Extended finite element-based cohesive zone method for modeling simultaneous hydraulic fracture height growth in layered reservoirs

In this study,a fully coupled hydromechanical model within the extended finite element method(XFEM)-based cohesive zone method(CZM)is employed to investigate the simultaneous height growth behavior of multi-cluster hydraulic fractures in layered porous reservoirs with modulus contrast.The coupled hydromechanical model is first verified against an analytical solution and a laboratory experiment.Then,the fracture geometry(e.g.height,aperture,and area)and fluid pressure evolutions of multiple hydraulic fractures placed in a porous reservoir interbedded with alternating stiff and soft layers are investigated using the model.The stress and pore pressure distributions within the layered reservoir during fluid injection are also presented.The simulation results reveal that stress umbrellas are easily to form among multiple hydraulic fractures’tips when propagating in soft layers,which impedes the simultaneous height growth.It is also observed that the impediment effect of soft layer is much more significant in the fractures suppressed by the preferential growth of adjoining fractures.After that,the combined effect of in situ stress ratio and fracturing spacing on the multi-fracture height growth is presented,and the results elucidate the influence of in situ stress ratio on the height growth behavior depending on the fracture spacing.Finally,it is found that the inclusion of soft layers changes the aperture distribution of outmost and interior hydraulic fractures.The results obtained from this study may provide some insights on the understanding of hydraulic fracture height containment observed in filed.

Height of fractured zone inside overlying strata under high-intensity mining in China

The height of fractured zone(HFZ) at the high-intensity longwall mining panel plays a vital role in the safety analysis of coal mining under bodies of water. This paper described definitions of the highintensity mining. The processes of overburden failure transfer(OFT) were analyzed, which were divided into the development stage and the termination stage. Through theoretical analysis, the limited suspension-distance and the limited overhanging distance were proposed to judge the damage of each stratum. Mechanical models of strata suspended integrity and overhanging stability were established.A theoretical method to predict the HFZ at the high-intensity longwall mining panel was put forward based on the processes of OFT. Taking a high-intensity longwall mining panel(No. 11915 panel) as an example, the theoretical method proposed, the engineering analogy and the empirical formulas in the Regulation were used to predict the HFZ. The results show that the theoretical result is consistent with the engineering analogies' result and empirical formulas' result. The rationality and reliability of the theoretical method proposed is verified.

A method for predicting the water-flowing fractured zone height based on an improved key stratum theory

In the process of using the original key stratum theory to predict the height of a water-flowing fractured zone(WFZ),the influence of rock strata outside the calculation range on the rock strata within the calculation range as well as the fact that the shape of the overburden deformation area will change with the excavation length are ignored.In this paper,an improved key stratum theory(IKS theory)was proposed by fixing these two shortcomings.Then,a WFZ height prediction method based on IKS theory was established and applied.First,the range of overburden involved in the analysis was determined according to the tensile stress distribution range above the goaf.Second,the key stratum in the overburden involved in the analysis was identified through IKS theory.Finally,the tendency of the WFZ to develop upward was determined by judging whether or not the identified key stratum will break.The proposed method was applied and verified in a mining case study,and the reasons for the differences in the development patterns between the WFZs in coalfields in Northwest and East China were also fully explained by this method.

Formation mechanism and height calculation of the caved zone and water-conducting fracture zone in solid backfill mining

To study the heights of the caved zone and water-conducting fracture zone in backfill mining,the failure mechanism of strata during backfill mining was analyzed,and a method for determining the heights of the two zones was proposed based on key strata theory.The movement and failure regularity of the strata above the backfilling panel were revealed through numerical simulation.Considering the geologic conditions of the CT101 backfilling panel,the height of the fracture zone was determined using the proposed method along with empirical calculation,numerical simulation,and borehole detection.The results of the new calculation method were similar to in situ measurements.The traditional empirical formula,which is based on the equivalent mining height model,resulted in large errors during calculation.The findings indicate the reliability of the new method and demonstrate its significance for creating reference data for related studies.

Height prediction of water flowing fractured zones based on BP artificial neural network

Factures caused by deformation and destruction of bedrocks over coal seams can easily lead to water flooding(inrush)in mines,a threat to safety production.Fractures with high hydraulic conductivity are good watercourses as well as passages for inrush in mines and tunnels.An accurate height prediction of water flowing fractured zones is a key issue in today's mine water prevention and control.The theory of leveraging BP artificial neural network in height prediction of water flowing fractured zones is analysed and applied in Qianjiaying Mine as an example in this paper.Per the comparison with traditional calculation results,the BP artificial neural network better reflects the geological conditions of the research mine areas and produces more objective,accurate and reasonable results,which can be applied to predict the height of water flowing fractured zones.

Height Detection and Analysis of Water Flowing Fractured Zone of Coal Face

Taking 91105 working face as the research object, the observation method of water flowing fractured zone and the layout of mining holes were determined by analyzing the field geological structure. It was shown that the fractured zone height and the ratio given by the measured method were 52.33 and 12.46, respectively. By the numerical simulation method with the software of UDEC, the fractured zone height and the ratio were 42.5 and 10.12. By comparison of measured height data and UDEC numerical simulation, there were some differences between the measured height and the calculated results of UDEC numerical simulation method. The method of simulation can be used as the technical basis for the design of waterproof coal pillar in the future.

Mode of overlying rock roofing structure in large mining height coal face and analysis of support resistance

The mining space of large mining height coal face is large,the range of movement and caving of rock strata is large and the stability of supports at coal face is low and damage rate of supports is high,which significantly affects the safe and efficient production of coal mines.By similar simulation experiment and theoretical analysis,the mode of fractured roofing structure of large mining height coal face and the method of determination of reasonable support resistance of the support was evaluated.Analysis shows that the structural mode of "combined cantilever beam – non-hinged roofing – hinged roofing" of the large mining height coal face appears at the roofing of large mining height coal face.The supporting factor of caved gangue at the gob is introduced,the calculating equations of the fractured step distance of roofing were derived and conventional calculating method of caved height of roofing was corrected and the method of determination of the length and height of each structural area of the roofing was provided.With reference to the excavating conditions at Jinhuagong coal mine in Datong minefield,the dimensions of structural areas of the roofing of the coal face were determined and analyzed,and reasonable support resistance of the height coal face was acquired.By selecting Model ZZ13000/28/60 support and with procedures of advanced pre-cracking blasting,the safe production of large mining height coal face was assured.

基于开采高度对工作面覆岩裂隙演化影响的钻孔瓦斯抽采研究

采动覆岩裂隙演化规律对层间瓦斯运移起主导作用,研究覆岩裂隙发育分布规律对于提高瓦斯抽采效率至关重要。以甘肃省魏家地矿西2107综采工作面为工程背景,采用UDEC模拟软件建立不同采高的数值模型,利用分形几何理论分析了工作面覆岩近场裂隙演化与不同开采高度的关系,确定了钻孔瓦斯抽采最优工作面高度,并通过理论经验公式、覆岩裂隙窥视情况与现场瓦斯抽采结果对其验证。结果表明:采动裂隙总数随着采高增大而增大,但不同阶段增大的幅度皆不相同,覆岩裂隙不断向覆岩四周呈“伞状”发育;不同开采高度的工作面覆岩近场裂隙均经历产生、扩张贯通、压实稳定的3个阶段,且采高越大,压实区范围越小,适当增加采高,有助于提高覆岩瓦斯抽采效果;当采高选择4 m时,顶板裂隙在位于10 m与40 m位置处的裂隙发育密度与范围均明显大于其他区域,该区域与布置高、低巷双位一体的协同抽采巷最佳位置相一致。

大倾角大采高工作面煤壁失稳机理分析

大倾角大采高工作面煤壁灾变易诱使支架-围岩系统失衡,导致围岩稳定性控制复杂化,故煤壁灾变防控对保障工作面安全生产十分关键,而科学化防控技术的前提是明晰煤壁失稳孕育机制,为此采用数值计算及理论分析法展开研究。研究结果表明:大倾角大采高工作面煤壁承压倾向分区异化,下部区域应力集中程度较中部、上部高,集中区范围由下至上减小,垂向中部应力值较低,应力极值及走向位置与回采距具有正相关性,煤壁揭露前后邻域承压环境会突变,且承压态随煤体破坏演变异化,煤体承压结构会由非连续态经压实过渡为类连续状,而后整体移动至阈值后发生破断结构离散化。煤壁前方塑性区随采动作用不同幅度扩展,其稳定性受制于回采距及速度,低速回采、回采距离增加时煤壁稳定性逐步降低,塑性破裂发育区煤体为支承压力等动载、静载主承体,煤壁失稳是支承压力与扰动区内煤体自身抗压性能动态失衡,由运移、变形等承压行为量变诱发煤体结构质变而破断失稳,承压非对称性及多向耦合造成煤壁失稳分区及范围倾向扩展。

河流下综放工作面覆岩破坏特征和陷落柱防水煤柱留设研究

目的长平矿Ⅲ2317工作面在开切巷处揭露陷落柱,地表丹河流向与工作面推进方向一致,受采动影响,陷落柱内部水体及河水可能通过开采裂隙导入回采空间,从而造成工作面突水。针对以上问题,方法本文采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场观测等方法,对回采工作面覆岩“两带”高度、覆岩破坏特征和陷落柱煤柱留设宽度进行研究。结果结果表明:工作面顶板垮落带与导水裂隙带最大发育高度分别为18.38,93.85 m,河水对工作面不构成突水威胁;无煤柱开采时,陷落柱一侧顶板裂隙沿陷落柱胶结面向上高度发育;结合理论计算和数值模拟分析,确定煤柱宽度为35 m。工作面在留设35 m煤柱条件下安全完成回采,地表变形特征符合预期,最大下沉量达到4000 mm,回采过程中工作面未发生突水事故。结论研究结果可为类似条件下的煤层安全开采提供理论和经验支撑。

基于相似模拟试验的顶板导水裂隙带高度及发育形态研究

目的 为研究采动影响下顶板导水裂隙带高度及其发育形态,方法 以司马煤矿三采区1303工作面为研究对象,开展相似模拟试验,并以此为基础,对顶板的岩性组合加以改变,结合数字照相量测系统对不同岩性组合顶板导裂带高度和发育形态进行分析,并进行理论验证。结果 结果表明:(1)工作面推进长度为160 m时,硬岩岩性顶板模型、硬-软岩岩性组合顶板模型以及软岩岩性顶板模型的导水裂隙带最大发育高度分别为69.6,55.6,61.1 m;(2)3种模型的导水裂隙带发育形态分别为底角50°的正梯形、前底角62°后底角60°的近似正梯形、前底角50°后底角60°的梯形;(3)根据模型试验和数据统计结果,给出适用于长治二岗山断褶带以南井田导水裂隙带发育高度预测式;(4)运用材料力学方法分析垮落角形成规律,垮落角与导水裂隙带发育高度呈反正切函数关系,并计算得到3种模型导水裂隙带前底角发育角度,分别为49.24°,61.21°和51.12°。通过导高计算公式得到3种模型导水裂隙带发育高度分别为74.1,51.1,59 m,均与相似模拟试验结果吻合。结论 研究结果对各类岩性顶板煤矿导水裂隙带发育高度预测具有参考意义。

厚煤层大采高综放工作面覆岩断裂演化规律研究

大采高综放开采易形成强烈的矿压显现,上覆岩层的断裂演化规律对工作面安全生产至关重要。以羊场湾煤矿160206工作面为工程背景,运用相似模拟试验、数值模拟和理论分析的综合研究方法,对大采高综放工作面覆岩的断裂过程与覆岩运移规律进行系统研究。研究表明:导水裂隙带内岩层随工作面推进表现为“台阶下沉”,同层岩层下沉趋势沿走向表现为“急剧下降—稳定(最大值)—快速上升—稳定(最小值)”。工作面覆岩运动场由两区分布(加速下沉区、缓慢下沉区)演化为三区分布(加速下沉区、缓慢下沉区、稳定区)。对离层演化与地表下沉规律进行了定量描述,运用理论计算表达式深入地剖析了地表的动态下沉机理及其相关因素。结合相似模拟与数值模拟的试验结果,提出了覆岩断裂演化的形态变化特征:覆岩断裂形态由“单等腰梯形”演化为“双等腰梯形”,表土层影响区由“矩形”演化为“倒梯形”。分析了覆岩中垮落区、离层区、压实区、裂隙富集区的动态演化过程:垮落区逐渐增大至一定程度,高度小幅度降低并趋于稳定,离层区由下至上逐渐发育并随工作面向前移动,离层区逐渐闭合形成压实区,且压实区逐渐增大并最终保持稳定,裂隙富集区位于采空区前后端部并随工作面向前移动。

河流下多煤层开采安全性及保护技术

我国新疆地区干旱缺水,艾维尔沟河作为新疆一条具有重要地理特征和环境影响的河流,其对于流经区域的经济、生态都具有重要意义,因此在艾维尔沟河下进行煤炭开采时,既要保证矿井安全也要保证河流的正常使用。采用理论分析、数值模拟等方法对河流下多煤层开采安全性及河流保护技术进行研究,通过理论计算得到多煤层开采条件下,覆岩导水裂隙带发育高度(11401工作面为41.9 m、1502工作面为110 m、11401工作面为113.8 m)并绘制剖面示意图;同时,采用数值模拟方法对覆岩导水裂缝发育形态及高度进行确定,最终基于导水裂隙带高度(117.8 m)与最小煤层埋藏深度(191.5 m)的相互关系,确定河流下开采是安全的可行的。在保证河流下煤层安全开采的前提下,通过分析离层注浆原理,并结合采动影响特征参数及工程现场,提出了以离层注浆为主,河道防渗及优化开采设计为辅的多手段对采动影响范围内地表特定目标的精准保护技术。根据实际采矿地质条件,采用概率积分法计算试采工作面开采前后河道位置处地表移动变形,计算结果显示:采用离层注浆精准保护技术后,河道的最大水平变形值(2 mm/m)未超出允许坝体的极限变形值(2.5 mm/m),所以采用离层注浆精准保护技术可以实现,井下安全开采的同时,保证河道的正常使用。通过对河流下多煤层开采的安全性及保护技术的分析研究,为矿山绿色开采提供参考和借鉴。

坚硬覆岩预裂弱化改性效应及导水裂缝带控制机理

针对深部煤层开采坚硬覆岩条件下导水裂缝带控制问题,充分借鉴坚硬顶板预裂弱化技术,提出预裂弱化坚硬主控覆岩控制导水裂缝带高度的新方法。综合采用实验室试验、理论分析、数值模拟等方法,研究了坚硬主控覆岩预裂弱化改性效应,详细阐述了不同弱化层位对导水裂缝带的控制机理,并进行了实测验证。研究结果表明:预制裂缝可以使坚硬岩石往强度低的方向进行转变,并将完整岩样的劈裂破坏特征转变为以预制裂缝为主控的张拉剪切破坏,坚硬岩石的破坏程度由剧烈趋于缓和;揭示了预制裂缝对坚硬岩体的弱化改性效应,计算得到应力与裂缝耦合的损伤变量,定性的分析了弱化程度与岩性转变的关系,改性后岩体能量存储能力降低,耗散能力增强;数值模拟了不同弱化层位对导水裂缝带的控制效果,综合对比覆岩破坏形态、裂隙数量及破坏高度动态演化规律,发现“马鞍形”破坏形态随着弱化层位的升高而逐渐减弱,覆岩裂隙数量演化基本呈现“缓增−突增”的演化趋势,未弱化以及中、高位弱化覆岩破坏高度动态演化近似呈现“S”形,而中位弱化呈“半抛形”,综合分析得出低位弱化对导水裂缝带的控制效果最好;在分析高、中、低位坚硬岩层破坏特征的基础上,揭示了不同预裂弱化层位控制导水裂缝带发育机理;钻孔实测孟村矿顶板压裂条件下的“两带”发育高度,对比发现预裂弱化条件下裂采比降低,初步验证了顶板预裂弱化对导水裂缝带发育的抑制性。研究成果将为深部矿区耦合灾害防控、水资源及生态保护等领域提供理论和科学依据。

基于LDA-RBF及综合赋权法的顶板突水危险性评价

为了解决龙凤煤矿9号煤层开采过程中顶板突水危险性问题,采用线性判别分析法(LDA)构建1种LDA-RBF神经网络导水裂隙带发育高度预测模型,并基于改进CRITIC评价法结合层次分析法(AHP)建立了CRITIC-AHP综合赋权法,分别评价矿区顶板采裂危险性及含水层富水性等级;通过ArcGis地理信息处理技术,将采裂危险性分区与富水性分区叠加,得到9号煤层顶板突水危险性综合分区图。结果表明:LDA-RBF神经网络预测模型结构简单且拟合精度更高,9号煤层导水裂隙带发育预测高度为50.4 m,已超过区域内大部分含水层底界标高,表明大部分区域存在较高的采裂危险性;而改进后的综合赋权法避免了评价结果主客观性过强的问题,其富水性分区结果与钻孔实际涌水量相符;突水危险区主要在矿区中北部呈条状分布,这是该区域含水层富水性较强和采裂危险性较高共同作用的结果,因此,在实际开采中应对以上区域予以重视。

厚煤层大采高综采面顶板破断规律及机理研究

以杭来湾煤矿首个大采高30201工作面为例,通过数值模拟、理论分析和现场实测的方法,分别对工作面开采过程中顶板破断规律进行研究。基本顶以“悬臂梁”、“砌体梁”的结构形式周期发生破断,造成工作面大、小周期来压显现。建立了工作面顶板力学模型,给出来压步距的计算方法。现场实测表明最大步距67.6 m是平均步距34.4 m的1.97倍,说明约2次小周期来压才有1次大周期来压。

大采高工作面破碎顶板注浆加固技术应用

以慈林山煤矿3109大采高工作面为工程实例,为解决该工作面在遇断层和超前支撑应力、构造应力耦合状态下,其破碎岩体容易发生超前冒顶和片帮的问题,针对性设计注浆方案与选定注浆浆液;工程实践表明,该工作面破碎区域注浆效果良好,实现了安全推采,提高了生产效率。

大采高工作面临空巷道动压显现机理及预控技术研究

临空巷道围岩变形控制是巷道控制的技术难点,煤层开采厚度越大、覆岩强度越高,临空巷道变形控制难度越大。针对榆树坡煤矿大采高工作面开采的临空巷道动压控制难题,建立了临空巷道侧向悬板结构的力学模型,理论分析得到基本顶侧向最大悬顶长度为4.69 m,基本顶应变能密度最大值位于煤柱内5.51 m处,其值为2.831×10^(6) J/m^(3),基本顶积聚应变能为3.269×107 J。进一步采用数值模拟的手段对临空巷道围岩塑性区发育、变形规律及围岩应力分布特征进行分析,得到临空煤柱支承应力可达35 MPa以上,是造成巷道煤柱帮锚杆索受力程度大、煤柱帮变形破坏的主要因素。现场采用“卸压孔+侧向切顶”的综合技术手段对临空动压巷道进行控制,设计卸压孔孔径为108 mm,孔深7 m;水力压裂孔分为L孔、S孔,孔径60 mm,间距8 m,垂直压裂高度分别为50 m、30 m,注水量80 L/min。现场实践表明,相比未实施卸压措施段,巷道围岩变形量减少30%以上,巷道底鼓情况得到明显控制。

大采高综采覆岩“两带”高度综合探测研究

为获取大采高综采“两带”高度,促进煤炭资源安全、高效开采,以斜沟煤矿为工程背景,综合运用经验公式预估、现场试验探测和数值仿真计算,对18102工作面8#煤综采时的覆岩“两带”高度演化开展研究。结果表明:拟合得到的经验公式仅考虑了采厚因素影响,用于预测“两带”发育高度存在一定的局限性;现场钻探压水试验和瞬变电磁探测综合探测得到覆岩垮落带高度34.6 m,导水裂隙带高度74.8 m;分析了大采高综采时覆岩破坏高度、围岩应力场变化和位移场变化,“两带”高度数值计算结果与试验探测结果吻合良好。研究结果可为类似条件矿山的顶板管理、露头防(隔)水煤岩柱留设等提供参考。

风速和多尘源因素对工作面呼吸带粉尘运移影响研究

为研究不同风速和多尘源因素下6 m大采高综采工作面呼吸带粉尘运移情况,基于Fluent数值模拟方法,探究了不同入口风速(1.0 m/s、1.5 m/s、2.0 m/s和2.5 m/s)对呼吸带高度和人行道处粉尘质量浓度分布的影响,分析了多尘源因素下呼吸带下侧、呼吸带高度、呼吸带上侧及靠近人行道一侧的粉尘质量浓度分布。结果表明:粉尘质量浓度随入口风速的减小而增大;6 m大采高综采工作面通风除尘风速应不低于2.0 m/s;多尘源因素影响下,采煤机割煤作业时对呼吸带上侧的粉尘浓度影响较大,距煤层壁越近,粉尘浓度越大。