The two one-state-variable, rate- and state-dependent friction laws, i.e., the slip and slowness laws, are com- pared on the basis of dynamical behavior of a one-degree-of-freedom spring-slider model through numerical...The two one-state-variable, rate- and state-dependent friction laws, i.e., the slip and slowness laws, are com- pared on the basis of dynamical behavior of a one-degree-of-freedom spring-slider model through numerical simulations. Results show that two (normalized) model parameters, i.e., A (the normalized characteristic slip distance) and β-α (the difference in two normalized parameters of friction laws), control the solutions. From given values of △, β, and α, for the slowness laws, the solution exists and the unique non-zero fixed point is stable when △〉(β-α), yet not when △ 〈(β-α). For the slip law, the solution exists for large ranges of model parameters and the number and stability of the non-zero fixed points change from one case to another. Results suggest that the slip law is more appropriate for controlling earthquake dynamics than the slowness law.展开更多
The dynamic analysis and optimal design of reactive extraction are challenging due to high nonlinearity of model equations and tough decision of judging criteria. In this work, a dynamic rate-based method is developed...The dynamic analysis and optimal design of reactive extraction are challenging due to high nonlinearity of model equations and tough decision of judging criteria. In this work, a dynamic rate-based method is developed on g PROMS platform to get easy access to the solutions of reactive extraction with phase splitting. Based on rigorous criteria, dynamic analysis from initial state to final equilibrium(e.g., evolution of phase composition, mass transfer rate and reaction rate) and optimal design of operating conditions(e.g., extractant dosage and feed molar ratio) are achieved. To illustrate the method, the esterification of n-hexyl acetate is taken as an example. The approach proves to be reliable in the analysis and optimization of the exemplified system, which provides instructive reference for further process design and simulation of reactive extraction.展开更多
We propose a Rate-Distortion (RD) optimized strategy for frame-dropping and scheduling of multi-user conversa- tional and streaming videos. We consider a scenario where conversational and streaming videos share the fo...We propose a Rate-Distortion (RD) optimized strategy for frame-dropping and scheduling of multi-user conversa- tional and streaming videos. We consider a scenario where conversational and streaming videos share the forwarding resources at a network node. Two buffers are setup on the node to temporarily store the packets for these two types of video applications. For streaming video, a big buffer is used as the associated delay constraint of the application is moderate and a very small buffer is used for conversational video to ensure that the forwarding delay of every packet is limited. A scheduler is located behind these two buffers that dynamically assigns transmission slots on the outgoing link to the two buffers. Rate-distortion side information is used to perform RD-optimized frame dropping in case of node overload. Sharing the data rate on the outgoing link between the con- versational and the streaming videos is done either based on the fullness of the two associated buffers or on the mean incoming rates of the respective videos. Simulation results showed that our proposed RD-optimized frame dropping and scheduling ap- proach provides significant improvements in performance over the popular priority-based random dropping (PRD) technique.展开更多
Thin wail component is utilized to absorb impact energy of a structure. However, the dynamic behavior of such thin-walled structure is highly non-linear with material, geometry and boundary non-linearity. A model upda...Thin wail component is utilized to absorb impact energy of a structure. However, the dynamic behavior of such thin-walled structure is highly non-linear with material, geometry and boundary non-linearity. A model updating and validation procedure is proposed to build accurate finite element model of a frame structure with a non-linear thin-walled component for dynamic analysis. Design of experiments (DOE) and principal component decomposition (PCD) approach are applied to extract dynamic feature from nonlinear impact response for correlation of impact test result and FE model of the non-linear structure. A strain-rate-dependent non-linear model updating method is then developed to build accurate FE model of the structure. Computer simulation and a real frame structure with a highly non-linear thin-walled component are employed to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach.展开更多
In this paper, we propose a new method to derive a family of regular rate-compatible low-density parity-check(RC-LDPC) convolutional codes from RC-LDPC block codes. In the RC-LDPC convolutional family, each extended...In this paper, we propose a new method to derive a family of regular rate-compatible low-density parity-check(RC-LDPC) convolutional codes from RC-LDPC block codes. In the RC-LDPC convolutional family, each extended sub-matrix of each extended code is obtained by choosing specified elements from two fixed matrices HE1K and HE1K, which are derived by modifying the extended matrices HE1 and HE2 of a systematic RC-LDPC block code. The proposed method which is based on graph extension simplifies the design, and prevent the defects caused by the puncturing method. It can be used to generate both regular and irregular RC-LDPC convolutional codes. All resulted codes in the family are systematic which simplify the encoder structure and have maximum encoding memories which ensure the property. Simulation results show the family collectively offer a steady improvement in performance with code compatibility over binary-input additive white Gaussian noise channel(BI-AWGNC).展开更多
We use an efficient earthquake simulator that incorporates rate-state constitutive properties and uses boundary element method to discretize the fault surfaces, to generate the synthetic earthquakes in the fault syste...We use an efficient earthquake simulator that incorporates rate-state constitutive properties and uses boundary element method to discretize the fault surfaces, to generate the synthetic earthquakes in the fault system. Rate-and-state seismicity equation is subsequently employed to calculate the seismicity rate in a region of interest using the Coulomb stress transfer from the main shocks in the fault system. The Coulomb stress transfer is obtained by resolving the induced stresses due to the fault patch slips onto the optimal-oriented fault planes. The example results show that immediately after a main shock the aftershocks are concentrated in the vicinity of the rupture area due to positive stress transfers and then dis- perse away into the surrounding region toward the back- ground rate distribution. The number of aftershocks near the rupture region is found to decay with time as Omori aftershock decay law predicts. The example results dem- onstrate that the rate-and-state fault system earthquakesimulator and the seismicity equations based on the rate- state friction nucleation of earthquake are well posited to characterize the aftershock distribution in regional assess- ments of earthquake probabilities.展开更多
This paper reported the design and implementation of a bit rate adaptive Optical Electronic Optical (O/E/O) transponder accomplishing almost full data rate transparency up to 2.5 Gb/s with 3R (Reamplifying, Reshaping ...This paper reported the design and implementation of a bit rate adaptive Optical Electronic Optical (O/E/O) transponder accomplishing almost full data rate transparency up to 2.5 Gb/s with 3R (Reamplifying, Reshaping and Retiming) processing in electronic domain. Based on the chipsets performing clock recovery in several continuous bit rate ranges, a clock and data regenerating circuit self adaptive to the bit rate of input signal was developed. Key design issues were presented, laying stress on the functional building blocks and scheme for the bit rate adaptive retiming circuit. The experimental results show a good scalability performance.展开更多
Based on irreversible thermodynamics, the criterion for judging the satisfaction of consistency conditions in rate-dependent constitutive relationship is deduced by introducing four basic hypotheses. Formulas for solv...Based on irreversible thermodynamics, the criterion for judging the satisfaction of consistency conditions in rate-dependent constitutive relationship is deduced by introducing four basic hypotheses. Formulas for solving internal variables are given. It makes the rate-dependent model applicable no matter whether the consistency conditions can be satisfied or not.展开更多
Rate control is a key technology in the fields of video coding and transmission, and it has attracted a great attention and has been studied extensively. The TM5 framework of MPEG-2 is a classical rate control algo-ri...Rate control is a key technology in the fields of video coding and transmission, and it has attracted a great attention and has been studied extensively. The TM5 framework of MPEG-2 is a classical rate control algo-rithm and has being widely used. However, it has some underlying drawbacks during practical applications such as the poor rate control precision and high computational complexity. Hence, in this paper, a novel rate-control algorithm based on the TM5 framework is proposed. The drawback of the target bit allocation method of the original TM5 algorithm is firstly analyzed and improved. Then, a new rate-distortion model is incorporated into the rate control algorithm to implement rate prediction to enhance the rate-control precision. Meanwhile, the macro-block (MB) level rate control is adapted to be frame level to reduce the computational complexity. Experiments are conducted and some results are given. Compared with the original TM5 algo-rithm, the improved novel algorithm not only can enhance the rate-control precision but also can reduce the complexity and the fluctuation of decoded image quality.展开更多
To solve the flight safety problem caused by nonlinear instabilities(category II pilot induced oscillations, PIOs) of the closed-loop pilot-vehicle system with rate-limiting actuator, the antiwindup(AW) compensati...To solve the flight safety problem caused by nonlinear instabilities(category II pilot induced oscillations, PIOs) of the closed-loop pilot-vehicle system with rate-limiting actuator, the antiwindup(AW) compensation method to avoid category II PIOs is investigated. Firstly, the AW compensation method originally used for controlling input magnitude limited system is introduced, then this method is extended for controlling input rate-limiting system through a circle criterion theorem. Secondly, the establishment of the AW compensator is transformed into the solving of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, an AW compensator establishment algorithm for the closed-loop pilot-vehicle system with the rate-limiting actuator is obtained. The effectiveness of the AW compensation method to avoid category II PIOs is validated by time-domain simulations,and compared with rate-limited feedback(RLF) command rate compensation method. The results show that the AW compensation method can effectively suppress category II PIOs and maintain the nominal performance when the closed-loop pilot-vehicle system is normal. Unlike the command rate compensator which works upon system uninterruptedly, the AW compensation method affects the closed-loop pilot-vehicle system only when the rate-limiting of actuator is activated, so it is a novel PIO avoidance method.展开更多
Background: Both 30% supramolecular salicylic acid (SA) and isotretinoin erythromycin gel (IEG) have proven efficacy with good safety profiles in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Objectives: This study compared the cli...Background: Both 30% supramolecular salicylic acid (SA) and isotretinoin erythromycin gel (IEG) have proven efficacy with good safety profiles in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Objectives: This study compared the clinical efficacy and safety of 30% SA peeling and IEG in the treatment of moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris. Methods: Patients with moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris were randomized into 3 groups of 30 persons each, and treated with SA peel, or IEG, or SA combine with IEG (SA + IEG group). Evaluation of acne was done by effective rate and individual lesion counts. And the adverse effects and recurrence were recorded. Results: The SA + IEG group was better in clinical efficacy and treating noninflammatory and inflammatory lesions than that of single treatment group (P 0.05). Conclusion: 30% SA combined with IEG had a significant effect in the treatment of moderate-to-severe acne lesions.展开更多
In recent years, MIMO technology has emerged as one of the technical breakthroughs in the field of wireless communications. Two famous MIMO techniques have become investigated thoroughly throughout the literature;Spat...In recent years, MIMO technology has emerged as one of the technical breakthroughs in the field of wireless communications. Two famous MIMO techniques have become investigated thoroughly throughout the literature;Spatial Multiplexing, and Space Time Block Coding. On one hand, Spatial Multiplexing offers high data rates. On the other hand, Space Time Block Coding presents transmission fidelity. This imposes a fundamental tradeoff between capacity and reliability. Adaptive MIMO Switching schemes have been proposed to select the MIMO scheme that best fits the channel conditions. However, the switching schemes presented in the literature directly switch between the MIMO endpoints. In this paper, an adaptive MIMO system that incrementally switches from multiplexing towards diversity is proposed. The proposed scheme is referred to as incremental diversity and can be set to operate in two different modes;Rate-Adaptive, and Energy-Conservative Incremental Diversity. Results indicate that the proposed incremental diversity framework achieves transmission reliability offered by MIMO diversity, while maintaining a gradual increase in spectral efficiency (in the Rate-Adaptive mode) or a reduction in required number of received symbols (in the Energy-Conservative mode) with increase in the SNR.展开更多
Steganography based on bits-modification of speech frames is a kind of commonly used method, which targets at RTP payloads and offers covert communications over voice-over-IP(Vo IP). However, direct modification on fr...Steganography based on bits-modification of speech frames is a kind of commonly used method, which targets at RTP payloads and offers covert communications over voice-over-IP(Vo IP). However, direct modification on frames is often independent of the inherent speech features, which may lead to great degradation of speech quality. A novel frame-bitrate-change based steganography is proposed in this work, which discovers a novel covert channel for Vo IP and introduces less distortion. This method exploits the feature of multi-rate speech codecs that the practical bitrate of speech frame is identified only by speech decoder at receiving end. Based on this characteristic, two steganography strategies called bitrate downgrading(BD) and bitrate switching(BS)are provided. The first strategy substitutes high bit-rate speech frames with lower ones to embed secret message, which introduces very low distortion in practice, and much less than other bits-modification based methods with the same embedding capacity. The second one encodes secret message bits into different types of speech frames, which is an alternative choice for supplement. The two strategies are implemented and tested on our covert communication system Steg Vo IP. The experiment results show that our proposed method is effective and fulfills the real-time requirement of Vo IP communication.展开更多
The total stress response of material is decomposed into a sum of an equilibrium stress response and a non-equilibrium overstress response. Correspondingly, the rate-independent intrinsic time and the rate-dependent i...The total stress response of material is decomposed into a sum of an equilibrium stress response and a non-equilibrium overstress response. Correspondingly, the rate-independent intrinsic time and the rate-dependent intrinsic time are defined respectively. Additional hardening functions for describing the isotropic and anisotropic nonproportional effects are assumed to be related to the accumulation of plastic strain component along the normal of equilibrium stress trajectory, in which the effects of geometry of the loading path are included. An endochronic constitutive model for rate-dependent, nonproportional cyclic plasticity is formulated and applied to simulate the stress responses of stainless steel XCrNil8. 9 for some typical loading programs at different loading rates. A comparison between predicted results and experimental ones by Haupt and Lion shows that the former are in agreement with the latter.展开更多
Updating parameters according to the driving rate of input, the rate-dependent Prandtl-Ishlinskii (PI) model is widely used in hysteresis modeling and compensation. In order to improve the modeling accuracy, two PI mo...Updating parameters according to the driving rate of input, the rate-dependent Prandtl-Ishlinskii (PI) model is widely used in hysteresis modeling and compensation. In order to improve the modeling accuracy, two PI models identified at low and high driving rates separately are incorporated through a combination law. For the piezo- driven flexure-based mechanism, the very low damping ratio makes it easy to excite the structural vibration. As a re- sult, the measured hysteresis loop is greatly distorted and the modeling accuracy of the identified PI model is signifi- cantly affected. In this paper, a novel time-efficient parameter identification method which utilizes the superimposed sinusoidal signals as the control input is proposed. This method effectively avoids the excitation of the structural vibra- tion. In addition, as the driving rate of the superimposed sinusoidal signals covers a wide range, all the coefficients required for modeling the rate-dependence can be identified through only one set of experimental data. Hysteresis modeling and trajectory tracking experiments were performed on a 2-DOF piezo-driven flexure-based mechanism. The experimental results show that the combined hysteresis model maintains the modeling accuracy over the entire work- ing range of the flexure-based mechanism. The mechanism's hysteresis is significantly suppressed by the use of the inverse PI model as the feedforward controller; and better result is achieved when a feedback loop is also incorporated. The tracking performance of the flexure-based mechanism is greatly improved.展开更多
Incorporating rate and state friction laws, stability of linearly stable (i.e., with stiffness greater than the critical value) spring-slider systems subjected to triggering perturbations was analyzed under variable...Incorporating rate and state friction laws, stability of linearly stable (i.e., with stiffness greater than the critical value) spring-slider systems subjected to triggering perturbations was analyzed under variable normal stress condition, and comparison was made between our results and that of fixed normal stress cases revealed in previous studies. For systems associated with the slip law, the critical mag- nitude of rate steps for triggering unstable slips are found to have a similar pattern to the fixed normal stress case, and the critical velocity steps scale with a/(b - a) when k = kcr for both cases. The rate-step boundaries for the variable normal stress cases are revealed to be lower than the fixed normal stress case by 7 %-16 % for a relatively large ct = 0.56 with (b - a)/a ranging from 0.25 to 1, indicating easier triggering under the variable normal stress condition with rate steps. The difference between fixed and variable normal stress cases decreases when the α value is smaller. In the same slip- law-type systems, critical displacements to trigger instability are revealed to be little affected by the variable normal stress condition. When k 〉 kcr(V,), a spring-slider system with the slowness law is much more stable than with the slip law,suggesting that the slowness law fits experimental data better when a single state variable is adopted. In stick-slip motions, the variable normal stress case has larger stress drops than the constant normal stress case. The variable normal stress has little effect on the range of slip velocity in systems associated with the slowness law, whereas systems associated with the slip law have a slowest slip velocity immensely smaller than the fixed normal stress case, by ~ 10 orders of magnitude.展开更多
This work focuses on the uniqueness of rate-dependency, creep and stress relaxation behaviors for soft clays under one-dimensional condition. An elasto-viscoplastic model is briefly introduced based on the rate-depend...This work focuses on the uniqueness of rate-dependency, creep and stress relaxation behaviors for soft clays under one-dimensional condition. An elasto-viscoplastic model is briefly introduced based on the rate-dependency of preconsolidation pressure. By comparing the rate-dependency formulation with the creep based formulation, the relationship between rate-dependency and creep behaviors is firstly described. The rate-dependency based formulation is then extended to derive an analytical solution for the stress relaxation behavior with defining a stress relaxation coefficient. Based on this, the relationship between the rate-dependency coefficient and the stress relaxation coefficient is derived. Therefore, the uniqueness between behaviors of rate-dependency, creep and stress relaxation with their key parameters is obtained. The uniqueness is finally validated by comparing the simulated rate-dependency of preconsolidation pressure, the estimated values of secondary compression coefficient and simulations of stress relaxation tests with test results on both reconstituted Illite and Berthierville clay.展开更多
基金supported by Academia Sinica (Taipei) and Science Council (Grant NSC96-2116-M-001-012-MY3).
文摘The two one-state-variable, rate- and state-dependent friction laws, i.e., the slip and slowness laws, are com- pared on the basis of dynamical behavior of a one-degree-of-freedom spring-slider model through numerical simulations. Results show that two (normalized) model parameters, i.e., A (the normalized characteristic slip distance) and β-α (the difference in two normalized parameters of friction laws), control the solutions. From given values of △, β, and α, for the slowness laws, the solution exists and the unique non-zero fixed point is stable when △〉(β-α), yet not when △ 〈(β-α). For the slip law, the solution exists for large ranges of model parameters and the number and stability of the non-zero fixed points change from one case to another. Results suggest that the slip law is more appropriate for controlling earthquake dynamics than the slowness law.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21776074,21576081,2181101120).
文摘The dynamic analysis and optimal design of reactive extraction are challenging due to high nonlinearity of model equations and tough decision of judging criteria. In this work, a dynamic rate-based method is developed on g PROMS platform to get easy access to the solutions of reactive extraction with phase splitting. Based on rigorous criteria, dynamic analysis from initial state to final equilibrium(e.g., evolution of phase composition, mass transfer rate and reaction rate) and optimal design of operating conditions(e.g., extractant dosage and feed molar ratio) are achieved. To illustrate the method, the esterification of n-hexyl acetate is taken as an example. The approach proves to be reliable in the analysis and optimization of the exemplified system, which provides instructive reference for further process design and simulation of reactive extraction.
基金Project (No. STE1093/1-1) supported by the German ResearchFoundation, Germany
文摘We propose a Rate-Distortion (RD) optimized strategy for frame-dropping and scheduling of multi-user conversa- tional and streaming videos. We consider a scenario where conversational and streaming videos share the forwarding resources at a network node. Two buffers are setup on the node to temporarily store the packets for these two types of video applications. For streaming video, a big buffer is used as the associated delay constraint of the application is moderate and a very small buffer is used for conversational video to ensure that the forwarding delay of every packet is limited. A scheduler is located behind these two buffers that dynamically assigns transmission slots on the outgoing link to the two buffers. Rate-distortion side information is used to perform RD-optimized frame dropping in case of node overload. Sharing the data rate on the outgoing link between the con- versational and the streaming videos is done either based on the fullness of the two associated buffers or on the mean incoming rates of the respective videos. Simulation results showed that our proposed RD-optimized frame dropping and scheduling ap- proach provides significant improvements in performance over the popular priority-based random dropping (PRD) technique.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50575101).
文摘Thin wail component is utilized to absorb impact energy of a structure. However, the dynamic behavior of such thin-walled structure is highly non-linear with material, geometry and boundary non-linearity. A model updating and validation procedure is proposed to build accurate finite element model of a frame structure with a non-linear thin-walled component for dynamic analysis. Design of experiments (DOE) and principal component decomposition (PCD) approach are applied to extract dynamic feature from nonlinear impact response for correlation of impact test result and FE model of the non-linear structure. A strain-rate-dependent non-linear model updating method is then developed to build accurate FE model of the structure. Computer simulation and a real frame structure with a highly non-linear thin-walled component are employed to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61401164,No.61201145,No.61471175)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China(No.2014A030310308)the Supporting Plan for New Century Excellent Talents of the Ministry of Education(No.NCET-13-0805)
文摘In this paper, we propose a new method to derive a family of regular rate-compatible low-density parity-check(RC-LDPC) convolutional codes from RC-LDPC block codes. In the RC-LDPC convolutional family, each extended sub-matrix of each extended code is obtained by choosing specified elements from two fixed matrices HE1K and HE1K, which are derived by modifying the extended matrices HE1 and HE2 of a systematic RC-LDPC block code. The proposed method which is based on graph extension simplifies the design, and prevent the defects caused by the puncturing method. It can be used to generate both regular and irregular RC-LDPC convolutional codes. All resulted codes in the family are systematic which simplify the encoder structure and have maximum encoding memories which ensure the property. Simulation results show the family collectively offer a steady improvement in performance with code compatibility over binary-input additive white Gaussian noise channel(BI-AWGNC).
基金supported by the NSF Frontiers in Earth-System Dynamics(EAR-1135455)the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment(XSEDE),which is supported by National Natural Science Foundation grant No.OCI-1053575the Blue Waters sustained-petascale computing project,which is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(award No.OCI 07-25070)and the state of Illinois
文摘We use an efficient earthquake simulator that incorporates rate-state constitutive properties and uses boundary element method to discretize the fault surfaces, to generate the synthetic earthquakes in the fault system. Rate-and-state seismicity equation is subsequently employed to calculate the seismicity rate in a region of interest using the Coulomb stress transfer from the main shocks in the fault system. The Coulomb stress transfer is obtained by resolving the induced stresses due to the fault patch slips onto the optimal-oriented fault planes. The example results show that immediately after a main shock the aftershocks are concentrated in the vicinity of the rupture area due to positive stress transfers and then dis- perse away into the surrounding region toward the back- ground rate distribution. The number of aftershocks near the rupture region is found to decay with time as Omori aftershock decay law predicts. The example results dem- onstrate that the rate-and-state fault system earthquakesimulator and the seismicity equations based on the rate- state friction nucleation of earthquake are well posited to characterize the aftershock distribution in regional assess- ments of earthquake probabilities.
基金National High Project Fund (863 ) (No.2 0 0 1AA12 10 73 )
文摘This paper reported the design and implementation of a bit rate adaptive Optical Electronic Optical (O/E/O) transponder accomplishing almost full data rate transparency up to 2.5 Gb/s with 3R (Reamplifying, Reshaping and Retiming) processing in electronic domain. Based on the chipsets performing clock recovery in several continuous bit rate ranges, a clock and data regenerating circuit self adaptive to the bit rate of input signal was developed. Key design issues were presented, laying stress on the functional building blocks and scheme for the bit rate adaptive retiming circuit. The experimental results show a good scalability performance.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.59739180)the Foundation of National Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering of Dalian University of Technology(No.9701)
文摘Based on irreversible thermodynamics, the criterion for judging the satisfaction of consistency conditions in rate-dependent constitutive relationship is deduced by introducing four basic hypotheses. Formulas for solving internal variables are given. It makes the rate-dependent model applicable no matter whether the consistency conditions can be satisfied or not.
文摘Rate control is a key technology in the fields of video coding and transmission, and it has attracted a great attention and has been studied extensively. The TM5 framework of MPEG-2 is a classical rate control algo-rithm and has being widely used. However, it has some underlying drawbacks during practical applications such as the poor rate control precision and high computational complexity. Hence, in this paper, a novel rate-control algorithm based on the TM5 framework is proposed. The drawback of the target bit allocation method of the original TM5 algorithm is firstly analyzed and improved. Then, a new rate-distortion model is incorporated into the rate control algorithm to implement rate prediction to enhance the rate-control precision. Meanwhile, the macro-block (MB) level rate control is adapted to be frame level to reduce the computational complexity. Experiments are conducted and some results are given. Compared with the original TM5 algo-rithm, the improved novel algorithm not only can enhance the rate-control precision but also can reduce the complexity and the fluctuation of decoded image quality.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program(973Program)(2015CB755805)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61374145)
文摘To solve the flight safety problem caused by nonlinear instabilities(category II pilot induced oscillations, PIOs) of the closed-loop pilot-vehicle system with rate-limiting actuator, the antiwindup(AW) compensation method to avoid category II PIOs is investigated. Firstly, the AW compensation method originally used for controlling input magnitude limited system is introduced, then this method is extended for controlling input rate-limiting system through a circle criterion theorem. Secondly, the establishment of the AW compensator is transformed into the solving of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, an AW compensator establishment algorithm for the closed-loop pilot-vehicle system with the rate-limiting actuator is obtained. The effectiveness of the AW compensation method to avoid category II PIOs is validated by time-domain simulations,and compared with rate-limited feedback(RLF) command rate compensation method. The results show that the AW compensation method can effectively suppress category II PIOs and maintain the nominal performance when the closed-loop pilot-vehicle system is normal. Unlike the command rate compensator which works upon system uninterruptedly, the AW compensation method affects the closed-loop pilot-vehicle system only when the rate-limiting of actuator is activated, so it is a novel PIO avoidance method.
文摘Background: Both 30% supramolecular salicylic acid (SA) and isotretinoin erythromycin gel (IEG) have proven efficacy with good safety profiles in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Objectives: This study compared the clinical efficacy and safety of 30% SA peeling and IEG in the treatment of moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris. Methods: Patients with moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris were randomized into 3 groups of 30 persons each, and treated with SA peel, or IEG, or SA combine with IEG (SA + IEG group). Evaluation of acne was done by effective rate and individual lesion counts. And the adverse effects and recurrence were recorded. Results: The SA + IEG group was better in clinical efficacy and treating noninflammatory and inflammatory lesions than that of single treatment group (P 0.05). Conclusion: 30% SA combined with IEG had a significant effect in the treatment of moderate-to-severe acne lesions.
文摘In recent years, MIMO technology has emerged as one of the technical breakthroughs in the field of wireless communications. Two famous MIMO techniques have become investigated thoroughly throughout the literature;Spatial Multiplexing, and Space Time Block Coding. On one hand, Spatial Multiplexing offers high data rates. On the other hand, Space Time Block Coding presents transmission fidelity. This imposes a fundamental tradeoff between capacity and reliability. Adaptive MIMO Switching schemes have been proposed to select the MIMO scheme that best fits the channel conditions. However, the switching schemes presented in the literature directly switch between the MIMO endpoints. In this paper, an adaptive MIMO system that incrementally switches from multiplexing towards diversity is proposed. The proposed scheme is referred to as incremental diversity and can be set to operate in two different modes;Rate-Adaptive, and Energy-Conservative Incremental Diversity. Results indicate that the proposed incremental diversity framework achieves transmission reliability offered by MIMO diversity, while maintaining a gradual increase in spectral efficiency (in the Rate-Adaptive mode) or a reduction in required number of received symbols (in the Energy-Conservative mode) with increase in the SNR.
基金Project(2011CB302305)supported by National Basic Research Program(973 Program)of ChinaProjects(61232004,61302094)supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China+2 种基金Project(ZQN-PY115)supported by Promotion Program for Young and Middle-aged Teacher in Science and Technology Research of Huaqiao University,ChinaProject(JA13012)supported by Education Science Research Program for Young and Middle-aged Teacher of Fujian Province of ChinaProject(2014J01238)supported by Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China
文摘Steganography based on bits-modification of speech frames is a kind of commonly used method, which targets at RTP payloads and offers covert communications over voice-over-IP(Vo IP). However, direct modification on frames is often independent of the inherent speech features, which may lead to great degradation of speech quality. A novel frame-bitrate-change based steganography is proposed in this work, which discovers a novel covert channel for Vo IP and introduces less distortion. This method exploits the feature of multi-rate speech codecs that the practical bitrate of speech frame is identified only by speech decoder at receiving end. Based on this characteristic, two steganography strategies called bitrate downgrading(BD) and bitrate switching(BS)are provided. The first strategy substitutes high bit-rate speech frames with lower ones to embed secret message, which introduces very low distortion in practice, and much less than other bits-modification based methods with the same embedding capacity. The second one encodes secret message bits into different types of speech frames, which is an alternative choice for supplement. The two strategies are implemented and tested on our covert communication system Steg Vo IP. The experiment results show that our proposed method is effective and fulfills the real-time requirement of Vo IP communication.
基金the National Natural Science Foundationthe Science Foundation of the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of China.
文摘The total stress response of material is decomposed into a sum of an equilibrium stress response and a non-equilibrium overstress response. Correspondingly, the rate-independent intrinsic time and the rate-dependent intrinsic time are defined respectively. Additional hardening functions for describing the isotropic and anisotropic nonproportional effects are assumed to be related to the accumulation of plastic strain component along the normal of equilibrium stress trajectory, in which the effects of geometry of the loading path are included. An endochronic constitutive model for rate-dependent, nonproportional cyclic plasticity is formulated and applied to simulate the stress responses of stainless steel XCrNil8. 9 for some typical loading programs at different loading rates. A comparison between predicted results and experimental ones by Haupt and Lion shows that the former are in agreement with the latter.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51175372)National Key Special Project of Science and Technology of China (No. 2011ZX04016-011)
文摘Updating parameters according to the driving rate of input, the rate-dependent Prandtl-Ishlinskii (PI) model is widely used in hysteresis modeling and compensation. In order to improve the modeling accuracy, two PI models identified at low and high driving rates separately are incorporated through a combination law. For the piezo- driven flexure-based mechanism, the very low damping ratio makes it easy to excite the structural vibration. As a re- sult, the measured hysteresis loop is greatly distorted and the modeling accuracy of the identified PI model is signifi- cantly affected. In this paper, a novel time-efficient parameter identification method which utilizes the superimposed sinusoidal signals as the control input is proposed. This method effectively avoids the excitation of the structural vibra- tion. In addition, as the driving rate of the superimposed sinusoidal signals covers a wide range, all the coefficients required for modeling the rate-dependence can be identified through only one set of experimental data. Hysteresis modeling and trajectory tracking experiments were performed on a 2-DOF piezo-driven flexure-based mechanism. The experimental results show that the combined hysteresis model maintains the modeling accuracy over the entire work- ing range of the flexure-based mechanism. The mechanism's hysteresis is significantly suppressed by the use of the inverse PI model as the feedforward controller; and better result is achieved when a feedback loop is also incorporated. The tracking performance of the flexure-based mechanism is greatly improved.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.40574080 and 41274186
文摘Incorporating rate and state friction laws, stability of linearly stable (i.e., with stiffness greater than the critical value) spring-slider systems subjected to triggering perturbations was analyzed under variable normal stress condition, and comparison was made between our results and that of fixed normal stress cases revealed in previous studies. For systems associated with the slip law, the critical mag- nitude of rate steps for triggering unstable slips are found to have a similar pattern to the fixed normal stress case, and the critical velocity steps scale with a/(b - a) when k = kcr for both cases. The rate-step boundaries for the variable normal stress cases are revealed to be lower than the fixed normal stress case by 7 %-16 % for a relatively large ct = 0.56 with (b - a)/a ranging from 0.25 to 1, indicating easier triggering under the variable normal stress condition with rate steps. The difference between fixed and variable normal stress cases decreases when the α value is smaller. In the same slip- law-type systems, critical displacements to trigger instability are revealed to be little affected by the variable normal stress condition. When k 〉 kcr(V,), a spring-slider system with the slowness law is much more stable than with the slip law,suggesting that the slowness law fits experimental data better when a single state variable is adopted. In stick-slip motions, the variable normal stress case has larger stress drops than the constant normal stress case. The variable normal stress has little effect on the range of slip velocity in systems associated with the slowness law, whereas systems associated with the slip law have a slowest slip velocity immensely smaller than the fixed normal stress case, by ~ 10 orders of magnitude.
基金Projects(41372285,41272317,51278449,51238009)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(20110073120012)supported by Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of ChinaProject(PIAPP-GA2011-286397)supported by the European Program CREEP
文摘This work focuses on the uniqueness of rate-dependency, creep and stress relaxation behaviors for soft clays under one-dimensional condition. An elasto-viscoplastic model is briefly introduced based on the rate-dependency of preconsolidation pressure. By comparing the rate-dependency formulation with the creep based formulation, the relationship between rate-dependency and creep behaviors is firstly described. The rate-dependency based formulation is then extended to derive an analytical solution for the stress relaxation behavior with defining a stress relaxation coefficient. Based on this, the relationship between the rate-dependency coefficient and the stress relaxation coefficient is derived. Therefore, the uniqueness between behaviors of rate-dependency, creep and stress relaxation with their key parameters is obtained. The uniqueness is finally validated by comparing the simulated rate-dependency of preconsolidation pressure, the estimated values of secondary compression coefficient and simulations of stress relaxation tests with test results on both reconstituted Illite and Berthierville clay.