风电机组参与调频可提高风电并网系统的频率稳定性,但现有下垂控制难以兼顾频率响应特性和风机自身运行状态。为此,文中提出一种计及频率变化率(rate of change of frequency,ROCOF)与转子动能的自适应下垂控制策略,充分利用转子动能参...风电机组参与调频可提高风电并网系统的频率稳定性,但现有下垂控制难以兼顾频率响应特性和风机自身运行状态。为此,文中提出一种计及频率变化率(rate of change of frequency,ROCOF)与转子动能的自适应下垂控制策略,充分利用转子动能参与调频,确保风机稳定运行。首先,根据系统频率情况,将ROCOF划分区间,通过分段函数构建下垂系数与ROCOF的耦合函数,确保风电机组在扰动初期释放更多能量,提高风机对频率的支撑能力,减缓频率跌落速度。然后,引入转速影响因子,根据风机自身运行状态调整下垂系数,防止风机转子失速,避免频率二次跌落。最后,在MATLAB/Simulink平台上搭建风火联合系统仿真模型验证了所提控制策略有效性。仿真结果表明所提策略在保证风机转速稳定的同时,能有效利用风机转子动能改善系统频率响应特性。展开更多
微电网作为新能源消纳的有效方式受到了广泛关注。相比于传统电力系统,由电力电子装置主导的微电网系统,在外界扰动时更容易引起电网频率偏差和频率变化率RoCoF(rate of change of frequency)过大。为此,首先提出了一种基于LPF的RoCoF...微电网作为新能源消纳的有效方式受到了广泛关注。相比于传统电力系统,由电力电子装置主导的微电网系统,在外界扰动时更容易引起电网频率偏差和频率变化率RoCoF(rate of change of frequency)过大。为此,首先提出了一种基于LPF的RoCoF下垂控制策略,通过耦合RoCoF和母线电容电压,使得在扰动产生时快速释放电容能量来补偿系统不平衡功率,从而提高频率响应的执行速度,能够有效改善RoCoF暂态过程的稳定性。其次,类比传统同步机在机电时间尺度下的动态分析理论,建立了风电系统在直流电压时间尺度DVT(DC-voltage timescale)下的动态模型,基于经典的电气转矩分析方法,揭示了所提模型控制环节对风电系统惯性的影响规律。然后,在同等电容裕量下对不同控制策略进行了对比,结果表明:电容能量释放的快慢,能够直接影响RoCoF的抑制效果,且随着下垂系数Kh的增加和LPF截止频率ωc的减少,网侧逆变器的有功响应速度相应增加。最后,通过实验验证了所提控制方法的有效性和分析结论的正确性。展开更多
The inertia response and primary frequency regulation capability of synchronous grids are declining owing to the increasing penetration of inverter-based resources. The fast frequency response(FFR) of inverter-based r...The inertia response and primary frequency regulation capability of synchronous grids are declining owing to the increasing penetration of inverter-based resources. The fast frequency response(FFR) of inverter-based resources is an important mitigation option for maintaining grid security under the conditions of low inertia and insufficient primary frequency response capability. However, the understanding and technical characteristics of the FFR of inverter-based resources are still unclear. Aiming at solving the aforementioned problems, this paper proposes a definition for FFR based on the impact mechanism of FFR on system frequency. The performance requirements of FFR are clarified. Then, the effects of FFR on system frequency characteristics are further analyzed based on steady-state frequency deviation, the initial rate of change of frequency, and the maximum transient frequency deviation. Finally, the system requirements for FFR and its application effects are verified by simulating an actual bulk power grid, providing technical support for subsequent engineering application.展开更多
Energy access,climate change and public health issues are some major drivers for the need for renewable sources.However,most renewable sources,excluding large hydro,have zero or negligible rotational inertia,which is ...Energy access,climate change and public health issues are some major drivers for the need for renewable sources.However,most renewable sources,excluding large hydro,have zero or negligible rotational inertia,which is critical to stabilizing the power system after contingency.Therefore,this paper proposes a droop-based inertia emulator to reduce the rate of change of frequency and frequency deviations.The robustness of the controller is analysed by applying various uncertainties and disturbances of power system components that were carried out using DIgSILENT PowerFactory simulations.The obtained results are compared with existing literature and the desired performance shows an improvement in the rate of change of frequency of 34.78%for an IEEE 6-bus system,24.32%for a 12-bus system and 18%for a 39-bus system.展开更多
新能源渗透率的提高增加了电网频率控制的复杂度,储能辅助电网调频能在一定程度上缓解该问题,但受储能运行的安全性与经济性约束,要求调频措施更具针对性。文中对此展开研究,提出一种基于频率响应特性的储能辅助电网一次调频方法。首先...新能源渗透率的提高增加了电网频率控制的复杂度,储能辅助电网调频能在一定程度上缓解该问题,但受储能运行的安全性与经济性约束,要求调频措施更具针对性。文中对此展开研究,提出一种基于频率响应特性的储能辅助电网一次调频方法。首先,在储能辅助电网调频模型基础上,选择惯性加下垂的储能辅助电网调频综合控制方法,通过电网频率变化率(rate of change of frequency,RoCoF)、频率偏差与调频需求的关联性分析,设计基于频率响应特性的调频需求分区规则;然后,根据不同调频需求对应的分区判断,对储能有功输出方式进行动态调整,以响应调频需求的不确定性,并在此基础上,针对调频需求与储能出力需求、储能出力强弱与其循环使用寿命间的矛盾关系,通过多目标优化问题的设计与求解来予以平衡;最后,仿真结果验证了所提方法能够在保证电网调频效果的基础上,有效降低储能充放电深度。展开更多
新能源装机占比的快速提高显著降低了系统惯量水平,在线评估电网的频率安全裕度可有效指导系统安全运行。首先在分析系统惯量组成的基础上,提出了考虑负荷特性与外受电水平的电网惯量计算方法,得到了电网惯量充裕度指标与频率变化率(rat...新能源装机占比的快速提高显著降低了系统惯量水平,在线评估电网的频率安全裕度可有效指导系统安全运行。首先在分析系统惯量组成的基础上,提出了考虑负荷特性与外受电水平的电网惯量计算方法,得到了电网惯量充裕度指标与频率变化率(rate of change of frequency,RoCoF)指标。然后基于惯量充裕度指标与RoCoF,分析了故障冲击、外受电水平和马达惯量对系统频率安全的影响,提出了区域电网互供能力分析方法。其次通过仿真验证了指标的准确性,检验了等效惯量和电源出力均具有置换特点。最后提出了电网惯量充裕度在线评估流程及安全运行域分析方法,为指导电网安全运行提供了决策依据。展开更多
高比例可再生能源机组的接入和大量火电机组退出,导致电网系统的惯量支撑和一次调频能力下降,降低了系统的频率稳定性。文章首先考虑光伏机组的惯量支撑和一次调频能力,建立了计及新能源惯量支撑和一次调频能力的电力系统频率响应模型;...高比例可再生能源机组的接入和大量火电机组退出,导致电网系统的惯量支撑和一次调频能力下降,降低了系统的频率稳定性。文章首先考虑光伏机组的惯量支撑和一次调频能力,建立了计及新能源惯量支撑和一次调频能力的电力系统频率响应模型;其次,引入最大频率偏差、稳态频率偏差、最大频率变化率(Rate of Change of Frequency,RoCoF)幅值3个指标,对不同新能源渗透率场景下的频率特性进行量化评估。最后,基于DigSILIENT/PowerFac-tory15.1搭建含光伏机组的3机9节点系统仿真模型。仿真结果表明,尽管RoCoF幅值指标在不同渗透率场景下的数值均大于全同步机系统,但在惯性时间常数较大时,高渗透率场景下的最大频率偏差指标优于全同步机系统。展开更多
文摘风电机组参与调频可提高风电并网系统的频率稳定性,但现有下垂控制难以兼顾频率响应特性和风机自身运行状态。为此,文中提出一种计及频率变化率(rate of change of frequency,ROCOF)与转子动能的自适应下垂控制策略,充分利用转子动能参与调频,确保风机稳定运行。首先,根据系统频率情况,将ROCOF划分区间,通过分段函数构建下垂系数与ROCOF的耦合函数,确保风电机组在扰动初期释放更多能量,提高风机对频率的支撑能力,减缓频率跌落速度。然后,引入转速影响因子,根据风机自身运行状态调整下垂系数,防止风机转子失速,避免频率二次跌落。最后,在MATLAB/Simulink平台上搭建风火联合系统仿真模型验证了所提控制策略有效性。仿真结果表明所提策略在保证风机转速稳定的同时,能有效利用风机转子动能改善系统频率响应特性。
文摘微电网作为新能源消纳的有效方式受到了广泛关注。相比于传统电力系统,由电力电子装置主导的微电网系统,在外界扰动时更容易引起电网频率偏差和频率变化率RoCoF(rate of change of frequency)过大。为此,首先提出了一种基于LPF的RoCoF下垂控制策略,通过耦合RoCoF和母线电容电压,使得在扰动产生时快速释放电容能量来补偿系统不平衡功率,从而提高频率响应的执行速度,能够有效改善RoCoF暂态过程的稳定性。其次,类比传统同步机在机电时间尺度下的动态分析理论,建立了风电系统在直流电压时间尺度DVT(DC-voltage timescale)下的动态模型,基于经典的电气转矩分析方法,揭示了所提模型控制环节对风电系统惯性的影响规律。然后,在同等电容裕量下对不同控制策略进行了对比,结果表明:电容能量释放的快慢,能够直接影响RoCoF的抑制效果,且随着下垂系数Kh的增加和LPF截止频率ωc的减少,网侧逆变器的有功响应速度相应增加。最后,通过实验验证了所提控制方法的有效性和分析结论的正确性。
基金supported by National Science Foundation of China(51477091)。
文摘The inertia response and primary frequency regulation capability of synchronous grids are declining owing to the increasing penetration of inverter-based resources. The fast frequency response(FFR) of inverter-based resources is an important mitigation option for maintaining grid security under the conditions of low inertia and insufficient primary frequency response capability. However, the understanding and technical characteristics of the FFR of inverter-based resources are still unclear. Aiming at solving the aforementioned problems, this paper proposes a definition for FFR based on the impact mechanism of FFR on system frequency. The performance requirements of FFR are clarified. Then, the effects of FFR on system frequency characteristics are further analyzed based on steady-state frequency deviation, the initial rate of change of frequency, and the maximum transient frequency deviation. Finally, the system requirements for FFR and its application effects are verified by simulating an actual bulk power grid, providing technical support for subsequent engineering application.
文摘Energy access,climate change and public health issues are some major drivers for the need for renewable sources.However,most renewable sources,excluding large hydro,have zero or negligible rotational inertia,which is critical to stabilizing the power system after contingency.Therefore,this paper proposes a droop-based inertia emulator to reduce the rate of change of frequency and frequency deviations.The robustness of the controller is analysed by applying various uncertainties and disturbances of power system components that were carried out using DIgSILENT PowerFactory simulations.The obtained results are compared with existing literature and the desired performance shows an improvement in the rate of change of frequency of 34.78%for an IEEE 6-bus system,24.32%for a 12-bus system and 18%for a 39-bus system.
文摘新能源渗透率的提高增加了电网频率控制的复杂度,储能辅助电网调频能在一定程度上缓解该问题,但受储能运行的安全性与经济性约束,要求调频措施更具针对性。文中对此展开研究,提出一种基于频率响应特性的储能辅助电网一次调频方法。首先,在储能辅助电网调频模型基础上,选择惯性加下垂的储能辅助电网调频综合控制方法,通过电网频率变化率(rate of change of frequency,RoCoF)、频率偏差与调频需求的关联性分析,设计基于频率响应特性的调频需求分区规则;然后,根据不同调频需求对应的分区判断,对储能有功输出方式进行动态调整,以响应调频需求的不确定性,并在此基础上,针对调频需求与储能出力需求、储能出力强弱与其循环使用寿命间的矛盾关系,通过多目标优化问题的设计与求解来予以平衡;最后,仿真结果验证了所提方法能够在保证电网调频效果的基础上,有效降低储能充放电深度。
文摘新能源装机占比的快速提高显著降低了系统惯量水平,在线评估电网的频率安全裕度可有效指导系统安全运行。首先在分析系统惯量组成的基础上,提出了考虑负荷特性与外受电水平的电网惯量计算方法,得到了电网惯量充裕度指标与频率变化率(rate of change of frequency,RoCoF)指标。然后基于惯量充裕度指标与RoCoF,分析了故障冲击、外受电水平和马达惯量对系统频率安全的影响,提出了区域电网互供能力分析方法。其次通过仿真验证了指标的准确性,检验了等效惯量和电源出力均具有置换特点。最后提出了电网惯量充裕度在线评估流程及安全运行域分析方法,为指导电网安全运行提供了决策依据。
文摘高比例可再生能源机组的接入和大量火电机组退出,导致电网系统的惯量支撑和一次调频能力下降,降低了系统的频率稳定性。文章首先考虑光伏机组的惯量支撑和一次调频能力,建立了计及新能源惯量支撑和一次调频能力的电力系统频率响应模型;其次,引入最大频率偏差、稳态频率偏差、最大频率变化率(Rate of Change of Frequency,RoCoF)幅值3个指标,对不同新能源渗透率场景下的频率特性进行量化评估。最后,基于DigSILIENT/PowerFac-tory15.1搭建含光伏机组的3机9节点系统仿真模型。仿真结果表明,尽管RoCoF幅值指标在不同渗透率场景下的数值均大于全同步机系统,但在惯性时间常数较大时,高渗透率场景下的最大频率偏差指标优于全同步机系统。
文摘利用温控负荷(thermostatically controlled load,TCL)作为调频资源参与电网调频是应对高比例可再生能源发电并网导致电力系统维持频率稳定能力下降的有效手段。文中提出一种基于动态下垂控制的TCL一次调频控制策略,考虑聚合商TCL平均温度状态(state of temperature,SOT)、调频容量和系统频率变化率,构建动态下垂控制模型,实时调整下垂控制系数,改变TCL聚合商调频参与度。当向上调频时,锁定关状态TCL;当向下调频时,锁定开状态TCL,确保频率快速恢复至额定值附近。同时,为确保用户的舒适度,利用TCL的SOT优先级排序列表派遣法,确定TCL参与调频顺序。在Matlab/Simulink平台上进行仿真分析,仿真结果验证了文中所提策略在确保用户舒适度、改善频率质量等方面的有效性。
