The Influences of Energy Price Variation on the Prices of Other Industries: A Study Based on Input-Output Price Model

Energy has laid material foundation for human society during its development. Meanwhile, any change of price in the energy industry may influence social production and people’s life at all levels via an input-output mechanism under which the change related to energy is surely transmitted to other industries. The price change thus incurred in all industries may adversely affect the realization of macroeconomic objective-maintaining prices at a stable level. It is, therefore, needed to conduct an empirical research related to the impact of price change in energy industry on that in other industries. According to the data coming from “China’s 2015 Input-Output Extension Table (42 Departments)” and four hypothetical basis, this article focuses on four energy sectors and analyzes how deeply the price change of them, by use of input-output model, affects that of other industrial products under five conditions where each of their price rises by 10% individually or simultaneously, and why such an influence occurs. The results show that the price rising of the energies in question leads to an upward growth in the prices of other industrial products, especially when their prices go up simultaneously. Besides, the price increase in the four energy sectors doesn’t influence other industries in an accumulation form but actually leads to a rollback in some of other industries. It is recommended to adopt diversified pricing strategies for different energy products, thus maximizing the value of each specific energy, and meanwhile achieving the goals of energy consumption reduction and price equilibrium.

Embodied Energy and CO2 Associated with Buildings by Using Input and Output Table in Japan

In July 2009, the 2005 basic Japanese input/output table was publicized together with its physical transaction table. This research paper analyzed the 2005 IO （input/output） table to create building industry-related intensities and, at the same time, compared the building industry with industries at large for distribution margins and transportation. The analysis of distribution margins separately for middle and purchaser margins found that middle margins in the building industry are minor at 35% of the averages for all industries, while purchaser margins are sizable at 1.8 times, proving that it is an industry for which local production for local consumption is quite effective. CO2 emissions resulting from transportation in the building industry were calculated and concisely characterized. Although the ratio of transportation CO2 emissions to total CO2 emissions in each industry finds almost no difference between general industries and the building industry, transportation CO2 emissions per production value are two to three times heavier than those from general industries to be justified as a transportation-intensive industry.

Energy efficiency and economic growth of China:1953-2006

Energy plays an important role in the economic life. With the rapid development of economy, the constraint of energy on the sustainable development of economy is becoming more and more obvious. This paper just Studies the factors influencing energy efficiency of China and the relationship between energy efficiency and China＇s economic： growth. By using time series multivariable linear regression methods with China＇s relevant data from 1953 to 2006, this paper constructs the regression model to analyze the factors that would impact energy, efficiency. After that, a regression model of China＇s real output to capital, labor and energy e lficiency is conducted to estimate the marginal contribution of every factor to the real output to prove the fundamental influence of energy efficiency to the economic growth. In the end, some policies and recommendations are also put forward in order to improve the energy efficiency; of China.

Robust Input-Output Energy Decoupling for Uncertain Singular Systems

This paper addresses the robust input-output energy decoupling problem for uncertain singular systems in which all parameter matrices except E exist as time-varying uncertainties. By means of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), sufficient conditions are derived for the existence of linear state feedback and input transformation control laws, such that the resulting closed-loop uncertain singular system is generalized quadratically stable and the energy of every input controls mainly the energy of a corresponding output, and influences the energy of other outputs as weakly as possible. Keywords Uncertain singular systems - generalized quadratical stability - input-output energy decoupling - linear matrix inequality (LMI) Xin-Zhuang Dong graduated from the Institute of Information Engineering of People’s Liberation Army, China, in 1994. She received the M. S. degree from the Institute of Electronic Technology of People’s Liberation Army, in 1998 and the Ph.D. degree from Northeastern University, China, in 2004. She is currently a post-doctoral fellow at the Key Laboratory of Systems and Control, CAS.Her research interests include singular and nonlinear systems, especially the control of singular systems such as H ∞ control, passive control and dissipative control. Qing-Ling Zhang received the Ph.D. degree from Northeastern University, China, in 1995. He is currently a professor with the Institute of Systems Science, Northeastern University. His research interests include singular systems, fuzzy systems, decentralized control, and H 2/H ∞ control.

Factors Affecting the Ratio of Service Industry in GDP： A Comparative Analysis of China, Japan, and South Korea

Based on the input-output model and using a demand side approach, this paper surveys how factors such as consumption, investment, net export, intermediate input and price affect the ratio of China＇s service industry as compared with Japan and South Korea. An analysis of China＇s data indicates that price and residential consumption structure are key contributing factors to the rising ratio of the service industry. Conversely, intermediate input and government consumption are factors that lead to a decrease in the ratio of the service industry. An analysis of Japan and South Korea shows that price and residential consumption structures were linked to the rises in their service industry. This paper concludes that the ratio of China＇s service industry to gross domestic product （GDP） will continue to rise over the 12th Five-Year Plan period （2011-2015） and beyond.

Emergy Efficiency and Structural Adjustment of Hunan Agro-ecosystem

[Objective] To analyze the efficiency of Hunan agro-ecosystem in 1980- 2010. [Method] This paper adopts the emergy methods to evaluate the emergy input and output. [Result] The growth of total emergy input was mainly caused by the auxiliary factors in this phase. The proportion of the nonrenewable purchased emergy input to the total auxiliary emergy input increased from 21.80% in 1980 to 33.04% in 2010. In 1980-2010 the total emergy output of the system increased by 2.43 times, the proportions of the stock farming emergy output and fishery emergy output to the total emergy output increased sharply, while those of the planting emergy output and forestry emergy output showed a considerable decline. [Conclusion] The emergy yield ratio of this system was improved but its sustainability was worrying.

Relative energy zero ratio-based approach for identifying pulse-like ground motions

Pulse-like ground motions are capable of inflicting significant damage to structures. Efficient classification of pulse-like ground motion is of great importance when performing the seismic assessment in near-fault regions. In this study, a new method for identifying the velocity pulses is proposed, based on different trends of two parameters: the short-time energy and the short-time zero crossing rate of a ground motion record. A new pulse indicator, the relative energy zero ratio(REZR), is defined to qualitatively identify pulse-like features. The threshold for pulse-like ground motions is derived and compared with two other identification methods through statistical analysis. The proposed procedure not only shows good accuracy and efficiency when identifying pulse-like ground motions but also exhibits good performance for classifying records with high-frequency noise and discontinuous pulses. The REZR method does not require a waveform formula to express and fit the potential velocity pulses;it is a purely signal-based classification method. Finally, the proposed procedure is used to evaluate the contribution of pulse-like motions to the total input energy of a seismic record, which dramatically increases the seismic damage potential.

A process-level hierarchical structural decomposition analysis (SDA) of energy consumption in an integrated steel plant

A hierarchical structural decomposition analysis(SDA) model has been developed based on process-level input-output(I-O) tables to analyze the drivers of energy consumption changes in an integrated steel plant during 2011-2013. By combining the principle of hierarchical decomposition into D&L method, a hierarchical decomposition model for multilevel SDA is obtained. The developed hierarchical IO-SDA model would provide consistent results and need less computation effort compared with the traditional SDA model. The decomposition results of the steel plant suggest that the technology improvement and reduced steel final demand are two major reasons for declined total energy consumption. The technical improvements of blast furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces, the power plant and the by-products utilization level have contributed mostly in reducing energy consumption. A major retrofit of ancillary process units and solving fuel substitution problem in the sinter plant and blast furnace are important for further energy saving. Besides the empirical results, this work also discussed that why and how hierarchical SDA can be applied in a process-level decomposition analysis of aggregated indicators.

Impact of Renewable Energy on Carbon Dioxide Emission Reduction in Bangladesh

Economic growth and industrialization often default to a great dependency on fossil fuels (FF) to supply power needs. The carbon rich nature of FF combustion can impact global warming. Therefore, it is conducive to transition from FF to renewable energy (RE). The present study aimed to address if replacement of a single FF by RE can mitigate carbon emissions. We conduct the study in a country undergoing mass urbanization and challenging energy demands. Data from energy resources in the Power & Energy Sector Master Plan (PSMP2016;Bangladesh) are analyzed over the 2017-2021 trajectory. Two scenarios for imports, oil and coal are assessed. Environmental input output (E-IO) analysis and percentage equivalence analysis measured data variables. The data is then further disaggregated into an emission reduction (ER) model with sensitivity analysis to measure carbon emission reduction when each FF source is substituted by RE. Results show the percentage share of energy generation capacity by both coal and RE increase over time. Solar and wind power contribute to the increase in RE. When oil is imported a 1% increase in oil, coal, and gas-based energy generation capacity increases carbon emissions by 1.25%, 1.48% and 0.93%, respectively. 1% increase in RE produces negligible carbon emissions (0.0042%). There was little difference in the percentages of carbon emissions when coal is imported. Substituting any FF with RE of equal energy capacity does not, in the short term, reduce carbon emissions in either scenario. Therefore, we conclude that for long term clean energy prospects in Bangladesh, RE needs to be developed to operate at greater capacity in conjunction with other carbon management factors. The research findings herein offer insights for clean energy implementation in developing nations.

Optimization of energy efficiency for the full-duplex massive MIMO systems

The energy efficiency（EE） for the full-duplex massive multi-input multi-output（MIMO） system is investigated. Given the transmit powers of both the uplink and the downlink, the closed-form solutions of the optimal number of antennas and the maximum EE are achieved in the high regime of the signal-to-noise ratio（SNR）. It is shown that the optimal number of antennas and the maximum EE gets larger with the increase in user numbers. To further improve the EE, an optimization algorithm with low complexity is proposed to jointly determine the number of antennas and the transmit powers of both the uplink and the downlink. It is shown that, the proposed algorithm can achieve the system performance very close to the exhaustive search.

Defected Ground Structure Multiple Input-Output Antenna For Wireless Applications

In this paper,the investigation of a novel compact 2×2,2×1,and 1×1 Ultra-Wide Band(UWB)based Multiple-Input Multiple-Output(MIMO)antenna with Defected Ground Structure(DGS)is employed.The proposed Electromagnetic Radiation Structures(ERS)is composed of multiple radiating elements.These MIMO antennas are designed and analyzed with and without DGS.The feeding is introduced by a microstrip-fed line to significantly moderate the radiating structure’s overall size,which is 60×40×1 mm.The high directivity and divergence characteristics are attained by introducing the microstripfed lines perpendicular to each other.And the projected MIMO antenna structures are compared with others by using parameters like Return Loss(RL),Voltage Standing Wave Ratio(VSWR),Radiation Pattern(RP),radiation efficiency,and directivity.The same MIMO set-up is redesigned with DGS,and the resultant parameters are compared.Finally,the Multiple Input and Multiple Output Radiating Structures with and without DGS are compared for result considerations like RL,VSWR,RP,radiation efficiency,and directivity.This projected antenna displays an omnidirectional RP with moderate gain,which is highly recommended for human healthcare applications.By introducing the defected ground structure in bottom layer the lower cut-off frequencies of 2.3,4.5 and 6.0 GHz are achieved with few biological effects on radio propagation in human body communications.The proposed design covers numerous well-known wireless standards,along with dual-function DGS slots,and it can be easily integrated into Wireless Body Area Networks(WBAN)in medical applications.This WBAN links the autonomous nodes that may be situated either in the clothes,on-body or beneath the skin of a person.This system typically advances the complete human body and the inter-connected nodes through a wireless communication channel.

Study on Performance of Wireless Multihop Networks Using MIMO MRC and MIMO MRT

This paper presents the concepts of completely connected network,mean path length and cluster for analysis performance of wireless multihop network,where matrix are used to express topology of network and use a new algorithm to compute the number of cluster in the network.Multiple-input/multiple-output(MIMO) communication promises performance enhancement over conventional single-input/single-output(SISO) technology for the same radiated power,if leveraged in multihop network,MIMO may be able to provide significant network performance improvement in network robustness and in power consumption,this paper analyzes three types of multihop networks employing SISO, MIMO with maximum ratio combining(MRC) and MIMO with maximum ratio transmission(MRT) as link model respectively,and get that using MIMO link model can increase robust,decrease mean path length by simulation.

Toward the Energy Efficiency of Resource Allocation Algorithms for OFDMA Downlink MIMO Systems

The problem of the simultaneous multi-user resource allocation algorithm in orthogonal frequency division multiple access(OFDMA)based systems has recently attracted significant interest.However,most studies focus on maximizing the system throughput and spectral efficiency.As the green radio is essential in 5G and future networks,the energy efficiency becomes the major concern.In this paper,we develop four resource allocation schemes in the downlink OFDMA network and the main focus is on analyzing the energy efficiency of these schemes.Specifically,we employ the advanced multi-antenna technology in a multiple input-multiple output(MIMO)system.The first scheme is based on transmit spatial diversity(TSD),in which the vector channel with the highest gain between the base station(BTS)and specific antenna at the remote terminal(RT)is chosen for transmission.The second scheme further employs spatial multiplexing on the MIMO system to enhance the throughput.The space-division multiple-access(SDMA)scheme assigns single subcarrier simultaneously to RTs with pairwise“nearly orthogonal”spatial signatures.In the fourth scheme,we propose to design the transmit beamformers based on the zero-forcing(ZF)criterion such that the multi-user interference(MUI)is completely removed.We analyze the tradeoff between the throughput and power consumption and compare the performance of these schemes in terms of the energy efficiency.

Determination of input-output energy and economic analysis of lavender production in Turkey

This research aims to perform an energy input-output analysis of lavender plant production in Isparta Province of Turkey.In order to determine the energy use efficiency of lavender plant,experiments and trials have been conducted on 10 lavender farms around Keçiborlu region of Isparta Province.Keçiborlu region of Isparta Province is an important location for lavender production.On these 10 lavender farms,energy input-output has also been calculated through trial and measurement methods during the production season of 2013.In lavender production,energy input has been calculated as 6336.50 MJ/hm^(2)and energy output has been calculated as 17528.81 MJ/hm^(2).Energy inputs consist of chemical fertilizers energy by 52.88%,diesel energy by 33.32%,machinery energy by 9.72%,human labour energy by 2.85%and chemicals by 1.23%.Energy use efficiency,energy productivity,specific energy and net energy in lavender production have been calculated as 2.77;0.75 kg/MJ,1.34 MJ/kg and 11192.31 MJ/hm^(2),respectively.Benefit-cost ratio has been calculated as 3.41 by dividing the gross value of production by the total cost of production per hectare.

An input-output model for energy accounting and analysis of industrial production processes： a case study of an integrated steel plant

To promote sustainability, it has become increasingly vital to properly account material and energy flows in industrial production processes. Therefore, a generic process-level input-output （IO） model was developed to provide an integrated energy （material） accounting and analysis approach for industrial production processes. By extending the existing processlevel IO models, the production, usage, export and loss of by-products were explicitly considered in the proposed IO model. Moreover, the by-products allocation procedures were incorporated into the proposed IO model to reflect individual contributions of products to energy consumption. Finally, the proposed model enabled calculating embodied energy of main products and total energy consumption under hierarchical accounting scope. Plant managers, energy management consultants, governmental officials and academic researchers could use this input-output model to account material and energy flows, thus calculating energy consumption indicators of a production process with their specific system boundary requirements. The accounting results could be further used for energy labeling, identifying bottlenecks of production activities, evaluating industrial symbiosis effects, improving materials and energy utilization efficiency, etc. The model could also be used as a planning tool to determine the effect that a particular change of technology and supply chains may have on the industrial production processes. The proposed model was tested and applied in a real integrated steel mill, which also provided the reference results for related researches. At last, some concepts, computational issues and limi- tations of the proposed model were discussed.

基于MIMO-OFDM调制的室内VLC自适应传输方案研究

为了改善发射源LED工艺水平的制约,充分利用频谱资源,提高可见光通信系统传输速率,提出了一种基于MIMO-OFDM调制的室内可见光自适应传输方案,系统根据每个子载波上的信噪比和给定的目标BER在发射源和子载波上选择最优的调制阶数,最大化信道容量。在此基础上,搭建了实验系统进行验证。实验结果表明,结合自适应调制的可见光通信（VLC）系统与无自适应调制系统相比具有更高的频带利用率。

OFDM-MIMO雷达体制的多径抑制性能分析

本文针对多径环境下对低空动目标的检测问题,提出了基于正交频分多路复用-多输入多输出(OFDM-MIMO)雷达体制的多径抑制方法。由于多径回波之间的相位差是随机的,向量叠加后导致接收回波时强时弱,使得检测性能急剧下降,OFDM通过同时携带不同频率的载波能够带来频率分集,同时MIMO通过阵元的分布能够带来空间分集,且不同的路径回波具有不同的多普勒频移,因此频率分集和空间分集技术可以降低多径信号对消的概率,有效地抑制镜面反射多径干扰。本文在广义多元变量分析的框架下建立了参数化的测量模型,并且采用广义似然比检测方法对目标进行了检测。仿真结果验证了采用OFDM-MIMO雷达体制能够带来目标检测性能的提高。

弹塑性SDOF系统的地震输入能量谱

以4种场地土条件下40条强震记录为输入,分析了弹塑性单自由度(Single Degree of Freedom,SDOF)系统的地震输入能量谱,并对地震动强度和SDOF系统参数对地震输入能量谱的影响进行了研究。结果表明:能量谱峰值主要由地震动强度决定,阻尼比和延性系数有很大影响。在长周期范围,延性系数一定时,随着阻尼比的增大,能量谱值也有所增大;随延性系数增大,能量谱值随阻尼比增加而增大的趋势有所减缓。采用归一化方法,根据能量谱的特征建议了简化三段式地震输入能量谱,并根据能量谱分析结果的统计,建议了弹塑性SDOF系统能量谱峰值和能量谱曲线参数的确定方法。

弹性SDOF体系地震动输入能量的影响因素分析

按美国抗震设计规范ATC 3-06的分类标准将4种场地类别上的420条地震波记录分为12组,进行了大量的单自由度(SDOF)体系的弹性时程分析;重点研究了场地类别、地震设计分组及阻尼比对地震动输入能量的影响;通过回归分析建立了考虑不同阻尼比影响的地震峰值等效速度与地震特征周期的相关公式。结果表明:随着阻尼比的增大,地震动输入能量呈降低趋势;地震设计分组及场地类别对地震动输入能量有显著影响。

弹塑性SDOF系统累积滞回耗能谱

本文对弹塑性SDOF系统累积滞回耗能谱进行了分析研究。以4种场地土条件下40条强震记录为输入,分析了结构和地面运动参数对弹塑性SDOF系统累积滞回耗能谱与输入能量谱比值的影响。结果表明:阻尼比、延性系数、初始周期有很大的影响,而地面运动参数影响不大。结合现有的10种累积滞回耗能谱的计算模型和影响参数分析,建议了一个新的累积滞回耗能谱的计算方法。计算结果表明,本文建议的方法较好地反映了累积滞回耗能谱的影响参数和变化趋势,与现有计算模型有较好的一致性,且满足边界条件、便于计算。