描述与解释:淘宝纠纷解决机制——ODR的中国经验观察

淘宝网对于网购纠纷,摸索出了一套全新且有效的在线纠纷解决机制。从解决的过程看,机制遵循不断分流、尽快结案的理念,具有仅买家允许启动程序、提供反复举证互动的机会、促使和解结案等特点。从解决的结果看,多数纠纷以和解结案、多数判定支持买家。以主体博弈、利益平衡的视角分析上述机制的有效性,可以发现判定者并非居中的利益无涉者,而是以扩大平台整体交易规模为宗旨,因此虽然在单笔交易的纠纷解决中偏向于买家,但和卖家间才是长期的共生关系。基于此,交易平台采取了“牺牲卖家单笔订单利益来满足买家的购物体验,再以事后的店铺流量作为补偿”的策略。该机制强调经济利益、程序的分类和分流、纠纷主体的充分沟通、结果的有力执行等有价值的经验,可为构建适应国情的新时代多元纠纷解决体系提供启示。

Demographic Structure and the Real Exchange Rate:A Study Based on Cross-Country Data

By creating a two-sector intertemporal and intergenerational small open economy model,this paper investigates how real exchange rate responds to demographic shifts in the long term.The result shows that when the capital density of tradable goods sector exceeds that of non-tradable goods sector in a country,an increase in the country's elderly dependency rate(ODR) will cause its real exchange rate to appreciate.In addition,higher savings rate or per capita labor income means that real exchange rate is more responsive to ODR variations.We conducted an econometric test on our theoretical hypotheses using the data of 214 countries and regions during 1980-2013.Empirical result indicates that an increase of ODR will cause real exchange rate to appreciate.This result is robust and unaffected by sample grouping characteristics and differences.An increase in savings rate will significantly increase the ODR elasticity of real exchange rate.This conclusion is also significant and robust for overall samples and categorized samples(except for developed countries) and generally consistent with our theoretical hypothesis.However,our empirical research generally does not support the hypothesis that higher labor income increases the responsiveness of real exchange rate to ODR.This study is of great significance to unravel the effect of China's ageing population on the longterm variations of renminbi's exchange rate.

极谱法测定无氧介质中根系氧气输导

介绍了利用极谱法测定凤眼莲 (Eichhorniacras sipesSolm .)、菰 (Zizanialatifolia (Geiseb)Stapf)、石菖蒲(AcorustartarinowiiSchott)、慈菇 (SagitarriasagittifoliaLinn .)、香蒲 (TyphaangustifoliaLinn .)等多种湿生植物根系在无氧介质中氧气的对外扩散速率 (ODR)。实验结果表明 ,对于同种植物而言 ,新生根较老根的氧气扩散速率快。根尖区 (约 0～ 5mm范围内 )氧气扩散速率最大 ,氧化活力最强。愈往上愈小 ,根基部的氧气输出速率接近为零 ,氧化活力几乎可以忽略。对于根长相同的不同种植物而言 ,香蒲的ODR最大 。