.Healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups:normal control group(NC group)and HPH group,with eight rats in each group respectively;HPH+mesenchymal stem cell transplantation group(MSCs group)and HPH+vascular endothelial growth factor+mesenchymal stem cell transplantation group(VEGF+MSCs group),with twenty-four rats in each group respectively.In this experiment,intermittent normobaric hypoxia was employed to establish the pulmonary hypertension rat models,with stem cells transfected and transplanted.The mean pulmonary artery pressure(mPAP)was observed in rats to calculate the right ventricular hypertrophy index(RVHI);the morphological changes of pulmonary arterioles in each group of rats were observed under the microscope;the distribution and manifestation of MSCs fluorescently labeled by adenovirus transfection were observed in pulmonary arterioles under the fluorescence microscope at the set time points of 7 d,14 d and 28 d after the transplantation of stem cells.Results:For NC group,the mPAP(mmHg)was 15.5±1.5 at 28 d,while the mPAP in HPH,MSCs and VEGF+MSCs groups were 26.1±1.9,21.6±2.7 and 20.1±2.9 respectively which were apparently higher than that in NC group(p<.01).Compared with HPH group(p<.01),the mPAP was obviously decreased in MSCs and VEGF+MSCs groups.There was no significant difference between MSCs and VEGF+MSCs groups.At 28 d,RVHI for NC group was 0.28±0.02,while the RVHI in HPH,MSCs and VEGF+MSCs groups were 0.43±0.07,0.34±0.03 and 0.35±0.01 respectively which were apparently higher than that in NC group(p<.01).In comparison with HPH group,RVHI was significantly decreased in MSCs and VEGF+MSCs groups(p<.05).There was no significant difference between MSCs and VEGF+MSCs groups.For HPH group,at 28 d,pulmonary arterioles were apparently thickened,with luminal stenosis&obliteration and incomplete endothelial cells.Compared with HPH group,pulmonary arterioles in MSCs group became thinning,with the lumen unobstructed and the integrity of endothelial cells improved.The changes in the manifestation of MSCs and VEGF+MSCs groups were not significant.Conclusions:The transplantation of MSCs can improve the remodeling of pulmonary arterioles to partially reverse the progress of HPH;the combined transplantation of VEGF and MSCs doesn’t improve the effect of MSC transplantation.

A novel and feasible way to cultivate and purify endothelial progenitor cells from bone marrow of children with congenital heart diseases

Background Endothelial progenitor cells （EPCs） are used in vascular tissue engineering and clinic therapy. Some investigators get EPCs from the peripheral blood for clinic treatment, but the number of EPCs is seldom enough. We have developed the cultivation and purification of EPCs from the bone marrow of children with congenital heart disease, to provide enough seed cells for a small calibre vascular tissue engineering study. Methods The 0.5-ml of bone marrow was separated from the sternum bone, and 5-ml of peripheral blood was collected from children with congenital heart diseases who had undergone open thoracic surgery. CD34＋ and CD34＋NEGFR＋ cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood were quantified by flow cytometry. CD34＋/VEGFR＋ cells were defined as EPCs. Mononuclear cells in the bone marrow were isolated by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation and cultured by the EndoCult Liquid Medium KitTM. Colony forming endothelial cells was detected. Immunohistochemistry staining for Dil-ac-LDL and FITC-UEA-1 confirmed the endothelial lineage of these cells. Results CD34＋ and CD34＋NEGFR＋ cells in peripheral blood were （0.07±0.05）% and （0.05±0.02）%, respectively. The number of CD34＋ and CD34＋/VEGFR＋ cells in bone marrow were significantly higher than in blood, （4.41±1.47）% and （0.98±0.65）%, respectively （P 〈0.0001）. Many colony forming units formed in the culture. These cells also expressed high levels of Dil-ac-LDL and FITC-UEA-I. Conclusion This is a novel and feasible approach that can cultivate and purify EPCs from the bone marrow of children with congenital heart disease, and provide seed cells for small calibre vascular tissue engineering.

大鼠骨髓单个核细胞诱导扩增为内皮祖细胞的细胞分离方法、接种数目、培养瓶包被条件

目的筛选大鼠骨髓单个核细胞(BMMNCs)诱导扩增为内皮祖细胞(BM-EPCs)的细胞分离方法、接种数目、培养瓶包被条件,构建一个高效、高产量、高纯度的骨髓来源BM-EPCs分离培养诱导扩增方法。方法取2周龄雄性SD大鼠,脱颈处死后分离大鼠双侧胫骨和股骨,收集骨髓细胞悬液。配制30%、50%、60%和70%浓度的Percoll细胞分离液,通过Percoll密度梯度离心法分离出大鼠BMMNCs种子细胞,并计算活细胞比例。将获得的BMMNCs分为1×10^(5)、5×10^(5)、1×10^(6)、2.5×10^(6)、5×10^(6)、1×10^(7)六个组别,分别接种于25 cm^(2)无菌培养瓶中,培养7 d后镜下观察各组细胞集落形成数目,并计算每10^(6)细胞的集落形成数。运用Graphpad prism9.5软件进行Logistic拟合曲线,根据相关系数R^(2)确定相关性,根据其P值将有统计学差异的接种数目纳入范围,随后使用R语言编程定义计算函数,根据已知种子细胞总数及相关性函数限制下,通过迭代寻找最佳的BMMNCs细胞接种数目。分别配制20、50、100 nmol/L浓度的人纤连蛋白(FN)溶液,以不添加FN的空白溶液为对照,分别包被空白培养瓶2、6、12、24 h,将收集的48 h未贴壁BMMNCs接种于FN包被的各培养瓶中,静置培养3 d后计算各组集落形成数目,确定FN包被的最佳浓度与时间。接种48 h未贴壁BMMNCs于25 cm^(2)培养瓶底,使用EGM-2完全培养基定向诱导,于显微镜下观察集落形成及诱导扩增进程。取培养14 d的BM-EPCs,分别采用双阳性染色法和流式细胞术鉴定BM-EPCs的纯度。结果使用Percoll分离法可把BMMNCs细胞清晰的分为5层,其中30%与50%Percoll细胞分离层之间为BMMNCs活细胞比率最高。BMMNCs的最优接种数目为2.5×10^(6)个。以50 nmol/L的FN溶液包被24 h或以100 nmol/L的FN溶液包被6 h皆可有效促进细胞集落形成。细胞接种7 d后获得形态良好的铺路石样细胞并建立生长优势,表明BMMNCs已经诱导成为形态良好的BM-EPCs。Dil-Ac-LDL/FITC-UEA-1双阳性细胞占比为91.89%±5.77%,CD31+KDR阳性率为90.73%±0.61%、CD14阳性率为0.53%±0.17%、CD45阳性率0.77%±0.34%,说明获得的BM-EPCs纯度良好。结论大鼠BMMNCs诱导扩增为BM-EPCs过程中,可使用Percoll密度梯度离心法分离BMMNCs,BMMNCs的最优细胞接种数目为2.5×10^(6)个,细胞培养瓶包被条件为以50 nmol/L的FN溶液包被24 h或以100 nmol/L的FN溶液包被6 h,分离培养诱导获得的BM-EPCs形态和纯度均良好。

微小RNA在脉络膜新生血管相关信号通路中的研究进展

脉络膜新生血管(CNV)是多种眼部疾病的最终病理表现,其发病机制极其复杂,涉及多种细胞、细胞因子及信号通路。微小RNA(miRNA)作为一种生物小分子,是由22个核苷酸组成的非编码RNA,可通过降解或抑制靶基因mRNA翻译调节基因表达。随着学者对其研究的深入,miRNA介导的信号通路参与各种疾病发展的机制逐渐被揭示。在眼科领域,miRNA通过各种信号通路靶向特定蛋白基因,从而起到促进或抑制CNV的作用。因此,揭示miRNA在CNV发病中的作用及其机制,是未来CNV发病机制研究的重要方向。本综述旨在阐述miRNA调控CNV中的磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶B(PI3K/Akt)、转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)、核因子-κB(NF-κB)、Notch及Wnt信号通路,为阐明CNV发病机制及其靶向治疗提供新思路。

附子理中汤对变应性鼻炎大鼠骨髓干细胞鼻腔归巢的影响

目的研究附子理中汤对变应性鼻炎大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)和内皮祖细胞(EPCs)归巢的影响及意义。方法复制变应性鼻炎的疾病模型,将12只模型大鼠分为治疗组(附子理中汤干预)和空白组,雌雄各半,每组6只。在模型建立后的7 d分别评价两组的症状积分及鼻腔黏膜取材免疫荧光检测鼻腔黏膜MSCs和EPCs的阳性率。结果空白组0、7天的积分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗组在治疗后积分减少(P<0.05)。两组间同期比较,第0天时积分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。第7天的积分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。变应性鼻炎造模成功后,骨髓MSCs和EPCs都能够从循环系统向鼻腔黏膜归巢,在鼻腔黏膜都有阳性表达。经χ2检验,治疗组在治疗后鼻腔黏膜的MSCs和EPCs阳性率均较空白组提高(P<0.05)。说明治疗组附子理中汤能有效改善变应性鼻炎大鼠的症状,且能促进变应性鼻炎大鼠的骨髓MSCs和EPCs向鼻腔归巢。结论骨髓MSCs和EPCs能够向变应性鼻炎的鼻腔黏膜归巢,而附子理中汤能够促进骨髓MSCs和EPCs的鼻腔归巢。

Strategies for Human Adipose Tissue Repair and Regeneration

In plastic and reconstructive surgery there is an increasing demand for malleable implants to repair soft tissue congenital defects, or those resulting from aging, traumatic injury and tumour resection. However, currently available methods present a number of limitations such as volume loss over time and eventual resorption of the graft. Tissue engineering techniques provide promising therapeutic solutions to these inconveniences through development of engineered equivalents that best imitate adipose tissue, both structurally and functionally. Here we review the latest achievements in the human adipose tissue engineering field, with a focus on its regenerative potential for a number of clinical applications.

Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells： a better cell source for nervous system regeneration

Background In order to suggest an ideal source of adult stem cells for the treatment of nervous system diseases,MSCs from human adipose tissue and bone marrow were isolated and studied to explore the differences with regard to cell morphology,surface markers,neuronal differentiation capacity,especially the synapse structure formation and the secretion of neurotrophic factors.Methods The neuronal differentiation capacity of human mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue （hADSCs） and bone marrow （hBMSCs） was determined based on nissl body and synapse structure formation,and neural factor secretion function.hADSCs and hBMSCs were isolated and differentiated into neuron-like cells with rat brain-conditioned medium,a potentially rich source of neuronal differentiation promoting signals.Specific neuronal proteins and neural factors were detected by immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis,respectively.Results Flow cytometric analysis showed that both cell types had similar phenotypes.Cell growth curves showed that hADSCs proliferated more quickly than hBMSCs.Both kinds of cells were capable of osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation.The morphology of hADSCs and hBMSCs changed during neuronal differentiation and displayed neuronlike cell appearance after 14 days＇ differentiation.Both hADSCs and hBMSCs were able to differentiate into neuron-like cells based on their production of neuron specific proteins including β-tubulin-Ⅲ,neuron-specific enolase （NSE）,nissl bodies,and their ability to secrete brain derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） and nerve growth factor （NGF）.Assessment of synaptop hysin and growth-associated protein-43 （GAP-43） suggested synapse structure formation in differentiated hADSCs and hBMSCs.Conclusions Our results demonstrate that hADSCs have neuronal differentiation potential similar to hBMSC,but with a higher proliferation capacity than hBMSC.Adipose tissue is abundant,easily available and would be a potential ideal source of adult stem cells for neural-related clinical research and application.

An improved anti-leukemic effect achieved with donor progenitor cell infusion for relapse patients after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Objective To observe the antileukemic effect in relapse patients by infusion of donor immunocompetent cells with or without granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mobilization.Methods Twenty patients with leukemia in relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT) were treated with chemotherapy followed by donor-derived lymphocytes (DDL) without G-CSF mobilization (Group A, n=11), or donor peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) with G-CSF mobilization (Group B, n=9).Results Five patients in Group A were in hematologic relapse. After DDL infusion, 3 of 5 patients had a temporary complete remission (CR) and relapsed after 3, 7 and 10 months, respectively. One achieved partial remission and died of interstitial pneumonia; and the other one showed no response. Another 6 patients in Group A were in cytogenetic relapse or central nerve system (CNS) leukemia, and all achieved CR and remained in disease free survival (DFS) for 10 to 98 months after DDL infusion. All 9 patients in group B were in hematologic relapse. Three patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) had cytogenetic and molecular remission for 16, 35 and 51 months, respectively after PBPC infusion; and 5 patients with acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) had CR and were still in CR for 10 to 18 months except 1 patient relapsed soon. And the other one with AML showed no response to the therapy.Conclusion Donor immunocompetent cells infusion is an effective therapy for relapsed leukemia after allo-BMT, especially for the patients with early (molecular and cytogenetic) or CNS relapse. Infusion of donor PBPC mobilized by G-CSF seems to have more potentiated graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect than DDL infusion.

微孔法分离大鼠骨髓内皮祖细胞

用一种杂交瘤皿,根据内皮祖细胞集落形成单位(endothelial progenitor cells colony-forming units,EPCs-CFUs)的形态特征和EPCs表面特异性标记物分离EPCs.取大鼠股骨、胫骨骨髓,将全骨髓接种在聚苯乙烯制作的杂交瘤皿上,培养4～7天后出现CFUs,将这些集落分别挑选出来后,取单个集落的部分细胞免疫荧光鉴定EPCs表面特异性标记物CD133/VEGFR-2.CD133/VEGFR-2双阳性即为EPCs-CFUs.与此对应的余下一部分继续传代增殖,流式细胞术鉴定CD133/VEGFR-2/CD34,并把此方法命名为微孔法.发现接种后第4天,显微镜下可见明显的CFUs.免疫荧光鉴定大约7%的CFUs为CD133+/VEGFR-2+,进一步传代培养,流式细胞术鉴定CD133+/VEGFR-2+/CD34+细胞纯度达70%以上.传代细胞可在体外形成血管样结构,并表达内皮细胞特异性标记物vWF.结果表明通过微孔法能成功地从大鼠骨髓分离到EPCs.

兔骨髓源性血管内皮祖细胞的分离、培养及鉴定

本研究探讨兔骨髓源性血管内皮祖细胞(endothelial progenitor cells,EPC)的分离、培养及鉴定方法。抽取兔骨髓细胞,用梯度密度离心法获得单个核细胞,以内皮细胞培养液培养,通过细胞形态观察、免疫组织化学试验、流式细胞术以及内皮祖细胞吞噬功能进行鉴定。结果表明,新分离的骨髓单个核细胞呈圆形,培养48小时后可见贴壁细胞呈集落样生长,细胞呈圆形或不规则形,核分裂相明显,至培养第7天成片生长的细胞集落相互连接呈梭形的内皮样细胞。内皮祖细胞免疫组织化学检测结果显示CD133(+),CD34(+),Ⅷ因子(++),KDR(++);流式细胞术鉴定结果显示CD133的阳性率为(18.23±7.12)%,CD34的阳性率为(47.71±14.85)%,CD31的阳性率为(71.61±13.51)%,KDR的阳性率为(87.24±11.40)%。细胞吞噬功能鉴定说明超过80%的贴壁细胞都特异性地摄取了Dil-acLDL和FITC-UEA-1。结论:密度梯度离心法体外分离兔骨髓源的单个核细胞,在一定的诱导培养条件下能分化成为血管内皮祖细胞。

黄芪、三七促进骨髓干细胞体外转化并扩增血管内皮前体细胞(EPC)作用的研究

目的:探讨黄芪、三七对骨髓干细胞体外转化并扩增EPC的促进作用及其可能的机制。方法:常规采集下肢缺血患者骨髓血,密度梯度离心法分离骨髓单个核细胞,不同条件下贴壁扩增细胞。镜下细胞的形态学观察,流式细胞仪检测CD3+4细胞的百分比。结果:细胞呈梭形,束状排列,间杂有少量圆形细胞。与对照组相比,黄芪中、低剂量组,三七中、高剂量组CD3+4细胞的百分比均显著增加。结论:黄芪、三七能促进EPC的转化和增殖。

差速贴壁法分离兔骨髓源性间充质干细胞和内皮祖细胞及其生物学特性的研究

本研究探讨一种高效、稳定的从兔骨髓中同时分离培养间充质干细胞(Mesenchymal Stem Cells,MSC)和内皮祖细胞(Endothelial Progenitor Cells,EPC)的方法并观察其生物学特性。抽取兔骨髓,应用密度梯度分离单个核细胞,采用差速贴壁经纤连蛋白包被并结合EGM-2MV培养基分别扩增MSC和EPC。用台盼蓝法测定细胞传代成活率,通过绘制生长曲线法、MTT法、DNA周期检测MSC和EPC的增殖能力及诱导分化成骨细胞、成脂肪细胞能力,并结合流式细胞术(FCM)检测MSC免疫原型以鉴定MSC;细胞吞噬功能特异性地摄取Dil-ac-LDL及FITC-UEA-1,并结合CD133、VEGFR2/KDR、CD34免疫荧光鉴定EPC,并计算其纯度。结果表明,经密度梯度分离单个核细胞,在早期贴壁细胞24 h换液时即可见明显集落形成,8 d后达80%融合,细胞呈均匀一致的长梭形排列;2次贴壁细胞经EGM-2MV培养基培养,第3天开始伸展,约8 d可融合近80%,细胞呈多角形,出现条索状结构;2种细胞台盼蓝法测定细胞传代成活率均在90%以上,传至第2代后,生长曲线均近似"S"形;MTT法检测显示,细胞生长d 3至d 5时光密度值变化较明显;MSC G0-G1期为(93.32±1.65)%、EPC G0-G1为(93.05±1.95)%,2种细胞DNA周期无明显差异;早期贴壁细胞FCM检测CD90、CD44阳性率为(99.7±1.12)%、(99.1±2.33)%;CD14、CD45、CD79a阳性率分别为(4.8±0.38)%、(6.8±0.49)%及(0.4±0.08)%,经体外诱导能够向成骨细胞及脂肪细胞分化,鉴定为MSC;2次贴壁细胞传至第2代经Dil-ac-LDL、FITC-UEA-1双荧光染色阳性率(82.1±3.4)%,CD133、VEGFR2/KDR、CD34免疫荧光染色阳性率分别为(74.2±3.2)%、(64.7±4.3)%及(43.5±1.5)%,鉴定为EPC。结论:应用密度梯度分离法结合差速贴壁筛选法可培养出高纯度的MSC,2次贴壁细胞经纤连蛋白预包被并结合EGM-2MV培养基体外诱导可培养出增殖能力较强的EPC,为组织工程学研究提供种子细胞。

丹参酮ⅡA增效大鼠骨髓源性内皮祖细胞VEGF、SDF-1表达

目的:研究在丹参酮ⅡA的辅助下,骨髓源性内皮祖细胞(EPCs)VEGF与SDF-1表达是否能增强,从而促进细胞归巢。方法:Percoll密度梯度离心法分离SD大鼠骨髓单个核细胞,血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、表皮生长因子((EGF)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)诱导培养,并进行形态学、免疫学(免疫细胞化学染色)、功能学(Dil-acLDL与FITC-UEA-1双荧光染色)鉴定。将鉴定为EPCs的细胞分为单纯EPCs组(对照组)、EPCs+丹参酮ⅡA组(加药组)。细胞培养第9d,Western blot与实时荧光定量PCR检测各组VEGF、SDF-1基因与蛋白表达。结果:EPCs+丹参酮IIA组VEGF、SDF-1基因与蛋白表达均高于EPCs组(p均<0.05)。结论:丹参酮ⅡA可上调大鼠骨髓源性内皮祖细胞VEGF及SDF-1表达,从而可能在缺血环境中更好促进EPCs归巢,更有效促进血管修复与再生。