Field testing of shear strength of granite residual soils

The characteristics of residual soils are very different from those of sedimentary soils.Although the strength characteristics of sedimentary soils have been studied extensively,the shear strength characteristics of granitic residual soils(GRS)subjected to the weathering of parent rocks have rarely been investigated.In this study,the shear strength characteristics of GRS in the Taishan area of southeast China(TSGRS)were studied by field and laboratory tests.The field tests consisted of a cone penetration test(CPT),borehole shear test(BST),self-boring pressuremeter test(SBPT),and seismic dilatometer Marchetti test(SDMT).The shortcomings of laboratory testing are obvious,with potential disturbances arising through the sampling,transportation,and preparation of soil samples.Due to the special structure of GRS samples and the ease of disturbance,the results obtained from laboratory tests were generally lower than those obtained from situ tests.The CPT and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)results indicated significant weathering and crustal hardening in the shallow TSGRS.This resulted in significant differences in the strength and strength parameters of shallow soil obtained by the BST.Based on the SDMT and SBPT results,a comprehensive evaluation method of shear strength for TSGRS was proposed.The SBPT was suitable for evaluating the strength of shallow GRS.The material index(ID)and horizontal stress index(KD)values obtained by the SDMT satisfied the empirical relationship proposed by Marchetti based on the ID index,and were therefore considered suitable for the evaluation of the shear strength of deep GRS.

Estimation of residual shear strength ratios of liquefied soil deposits from shear wave velocity

For sites susceptible to liquefaction induced lateral spreading during a probable earthquake, geotechnical engineers often need to know the undrained residual shear strength of the liquefied soil deposit to estimate lateral spreading displacements, and the forces acting on the piles from the liquefied soils in order to perform post liquefaction stability analyses. The most commonly used methods to estimate the undrained residual shear strength （Su~） of liquefied sand deposits are based on the correlations determined from liquefaction induced flow failures with SPT and CPT data. In this study, 44 lateral spread case histories are analyzed and a new relationship based on only lateral spread case histories is recommended, which estimates the residual shear strength ratio of the liquefiable soil layer from normalized shear wave velocity. The new proposed method is also utilized to estimate the residual lateral displacement of an example bridge problem in an area susceptible to lateral spreading in order to provide insight into how the proposed relationship can be used in geotechnical engineering practice.

Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian simulation of a modified direct shearapparatus for the measurement of residual shear strengths

The simulation of large-strain geotechnical laboratory tests with conventional Lagrangian finite element method(FEM)techniques is often problematic due to excessive mesh distortion.The multiple reversal direct shear(MRDS)test can be used to measure the residual shear strength of soils in a laboratory setting.However,modelling and simulation generally require advanced numerical methods to accommodate the large shear strains concentrated in the shear plane.In reality,when the standard direct shear(DS)apparatus is used,the MRDS method is prone to two major sources of measurement error:load cap tilting and specimen loss.These sources of error make it difficult or even impossible to correctly determine the residual shear strength.This paper presents a modified DS apparatus and multi-reversal multi-stage test method,simulated using the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian(CEL)method in a finite element environment.The method was successful in evaluating equipment and preventing both load cap tilting and specimen loss,while modelling large-deformation behaviour that is not readily simulated with the conventional FEM or arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian(ALE)analysis.Thereafter,a modified DS apparatus was created for the purpose of analysing mixtures of organic materials found in an Australian clay.The results obtained from the modified DS CEL model in combination with laboratory tests show a great improvement in the measured residual shear strength profiles compared to those from the standard apparatus.The modified DS setup ensures that accurate material residual shear strengths are calculated,a factor that is vital to ensure appropriate soil behaviour is simulated for numerical analyses of large-scale geotechnical projects.

An Application of the Modified Shear Lag Model to Study the Influence of Thermal Residual Stresses on the Stiffness and Yield Strength of Short Fiber Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites

The modified shear lag model proposed recently was applied to calculate thermal residual stresses and subsequent stress distributions under tensile and compressive loadings. The expressions for the elastic moduli and the yield strengths under tensile and compressive loadings were derived which take account of thermal residual stresses. The asymmetries in the elastic modulus and the yield strength were interpreted using the derived expressions and the obtained results of the stress calculations. The model predictions have exhibited good agreements with the experimental results and also with the other theoretical predictions

Slope Stability Analyses of Outang Landslide Based on the Peak and Residual Shear Strength Behavior

Most of the natural and compacted fine-grained soil slopes that are in saturated or unsaturated condition undergo a large deformation prior to reaching failure conditions.Such slopes should be designed taking account of their strain-softening behavior using the residual shear strength (RSS) parameters.In this paper,the slope stability of a recently reactivated Outang landslide near the Three Gorges Dam in China is analyzed based on the RSS parameters of unsaturated soils.In addition,comparisons are provided in the FOS values of slope using both the peak shear strength (PSS) and RSS parameters.Firstly,a series of site investigations of the hydrologic and geologic conditions,ground surface displacements and cracks were described.The PSS and RSS behaviors of the sliding soils derived from a series of direct shear test results performed on saturated and unsaturated soil specimens are summarized.Secondly,a series of slope stability analysis were conducted considering the precipitation and Yangtze River water level variation within a representative period of 7 months,based on the PSS and the RSS properties.In this study,three different scenarios were considered,which include: i) considering only the precipitation with a constant water level;ii) considering only the decrease in water level without rainfall;iii) considering the combination of precipitation and decrease in water level.In each scenario,four steps were included to calculate the values of factor of safety (FOS) at different times.1) A steady-state seepage analysis was conducted with a constant total head at 525 m on the left boundary and 175 m on the slope surface below the Yangtze River water level.The initial pore water pressures were simulated in the slope under no precipitation and variation of water level.2) A specific boundary condition was applied on the slope surface to model the precipitation and Yangtze River water level variation.A transient seepage analysis was conducted to calculate pore water pressures at different times based on the initial pore water pressures.3) The FOS values at different times were calculated by the Morgenstern-Price method taking account of the variation of pore water pressures at different times,using the peak shear strength (PSS) parameters.4) The last step was repeated replacing PSS parameters with RSS parameters.The RSS parameters were lower than the peak values from laboratory’s direct shear test results for the soils in the sliding zones.The reduction in shear strength from peak to residual state under unsaturated soil condition was greater than that for a saturated soil.The FOS decreased almost linearly with time for the scenario in which only the influence of rainfall infiltration was considered.However,the total reduction in the FOS was relatively small.The FOS decreased rapidly at a linear rate with respect to time with a decrease in water level for the scenario in which Yangtze River water level decrease was considered.The FOS reached to a relatively constant value after Yangtze River water level reached the lowest value.The decrease in Yangtze River water level was the dominant factor that contributed to a reduction in the FOS.The FOS was strongly dependent on the development of the phreatic line after the Yangtze River water level reached the lowest value.The FOS calculated by RSS (i.e.FOSR) is less than unity;they were approximately 16% lower in comparison to that calculated by PSS (FOSP).If PSS parameters were used,the slope would still be stable even under the combined influence of precipitation and Yangtze River water level decrease.These results are inconsistent with the field observations.For this reason,the RSS parameters should be taken into account to evaluate reliably the slope stability of the Outang landslide.

Undrained vane shear strength of sand-foam mixtures subjected to different shear rates

The shear strength of sand-foam mixtures plays a crucial role in ensuring successful earth pressure balance(EPB)shield tunneling.Since the sand-foam mixtures are constantly sheared by the cutterhead and the screw conveyor with varied rotation speeds during tunneling,it is non-trivial to investigate the effect of shear rates on the undrained shear strength of sand-foam mixtures under chamber pressures to extend the understanding on the tunneling process.This study conducted a series of pressurized vane shear tests to investigate the role of shear rates on the peak and residual strengths of sand-foam mixtures at different pore states.Different from the shear-rate characteristics of natural sands or clay,the results showed that the peak strength of sand-foam mixtures under high vertical total stress(σ_(v)≥200 kPa)and low foam injection ratio(FIR30%)decreased with the increase in shear rate.Otherwise,the peak strength was not measurably affected by shear rates.The sand-foam mixtures in the residual state resembled low-viscous fluid with yield stress and the residual strength increased slightly with shear rates.In addition,the peak and residual strengths were approximately linear with vertical effective stress regardless of the total stress and FIR.The peak effective internal friction angle remained almost invariant in a low shear rate(γ′<0.25 s1)but decreased when the shear rate continued increasing.The residual effective internal friction angle was lower than the peak counterpart and insensitive to shear rates.This study unveiled the role of shear rates in the undrained shear strength of sand-foam mixtures with various FIRs and vertical total stresses.The findings can extend the understanding of the rate-dependent shear characteristics of conditioned soils and guide the decision-making of soil conditioning schemes in the EPB shield tunneling practice.

Water retention behavior and shear strength of artificially cemented granite residual soil subjected to free drying

Artificially cemented soils have been widely used as filling materials in highway and railway construction.The shear strength evolution of filling materials upon moist variation can determine the stability of subgrade and embankments.This study conducted water retention tests,MIP tests,and multi-stage triaxial shear tests on cement-treated granite residual soil(GRS)to determine its water retention curve(WRC)upon free drying,pore structure,and peak shear strength qf,respectively.The water retention behavior and shear strength evolution upon free drying were modeled based on the dual-porosity structure of cement-treated GRS and the effective stress principle,respectively.Results show that the drying-WRC is bimodal and higher cement dosage yields a more severe decrease in the water retention capacity within a specific suction range.For a given confining pressure,the peak shear strength qf increased with increasing cement dosage or suction value s.The peak shear strength qf also solely depends on the suction value in the peak stress state.In addition,the cement-treated GRS has a bimodal pore size distribution curve,and its macro-and micro-void ratios remain almost unchanged after free drying.The bimodal drying-WRC of the cement-treated GRS can be modeled by differentiating the water retention mechanisms in macro-and micro-pores.Moreover,using the macro-pore degree of saturation as the effective stress parameterχ=S_(rM),the q_(f)–p′_(f)relationship(where p′_(f)is the effective mean pressure at failure)under various suction and stress conditions can be unified,and the q_(f)–s relationships at various net confining pressuresσ_(3),net can be well reproduced.These findings can help design subgrade and embankments constructed by artificially cemented GRS and assess their safe operation upon climate change.

Experimental Studies on Cyclic Shear Behavior of Steel-Clay Interface Under Constant Normal Load

The degradation of the shear stress between pile-clay interface caused by undrained cyclic jacking affects the jacking force.A series of large displacement monotonic shear,cyclic shear and post-cyclic monotonic steel plate-clay interface shear te sts were performed under the constant normal load(CNL)condition to inve stigate the effects of normal stre ss,cyclic amplitude,and number of cycles on a steel plate-clay interface using the GDS multi-function interface shear tester.Based on the experimental results,in monotonic shear tests,change of shear stress took place in the specimen,the shear stress rapidly reached the peak value at shear displacement of 1 mm,and then abruptly decreased to the residual value.In cyclic shear te sts,accumulated displacement was a better parameter to describe the soil degradation characteristics,and the degradation degree of shear stress became greater with the increasing of normal stress and accumulated displacement.Shear stress in post-cyclic monotonic shear tests did not generate a peak value and was lower than that in monotonic shear tests under the same normal stress.The soil was completely disturbed and reached the residual strength when the cumulative displacement approached 6 m.An empirical equation to evaluate shear stress degradation mechanism was formulated and the procedure of parameter identification was presented.

短时冻融条件下残积土与冻融界面抗剪强度衰减规律对比分析

为了分析短时冻融对浅层边坡稳定性造成的影响,揭示短时冻融条件下残积土和冻融界面抗剪强度损伤规律,通过盐水降低冰点实现冻融界面,进行不同冻融条件下快剪试验。试验结果表明:冻融主要损伤发生在前3次冻融循环过程中,含水率为21.5%时损伤最大,残积土和冻融界面的黏聚力损伤分别为41%和22%,内摩擦角为14%和10%,约占趋于稳定时的85%。黏聚力的损伤程度大于内摩擦角,且随含水率的增大而增大。冻融循环对残积土和冻融界面的强度及强度指标的影响差异随含水率增大、循环次数增加、冷端温度增大而增大。冻融作用对残积土的强度指标损伤程度均较冻融界面大,且强度指标均随着冻融次数增多呈指数衰减趋势。

风积砂-黄土混合料与钢界面的环形剪切力学特性

黄土高原北侧与诸多沙漠接壤,形成了广泛分布的风积砂-黄土混合区。不同比例条件下的风积砂-黄土混合料会呈现不同的物理力学特征,且风积砂-黄土混合料地基现场施工和使用过程中常与其他材料产生界面接触力学行为,相关研究目前鲜有述及。鉴于此,本工作获得了不同掺砂率条件下的混合料最大干密度,配制相同压实度和不同掺砂率的风积砂-黄土混合料环状试样,开展不同竖向压力和剪切速率条件下的混合料与钢制界面的环形剪切试验,借助扫描电镜观测不同混合料的颗粒分布特征以及颗粒破碎特征,揭示风积砂-黄土混合料与钢制界面环形条件下的残余强度形成机制。结果表明,随着掺砂率的增大,风积砂-黄土混合料的物理力学特征由黄土向砂土过渡。竖向压力小于100 kPa条件下,混合料产生剪胀的概率增大。混合料与钢界面之间的残余强度与竖向压力呈线性关系,变化趋势符合摩尔-库仑定律。随着掺砂率的增大,风积砂颗粒破碎效应增大,混合料与钢界面之间的残余内摩擦角及残余黏聚力均会减小。剪切速率的增大会缩短混合料与钢界面之间的接触时间,两者之间的接触、咬合效应尚不足以发挥作用进而减小了界面残余强度。研究结果预测了风积砂中掺入黄土的比例,可以为风积砂地基处理提供有益参考,也可为风积砂-黄土混合料施工力学行为研究提供科学借鉴。

不同膨胀潜势等级的膨胀土残余强度环剪试验研究

为探讨不同膨胀潜势等级的膨胀土残余强度与其成分特征的相关性,采用经自主改装的环剪仪开展Denver强膨胀土、荆门中、弱膨胀土环剪试验研究,并与排水反复直接剪切试验结果进行系统对比分析,在此基础上,用实测结果探讨残余强度与土成分特征相关关系的适用性。结果表明:(1)环剪试验测得Denver强膨胀土、荆门中、弱膨胀土有效残余强度内摩擦角分别为11.3°,12.3°,23.7°,比排水反复直接剪切试验测得的低1.7°~3.3°,并无应力相关性且具很好精度,更适于在工程中应用。(2)相关经验关系和公式存在高估或者低估膨胀土有效残余强度内摩擦角的情况。(3)残余强度与土成分特征间定性关系非常明确,上述经验关系对一般土性状况下残余强度预测较为准确;但在土成分复杂状况下,定量准确预测较为困难,这也反映出实测的重要性与必要性。

循环荷载作用下粉质黏土-混凝土界面强度预测研究

基于3D扫描和打印技术,制作了与混凝土灌注桩相同的界面混凝土试件,并进行了一系列粉质黏土-混凝土界面循环剪切试验。通过粉质黏土-混凝土界面循环剪切试验,揭示不同循环周期、循环幅值条件下界面强度的衰减规律。通过对循环幅值和法向压力幂函数拟合,对循环稳定后-土界面强度衰减系数进行表征,并结合黏土-混凝土界面峰值强度模型,提出粉质黏土-混凝土界面强度衰减模型。结果表明:在15次循环后,部分循环的剪切位移-剪切应力曲线近似重合;当循环幅值逐渐增大,剪切阶段与卸载阶段应力-应变曲线均呈现线性趋势,每个循环圈内加载与卸载的斜率基本保持一致,类似“平行四边形”;不同工况的循环稳定后界面剪切峰值强度折减系数D_(τ)存在相同的变化趋势,可通过循环幅值A和法向应力σ的无量纲非线性回归分析,提出循环稳定后黏土-混凝土界面剪切峰值强度折减系数D_(τ)表征方法,其拟合度较高。

两边连接横向波纹钢板剪力墙的力学性能及板形优化

波纹钢板剪力墙作为一种新型抗侧力构件,其几何构造在一定程度上起到了加劲作用,避免了板面加劲肋的焊接问题。两边连接横向波纹钢板剪力墙可通过合理设计实现先屈服后屈曲,具有两阶段受力特征,初始抗侧刚度和残余水平承载力较高。采用有限元软件ABAQUS对两边连接横向波纹钢板剪力墙的滞回性能进行了系统的参数研究,给出了具有良好残余水平承载力的板形推荐建议。通过对影响波纹钢板剪力墙力学性能的高厚比、跨高比、波长、波形比和波纹角等几何参数进行分析,发现高厚比和跨高比对波纹钢板剪力墙抗侧性能影响最大,当波纹钢板高厚比在450~900之间,跨高比在0.7~1.0之间时,波纹钢板剪力墙具有良好的滞回性能和延性;波纹钢板的波形比及波纹角是影响两边连接横向波纹钢板剪力墙残余水平承载力和耗能能力的重要因素,波纹钢板的波形比控制在0.5~1.0之间且波形角控制在90°~120°之间时,两边连接横向波纹钢板剪力墙可获得足够的残余水平承载力。

膨胀土残余强度的变速率效应及工程启示

残余强度对滑坡的变形、稳定性具有重要影响,滑坡运动全过程中往往涉及到变速率问题,具体表现为加速率和减速率作用。为研究膨胀土残余强度的加速率和减速率效应,开展了一系列变速率环剪试验,分析了膨胀土残余强度在不同加速率和减速率条件下的变化规律,并讨论了残余强度的加速率和减速率效应在滑坡不同变形发展阶段中起的作用。结果表明:加速率和减速率均对残余强度具有强化作用(正作用),加速率对残余强度的强化作用比减速率的更显著,在较大法向应力条件下残余强度的加速率和减速率效应更显著。残余强度的加速率和减速率效应是剪切速率变化导致剪切面状态变化的结果,剪切面上土颗粒在变速率条件下须重新调整以适应新的剪切速率条件,从而导致了残余强度变化。在滑坡运动全过程当中,残余强度的加速率和减速率效应对滑坡向减速堆积状态演化有利。

平-波折钢板剪力墙往复加载试验及抗侧性能分析

该文结合普通平钢板墙(FPSW)和波折钢板墙(CPSW)的受力特点,提出了一种新型平—波折钢板剪力墙(FCPSW),即内嵌墙板由两侧平钢板和中间波折钢板通过单边螺栓连接而成。开展了宽高比为1.5的平—波折钢板剪力墙试件的低周往复加载试验,揭示了其抗侧承载力性能、破坏形式及多层钢板间的组合机制;采用有限元方法对上述滞回试验进行了模拟,通过施加螺栓垫板对平—波折墙板进行了改进,并与相应的单片平钢板墙、单片波折钢板墙的抗侧性能进行对比分析;考察了平—波折钢板剪力墙体系的板框相互作用,包括边缘框架柱附加弯矩和抗弯刚度要求以及竖向荷载的影响。试验发现:平—波折钢板剪力墙结构在循环加载到5%层间位移角时,未出现明显承载力下降;内嵌墙板呈现多波屈曲,部分连接螺栓脱落后仍能够继续发挥抗侧能力。不同墙板有限元滞回分析对比表明:平—波折剪力墙依靠平钢板和波折钢板之间的相互作用,屈曲变形得到限制,既提高了初始抗侧刚度,又保证了后期承载力的稳定,减小了滞回曲线捏拢现象。同时,板框相互作用分析表明:平—波折钢板墙中由于平钢板和波折墙板的面外屈曲被约束,其边缘框架受到的附加弯矩作用显著减小,抗弯刚度需求小于相应的平钢板剪力墙,且竖向荷载影响亦小于相应的普通单片平钢板或波折钢板剪力墙,表现出较为优越的抗侧性能。

不同干密度和不同含水率条件下三门峡黄土残余剪试验研究

【目的】探究初始干密度、含水率和竖向应力对三门峡黄土抗剪强度和残余强度的影响。【方法】运用全自动直剪/残余剪系统对三门峡黄土进行了一系列残余剪切试验。【结果】试验结果表明:抗剪强度应力-应变曲线在高含水率条件下呈应变硬化现象,在低含水率条件下呈应变软化现象,但残余强度应力-应变曲线都呈应变硬化现象。主要原因是在进行残余剪切过程中剪切位移过小,试样在剪切过程中并没有达到稳定的残余状态。试验中还发现在竖向应力较大和含水率较高时,会出现残余强度大于抗剪强度的情况,这可能是第一次剪切时土体中的水分没有完全排除,在进行第二次和第三次剪切过程中,水分完全排除,导致土体更加密实,强度增加。抗剪强度与残余强度的黏聚力随着含水率的增大呈下降的趋势,但内摩擦角下降趋势不是很大,有的反而会上升。此外,还建立了三门峡黄土残余强度与含水率之间的线性关系,并给出了相应的参考方程。【结论】研究结论对三门峡地区边坡稳定分析和滑坡防治具有重要意义。

粤西北地区花岗岩残积土的抗剪强度特性

为了研究粤西北地区花岗岩残积土的抗剪强度特性,对74组花岗岩残积土的原状土及用作比较的重塑土进行了室内物理指标试验和室内直剪试验。结果表明:花岗岩残积土具有显著的区域差异性,兼具黏性土和砂土的特性,其黏聚力较大,内摩擦角较小;原状土的黏聚力高于重塑土,而两者的内摩擦角基本相同;重塑土和原状土的黏聚力都随着含水率的增加呈现出非线性减小并趋于稳定的变化趋势,但内摩擦角则随着含水率的增加在11°~16°的范围内波动,与含水率几乎无相关性;花岗岩残积土的黏聚力受颗粒组成、含水率、孔隙比等因素的综合影响,造成不同地点原状土的黏聚力和含水率之间的相关性不明显。该结论可为粤西北地区花岗岩残积土边坡的设计提供参考。

游离氧化铁对花岗岩残积土崩解和抗剪强度的影响

为分析游离氧化铁对花岗岩残积土的力学性质的影响,以桂东南地区花岗岩残积土为研究对象,通过连二亚硫酸钠-柠檬酸钠-碳酸氢钠(DCB法)溶液去除花岗岩残积土中的游离氧化铁,并制备了不同游离氧化铁含量的重塑土样。研究表明:游离氧化铁含量的增加显著提高了花岗岩残积土的抗剪强度,同时显著降低了其水稳定性和抗崩解性能。基于试验结果,建立了游离氧化铁含量与崩解特性及抗剪强度之间的拟合关系,有效反映了土体性质随游离氧化铁含量的变化趋势。

加筋花岗岩残积土抗剪强度的试验与机理分析

花岗岩残积土是中国东南部沿海地区工程建设中常见的土体,采用加筋土技术对高填方边坡能很好地提高其整体稳定性与土体的抗剪强度。首先通过直剪切摩擦试验研究了筋-土界面的摩擦特性;然后在不同加筋层数及不同干密度情况下,对花岗岩残积饱和土和加筋饱和土分别进行了三轴固结排水剪切试验,探究不同干密度、不同加筋层数情况下的加筋效果。试验与机理分析表明:不同加筋层数的试样对应的规格化强度系数都大于1,这说明在土体中加入筋体能有效地提高抗剪强度,减少土体的变形。随着加筋层数的增加,规格化强度系数增加,说明加筋层数的增加能提高加筋效果,但两层加筋的规格化强度系数与一层加筋相比并不是线性增加,第二层加筋效果有减弱的趋势;随着干密度的下降,规格化强度系数上升;随着围压的增加,加筋土的规格化强度系数降低。土工格栅主要通过提高土体黏聚力来提高土体抗剪强度,导致土体的黏聚力显著地提高,而对内摩擦角的影响却不大;通过理论计算结果与测试结果对比,验证了准黏聚力增量公式的合理性,且第二层加筋对准黏聚力增量的贡献相对较小。

基于环剪试验的蠕变型滑坡滑带力学性质——以甘肃舟曲地区锁儿头滑坡为例

蠕变型滑坡的变形与滑带力学性质关联十分紧密,研究不同含水率和不同砾石含量下滑带力学性质变化规律,对理解蠕变型滑坡的变形机制具有重要意义。以甘肃舟曲地区锁儿头滑坡滑带岩土体为研究对象,通过环剪试验探究滑带在不同含水率(15%、19%和22%)、不同砾石含量(0%、5%和15%)和不同剪切速率(0.5、3.0和30.0 mm·min^(-1))下的力学性质变化规律。结果表明:①在长距离剪切下,滑带抗剪强度随含水率的增加而减小,而滑带达到峰值强度所需位移随含水率的增加而增加,同时滑带的残余黏聚力随含水率的升高而显著降低;②滑带抗剪强度随砾石含量的增加而增加;③随着剪切速率的增加,滑带抗剪强度逐渐减小,并且内摩擦角也呈现明显下降趋势。结合区域背景,甘肃舟曲地区锁儿头滑坡的蠕变速率与季节性降雨及断裂活动有关。