Impact of Channel Length and Width for Charge Transportation of Graphene Field Effect Transistor

The effect of channel length and width on the large and small-signal parameters of the graphene field effect transistor have been explored using an analytical approach.In the case of faster saturation as well as extremely high transit frequency,the graphene field effect transistor shows outstanding performance.From the transfer curve,it is observed that there is a positive shift of Dirac point from the voltage of 0.15 V to 0.35 V because of reducing channel length from 440 nm to 20 nm and this curve depicts that graphene shows ambipolar behavior.Besides,it is found that because of widening channel the drain current increases and the maximum current is found approximately 2.4 mA and 6 mA for channel width 2μm and 5μm respectively.Furthermore,an approximate symmetrical capacitance-voltage(C-V)characteristic of the graphene field effect transistor is obtained and the capacitance reduces when the channel length decreases but the capacitance can be increased by raising the channel width.In addition,a high transconductance,that demands high-speed radio frequency(RF)applications,of 6.4 mS at channel length 20 nm and 4.45 mS at channel width 5μm along with a high transit frequency of 3.95 THz have been found that demands high-speed radio frequency applications.

The Paradigm of Surgical Ellipse Dimensions: Are the Length-to-Width Ratio of 3 to 4 and a Vertex Angle of 30ºCorrect?

Background: It has been postulated that elliptical cutaneous excisions must possess a length-to-width ratio of 3 to 4 and a vertex angle of 30o or less in order to be closed primarily without creating a “dog ear”. These dimensions became axiomatic in cutaneous surgery and have been taught in the apprenticeship model for years. The present article examines the validity of that paradigm. Methods: We collected data from two sources: ellipses described in the literature (57 cases);and elliptical excisions performed at the authors’ outpatient clinic (83 cases). The surgical ellipse lengths, widths, and vertex angles were analyzed, and the data were compared to a mathematical formula used to generate a fusiform ellipse. Results: The length-to-width ratio of 3 - 4 was found to be inconsistent with the recommended vertex angle of 30o. In fact, a length-to-width ratio of 3 - 4 determines a vertex angle of 48o - 63o. A 30o vertex angle is only feasible with long length-to-width ration of about 7.5. Conclusions: The paradigm that surgical ellipses should have a vertex angle of 30o with length-to-width ratio of 3 - 4 is incorrect. Evidence from actual surgical practice and from mathematical formulation shows that either the length-to-width ratio must be larger than 3 - 4 or the vertex angle must be larger than 30 degrees.

Accurate Interconnection Length and Routing Channel Width Estimates for FPGAs

We study the problem of the prediction of interconnection dimensions for FPGAs, including estimating interconnection length and channel width. Experimental results show that our estimates are more accurate than those of existing methods.

Theoretical analyses on bed topography responses in large depth-to-width ratio river bends with constant curvatures

Bed morphology is the result of a dynamic response to a complex meandering river system. It is an important factor for the further development of river. Based on the meandering river characterized by a large depth-to-width ratio, a theoretical model is established with the coupling of Navier-Stokes （N-S）~ sediment transport, and bed deformation equations. The flow characteristics and bed response of river are obtained with the perturbation method. The research results show that, under the effect of two- dimensional flow disturbance, the bars and pools present the regular response. For a given sinuousness, the amplitude of the bed response can be used as a criterion to judge the bedform stability. The effects of the Reynolds number, disturbance wavenumber, sinuousness, and bed morphology gradient on the bed response development are described.

OsDA1 positively regulates grain width in rice

The size and shape of rice grains influence their yield and commercial value.We investigated the role of OsDA1,a rice homolog of the Arabidopsis DA1 gene,in regulating grain size and shape.OsDA1 was highly expressed in young spikelets and glumes.Its overexpression led to enlarged seeds with increased width and decreased length/width ratio(LWR)and knocking out OsDA1 reduced grain width and increased grain length and LWR.A R310K point mutation in the DA1-like domain is a potential target for breeding for increased grain width and length.OsDA1 interacted with TCP gene-family proteins to regulate grain size and shape.Our findings deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying grain size regulation and provide useful information for improving grain yield.

Effect of Width Ratio on the Etching Behavior of Joint Channel Structure

Effect of width ratio on the etching behaviour of joint channel structure is studied. By theory and experiments, the etching behaviors of joint channel with different width ratios are compared. The results show that the effect of width ratio on the etching behavior is much different for the narrow-wide joint channel and the wide-narrow structure. For the narrow-wide joint channel,the etching process depends not only on the width ratio but also on the width of the channel. The etching rate and concentration of etching front at each stage are very close with the same width ratio. The etching time required at each stage increases with the channel width, but the final total etching time is very close if the length of the wide channel is much longer. For the wide-narrow joint channel, the etching process depends only on the width ratio. For wide-narrow joint channel, the etching process, including the required etching time, is absolutely the same with the same width ratio. The etching rate and concentration of etching front at each stage increases with the rise of the width ratio, while the total etching time decreases with the increase of width ratio.

Performance Evaluation of Waste Stabilisation Ponds

Waste stabilisation pond system has been used more especially in developing countries for sewage treatment. The objective of this study was to investigate the hydraulic and performance efficiency of Palapye waste stabilisation ponds. The hydraulic efficiency was evaluated through drogue, pond geometry and sludge accumulation assessment. The performance efficiency was evaluated through periodic sampling and analysis of physiochemical and bacteriological parameters of individual units and of the system as a whole. Except for the maturation ponds, the depth of the anaerobic pond had reduced from 4 m to 0.45 m, for facultative ponds from 2.0 m to a range of 0.52 m - 0.91 m. The design hydraulic retention time of the system had reduced from 20 days to 7.1 days. The concentration of some physiochemical parameters in the effluent was 305 mg·L-1, 277 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU), 204 mg·L-1, 156 mg·L-1, 110 mg·L-1, and 15 mg·L-1 being total suspended solids, turbidity, nitrates, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand and phosphate respectively. These values were more than the standard limits of the country. Effluent total coliforms concentration was 3.6 log units and within the threshold of 4.3 log units, faecal coliforms concentration was 3.5 log units, slightly higher than the threshold of 3 log units. Though Escherichia coli have no limits for discharge into other environments, the concentration in the effluent was reasonable at 2.5 log units and also within irrigation limit of 3 log counts. Palapye wastewater treatment system hydraulic efficiency is lower than the design criterion. The system was overall poor in physiochemical parameters removal but better in bacteriological removal.

Influence of epitaxial layer structure and cell structure on electrical performance of 6.5 kV SiC MOSFET

Silicon carbide(SiC)material features a wide bandgap and high critical breakdown field intensity.It also plays an important role in the high efficiency and miniaturization of power electronic equipment.It is an ideal choice for new power electronic devices,especially in smart grids and high-speed trains.In the medium and high voltage fields,SiC devices with a blocking voltage of more than 6.5 kV will have a wide range of applications.In this paper,we study the influence of epitaxial material properties on the static characteristics of 6.5 kV SiC MOSFET.6.5 kV SiC MOSFETs with different channel lengths and JFET region widths are manufactured on three wafers and analyzed.The FN tunneling of gate oxide,HTGB and HTRB tests are performed and provide data support for the industrialization process for medium/high voltage SiC MOSFETs.

Crashworthiness of extruded magnesium thin-walled square tubes

Axial compression tests were conducted on AZ31 B magnesium and A6063 aluminum thin-walled square tubes with varied lengths and induced features at different compression rates. In compression, the magnesium tubes exhibited a "local buckling and fracture" mode, with three fracture patterns, i.e."horizontal","double-oblique", and "spiral" fractures. In general, the magnesium tube showed an inferior crashworthiness to the aluminum square tube. In addition, the effects of L/W ratio, strain rate and induced features on the crashworthiness of thin-walled square tubes were investigated. With an increase in the L/W ratio(L and W represent the tube length and width, respectively) from 1 to 4, the maximal force and global specific energy absorption decreased in a power-law trend for the magnesium tubes,while they remained approximately constant for the aluminum tubes. Furthermore, as the compression rate increased from 5×10-5 to 10 m/s, the primary crashworthiness parameters of the magnesium tubes increased in an approximately exponential manner,while for the aluminum tubes,they changed slightly. Finally,the involved induced features were proven to be not an effective method to improve the specific energy absorption of magnesium tubes, thus, more trigger types,locations,and sizes will be evaluated in future to improve the energy-absorption ability.

Numerical Simulation for Shaping Feature of Molten Pool in Twin-Arc Submerged Arc Welding

The notion of ratio of width to length is proposed to describe the shaping feature of molten pool of twin-Arc submerged arc welding accurately, and analyze the law of molten pool variation and weld formation. The temperature field finite element numerical simulation model of twin arc movement is established. The loading form of twin-arc with double ellipsoid heat source is discussed. The molten pool temperature field of twin-arc submerged arc welding is calculated and analyzed under different process parameters. The law of molten pool characteristics influenced by the welding speed, current and voltage of twin-arc submerged arc welding parameters is analyzed. The relation between shaping feature of molten pool and weld formation is discussed according to the ratio of width to length. The results manifested that the width to length ratio of weld pool decreases with the improvement of welding speed, which result in gene- ration of weld defects. The width to length ratio of weld pool is increased by adjusting the proportion of the current, voltage and the distance of the two arcs, which avoids the generation of weld defects.

非纯弯作用下I形波板组合梁的弹性屈曲应力

纯弯条件下,带钢翼缘板的波形钢腹板I形组合梁(简称I形波板梁)的屈曲应力已有明确的计算公式,但该公式不适用于非纯弯的条件。笔者对自由端受集中荷载的悬臂式I形波板梁进行了数值模拟研究,结果表明:该种梁有3种屈曲模态,分别是翼缘板屈曲、波板屈曲和耦合屈曲;当梁的屈曲由翼缘板屈曲主导时,悬臂式非纯弯梁的屈曲应力大于纯弯梁的屈曲应力,此时翼缘板的宽长比为影响翼缘板屈曲应力的主要因子;结合大量的数值模拟结果,笔者对翼缘板屈曲系数进行了修正,提出了涵盖全部屈曲模式的I形波板梁屈曲应力计算公式。

空间整形飞秒激光高效制备纳米光栅

针对常规物镜聚焦飞秒激光光斑较小,难以单次直写加工成型大面积纳米光栅结构的问题,提出了利用空间狭缝整形的飞秒激光脉冲直写方法。通过开展单晶硅表面纳米光栅结构对加工系统的参数依赖关系研究,获得入射整形飞秒激光能量密度8.00μJ/cm^(2)、扫描速度9 mm/s、狭缝宽度0.40 mm的优化条件。采用SEM、AFM等手段对光栅进行微观表征,结果表明,单次扫描所制备的纳米光栅结构具有极高的宽度(41.20μm),说明提出的方法可以显著提升一次成型大面积纳米光栅结构的制备效率。

某水电站琴键堰体型优化试验研究

琴键堰是一种新型的高效溢流堰,以曲折的堰顶结构来增加溢流前缘总长度,使得其泄流能力远超直线堰。针对某拟建水电站琴键堰泄流能力不足的问题,提出了增加展宽比(L/W)、增加堰高(P)和增加堰高且减少单元数(n)的优化方案,并通过物理模型试验进行验证,得到了满足设计要求的推荐方案。此外,本研究还探讨了水工模型类别(整体及断面模型)和比尺效应对琴键堰泄流能力的影响。通过对比分析优化方案可知:方案M1(展宽比L/W由7.75增至8.88)中,琴键堰泄流能力得到了一定程度的提高,但泄流能力仍不满足设计要求;方案M2(堰高由4.50 m增至6.50 m)和M3(堰高由4.50 m增至6.90 m,单元数由17.5个减至8.5个)中,琴键堰泄流能力显著增加,该两种方案皆可满足设计要求。试验结果表明:与琴键堰整体模型相比,其断面模型测得的泄流能力偏大约6%;对于琴键堰,当模型堰上水头大于2.50 cm时,比尺效应对琴键堰泄流能力的影响可以忽略。

降水条件下基坑宽长比对邻近既有隧道变形的影响

针对基坑降水施工时对邻近既有隧道变形的影响已有学者进行研究,但降水条件下基坑宽度与长度的比值对隧道最大竖向位移的影响尚有空白。为探讨基坑降水时基坑宽长比对邻近隧道的变形影响,首先借助模型试验研究邻近隧道在基坑宽度和降水深度改变时产生的受力变形规律,再利用数值软件进一步分析基坑宽长比的影响,最后针对隧道竖向位移进行归一化处理,分析了不同降水深度影响下基坑宽长比对邻近既有隧道变形的影响规律。结果表明:通过模型试验可以发现,降水会使坑外出现明显的降水漏斗,并且随着基坑宽度和降水深度的增加,出水量会逐渐增加,坑内水位不断降低,既有隧道的竖向位移和弯矩产生明显变化,坑外隧道呈现压扁式的“横鸭蛋”变形。通过数值分析可以发现,当基坑宽长比较小时,应将宽长比和降水深度综合考虑,而当基坑宽长比较大时,应格外避免超降现象。另外,通过归一化发现,各降水深度下的位移曲线近似满足同一函数关系,当基坑宽长比小于0.4时,基坑宽度越大隧道位移越大;当基坑宽长比大于0.5时,隧道的竖向位移不会随着基坑宽度的增加而增大,但隧道位移的范围会增加4至5倍。

水流冲刷作用下单体土工袋稳定特性试验研究

【目的】为探究水流冲刷作用下单体土工袋在河流护岸结构中护底处的稳定规律,【方法】基于塔里木河土工袋护岸工程,搭建水槽模型试验平台,制作了不同规格土工袋模型。讨论Robin体积公式在实际工程应用中的不足。基于土工袋试验结果,分析了土工袋充填率、长宽比、下垫面糙率、摆放形式等实际工程中重点关注因素与稳定性的响应规律。【结果】试验结果显示:土工袋所受推力FD随充填率的增加而逐渐增大,升力FL随充填率的增大先增大后减小;长宽比大于2.33时,土工袋顺水流放置时稳定性逐渐降低,而垂直水流放置时,土工袋稳定性随长宽比的增加一直降低;通过改变土工袋与下垫面的糙率可有效提高土工袋的稳定性。【结论】结果表明:充填率通过直接影响装填后土工袋有效受力面积,进而影响使土工袋失稳的FD和FL的大小;土工袋的稳定不仅与充填率有关,还受土工袋长宽比设计的影响,较大的长宽比不利于土工袋的稳定,且顺水流、垂直水流放置时稳定能力差别很大;实际工程中可在护底处土工袋下方铺设土工布,一方面可提高土工袋的摩擦稳定能力,另一方面也可起到一定的反滤作用。

冷弯薄壁型钢纯弯构件截面分类

为研究冷弯薄壁卷边槽钢纯弯构件截面分类,基于试验数据验证后的有限元模型,对不同板件宽厚比下冷弯薄壁卷边槽钢纯弯构件进行了大量的参数分析。结果表明:抗弯承载力随翼缘与腹板宽厚比的减小而增大。在考虑翼缘与腹板相关作用的前提下,基于截面承载力得出板件截面宽厚比限值,提出了冷弯薄壁卷边槽钢纯弯构件截面分类方法。

考虑支点摩擦和试样长宽比影响的压实黏土SENB试样的I型断裂参数研究

利用有限元软件ABAQUS对不同长宽比条件下单边切槽梁(SENB)试样I型应力强度因子进行了数值模拟,探讨了支点摩擦作用对试样无量纲应力强度因子Y_(Ⅰ)及无量纲T应力T^(*)的影响规律。结果表明,试件长宽比增大会导致Y_(Ⅰ)和T^(*)的值逐渐增大,摩擦系数增大会导致Y_(Ⅰ)减小;长宽比较小的试样经支点摩擦作用后,T^(*)会减小并使断裂轨迹更加稳定。通过压实黏土I型断裂试验,对比了考虑和不考虑支点摩擦效应的试验结果,验证了数值模拟的准确性。

基于C形梁质量控制的国产T300级碳纤维匹配性研究

以大长径比C形梁为研究对象,针对其表面质量、厚度、外形轮廓、金相分析等问题,制定工艺研究路线。通过比对国产T300级碳纤维织物及单向带预浸料的制造效果,明确了与大长径比、小R结构C形梁相匹配的国产T300级碳纤维预浸料的类型。通过设计直观的研究目标及高效的比对方案,阐明了国产T300级碳纤维单向带预浸料与大长径比C形梁构型的工艺匹配性强,为国产复合材料后续的研究方向提供借鉴,缩短了国产复合材料研究应用的周期。

清水池水力效率影响因素研究

清水池具有水力调节和消毒接触的双重作用,提高t_(10)/T是提高消毒效率而减少消毒剂投加量和副产物生成量的有效方法。针对清水池实例,进行整体建模,以数值模拟方法,研究主要尺寸对清水池t_(10)/T的影响程度,并验证设计方案的合理性。结果表明:长宽比是t_(10)/T影响最为明显的因素,但变大的趋势放缓。减少弯道数量及宽度和增大进水管管径,均可使t_(10)/T有所增加。清水池实例的长宽比为38,水力效率为0.54,可以满足不少于0.5的设计要求。