Feasibility study on buoyancy-weight ratios of a submerged floating tunnel prototype subjected to hydrodynamic loads

The research progress of a novel traffic solution,a submerged floating tunnel（SFT）,is reviewed in terms of a study approach and loading scenario.Among existing publications,the buoyancy-weight ratio（BWR） is usually predefined.However,BWR is a critical structural parameter that tremendously affects the dynamic behaviour of not only the tunnel tube itself but also the cable system.In the context of a SFT prototype（SFTP） project in Qiandao Lake（Zhejiang Province,China）,the importance of BWR is illustrated by finite element analysis and subsequently,an optimized BWR is proposed within a reasonable range in the present study.In the numerical model,structural damping is identified to be of importance.Rayleigh damping and the corresponding Rayleigh coefficients are attained through a sensitivity study,which shows that the adopted damping ratios are fairly suitable for SFTP.Lastly,the human sense of security is considered by quantifying the comfort index,which helps further optimize BWR in the SFTP structural parameter design.

Determination of the load bearing capacity of pre-stressed expandable props for ground support in underground mines

This paper aims to determine the load bearing capacity of pre-stressed expandable props with different geometries and load eccentricities for flexible support in underground mining or excavation.It is deduced that the expandable device could have much higher strength(>89 MPa)by laboratory tests,and the load bearing capacity of the expandable prop may depend on the stability of the supporting steel pipe structure.A good agreement was found between the laboratory test and numerical results in terms of the load bearing capacity and the final macro-bending failure pattern for expandable props with heights of 1.5 and 2.7 m,and the theoretical calculation for the strength of traditional steel structures is not directly suitable for the expandable props.Moreover,additional numerical simulations were performed for the expandable props with different normalized slenderness ratiosλ_(n)and loading eccentric distances e.The variation of stability coefficient of the expandable prop is in line with the Perry-Robertson equation and its correlation coefficients are fitted as a of 0.979 and b of 0.314.For estimating the load bearing capacity of the expandable props,the strength equation for traditional steel structures is improved by introducing a bending magnification factor and by modifying the normalized slenderness ratio to a converted slenderness ratio.Based on the underground field monitoring for the strength of expandable props with different heights,the empirical eccentric distances were back calculated,and a safety factor is introduced to obtain the designed strength of the expandable prop.In addition,a four-step design procedure is proposed for the expandable prop.

Impact of repeated loading on mechanical response of a reinforced sand

Pavements constructed over loosely compacted subgrades may not possess adequate California bearing ratio (CBR) to meet the requirements of pavement design codes,which may lead to a thicker pavement design for addressing the required strength.Geosynthetics have been proven to be effective for mitigating the adverse mechanical behaviors of weak soils as integrated constituents of base and sub-base layers in road construction.This study investigated the behaviors of unreinforced and reinforced sand with nonwoven geotextile using repeated CBR loading test (followed by unloading and reloading).The depth and number of geotextile reinforcement layers,as well as the compaction ratio of the soil above and below the reinforcement layer(s) and the compaction ratio of the sand bed,were set as variables in this context.Geotextile layers were placed at upper thickness ratios of 0.3,0.6 and 0.9 and the lower thickness ratio of 0.3.The compaction ratios of the upper layer and the sand bed varied between 85% and 97% to simulate a dense layer on a medium dense sand bed for all unreinforced and reinforced testing scenarios.Repeated CBR loading tests were conducted to the target loads of 100 kgf,150 kgf,200 kgf and 400 kgf,respectively (1 kgf=9.8 N).The results indicated that placing one layer of reinforcement with an upper thickness ratio of 0.3 and compacting the soil above the reinforcement to compaction ratio of 97% significantly reduced the penetration of the CBR piston for all target repeated load levels.However,using two layers of reinforcement sandwiched between two dense soil layers with a compaction ratio of 97% with upper and lower thickness ratios of 0.3 resulted in the lowest penetration.

Influence of Axial Load Ratio on Shear Behavior of Through-Diaphragm Connections of Concrete-Filled Square Steel Tubular Columns

Nonlinear finite element analysis and parametric studies were carried out to study the influence of axial load ratio on the shear behavior of the through-diaphragm connections of concrete-filled square steel tubular columns. The analysis reveals that smaller axial load ratio can improve the shear bearing capacity and ductility while larger axial load ratio will decrease the shear behavior of the through-diaphragm connections. The parametric studies indicate that the axial load ratio should be limited to less than 0.4 and its influence should be considered in the analysis and design of such connections.

Bearing capacity and mechanical behavior of CFG pile composite foundation

CFG pile (i.e., pile constructed by granular materials of cement, fly-ash and gravel) composite foundation is applied in subsoil treatment widely and successfully. In order to have a further study of this kind of subsoil treatment technology, the influencing factors and calculation methods of the vertical bearing capacity of single CFG pile and the CFG pile composite foundation were discussed respectively. And based on the obtained solutions, effects by the cushion and measurements to reduce negative friction area were analyzed. Moreover, the developing law of settlement and bearing capacity eigenvalue controlled by the material strength with the increase of load were given for the CFG composite foundation. The in-situ static load test was tested for CFG pile. The results of test show that the maximum test load or half of the ultimate load is used from all the points of test, the average bearing capacity eigenvalue of single pile is 390 kN, and slightly greater than the design value of bearing capacity. The bearing capacity eigenvalues of composite foundation for 3 piles are greater than 300 kPa, and the mechanical properties of CFG pile composite foundation are almost identical in the case of the same load and cushion thickness. The pile-soil stress ratio and the load-sharing ratio can be adjusted through setting up cushion thickness.

Combined Bearing Capacity of Spudcans on a Double Layer Deposit of Strong-Over-Weak Clays

An extreme sea storm process can lead to a jack-up rig under the combined loading condition of vertical load(V), horizontal load(H), and moment(M) to have stability problems. This paper presents the analysis of combined bearing capacities of a circular spudcan on layered clays with a strong layer overlying a comparatively weaker layer. Numerical models combined with displacement-based load tests, swipe tests, and constant ratio displacement probe tests are adopted to calculate the uniaxial bearing capacities, failure envelopes in combined V-H, V-M planes, and failure envelopes in a combined V-H-M load space, respectively. A parametric study on the effects of vertical load level V, the layer strength ratio s_(u,t)/s_(u,b), and the hard layer thickness t_1 on the bearing capacities is then performed. Results show that the vertical load level is a key factor that influences the values of H and M and the size of the H-M failure envelope. The existence of the underlying weak clay decreases the bearing capacities in all directions, and the vertical capacity Vult is affected more than the horizontal(H_(ult)) and moment(M_(ult)) capacities based on a single uniform deposit. The influence of the underlying weak clay on H-M failure envelope is mainly shown where H and M are coupled in the same direction. In contrast, little difference is observed when H and M are coupled in opposite directions.

Semi-Deep Skirted Foundations and Numerical Solution to Evaluate Bearing Capacity

Semi-deep foundations are a remarkable solution in conditions where the soil beneath the foundation is loose to a great depth and there is no possible way to use any way of soil improvement and applying piles would not be a logical way considering their cost and time of enforcing. Skirted foundations are a type of semi-deep foundations that can penetrate to the soil up to two times of their breadth. Estimating bearing capacity of these foundations is a long geotechnical problem for engineers whether under absolute or combined loading because of their usage in offshore and onshore projects. For estimating the vertical bearing capacity of these foundations, series of finite element analyses were performed for a range of embedment ratios to investigate the effect of the length of the skirt. The foundation has been modelled with two different types of soil and the results validated with previous analytical, numerical and experimental researches. In addition, the bearing capacity of a skirted foundation under combined loading in V-H space has been analyzed by this approach and the 2-dimentional failure envelope has been presented.

扩底桩竖向承载特性及群桩效应研究

为探明扩底群桩竖向承载特性,采用扩底桩筏结构,开展单桩(扩径比分别为1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0)和桩筏(扩径比为2)基础静载模型试验,分析其荷载传递规律,并建立桩间距为3.75、4.00、4.50、5.00倍桩直径时扩底桩筏基础有限元模型,研究桩间距对群桩效应影响。结果表明:扩底单桩和扩底桩筏结构荷载沉降曲线均为缓变型;扩底桩极限承载力随扩径比增大而逐渐增大,扩径比2.5~3.0时极限承载力增幅变缓,建议扩底桩扩径比取2.5~3.0;由于桩土共同沉降,桩间土压缩,桩土作用更充分,扩底桩筏基础中心桩侧摩阻力荷载分担比比扩底单桩增大了17.71%;群桩效应系数随桩间距增大而逐渐增大,桩间距为4.5~5.0倍桩直径时群桩效应系数增幅较小,群桩效应较弱,建议扩底桩筏基础桩间距取值不小于4.5倍桩直径。

砂土中螺旋桩在斜拉荷载作用下的承载性能

为研究斜拉荷载倾斜角度和叶片埋深对螺旋桩极限承载力的影响,基于ABAQUS软件构建了砂土中螺旋桩的有限元模型,通过螺旋桩水平承载机理砂箱试验与竖向拉拔试验数据,对模型的准确性和可行性进行验证。设置4组不同叶片埋深的螺旋桩模型,分别施加不同角度的斜拉荷载,探讨了砂土地基中螺旋桩的承载性能与斜拉角度、叶片埋深的相关性。结果表明:砂土中螺旋桩的极限承载力随着斜拉角度的增大不断减小;当斜拉角度小于30°时,螺旋桩极限承载力与斜拉角度的关系曲线近似呈线性;螺旋桩极限承载力存在一个临界埋深比,当埋深比大于等于4时,承载力不随埋深比的增大而变化。推导了深埋状态下螺旋桩受斜拉荷载作用的极限承载力公式,经验证该公式能较好反映螺旋桩极限承载力随斜拉角度增大而逐渐下降的规律。

考虑容重比的车辆配载优化综述

零担货运具有货物品种多样,体积和重量变化大的特征,基于容重比的车辆配载优化可同时提升车辆载重率和容积利用率,进而大幅度降低物流成本,在交通和物流行业具有重要的研究价值。首先,介绍了考虑容重比的车辆配载优化问题及其数学规划模型,再针对求解该问题的算法进行分析归纳予以综述。目前,求解算法大多集中于精确算法和启发式算法以及智能优化算法。随着人工智能的发展,还可以考虑机器学习思想在相关方面的应用。最后对于考虑容重比的车辆配载优化在当前形势下面临的新挑战,提出几个未来在研究该问题时可以考虑研讨方向,期望能为考虑容重比的车辆配载优化研究提供参考。

MU10再生混凝土承重砌块力学性能与抗冻性试验研究

为进一步提高废弃混凝土利用率,促进严寒地区应用再生混凝土承重砌块,在分析再生骨料物理性能的基础上,考虑了100%再生粗骨料取代率、水胶比、用水量及粉煤灰掺量的影响,采用正交试验设计了C30再生混凝土配合比来制备MU10再生混凝土承重砌块,通过分析MU10再生混凝土承重砌块的力学性能,确定了MU10再生混凝土承重砌块的最佳配合比,利用环境模拟箱验证了MU10再生混凝土承重砌块的抗冻性。结果表明:再生骨料与天然骨料相比表面较粗糙,附着部分旧水泥砂浆,具有低密度,高孔隙率、吸水率和含泥量,压碎指标是天然骨料的两倍左右;MU10再生混凝土承重砌块的最佳配合比为再生粗骨料1 172 kg/m^(3)、天然河砂578 kg/m^(3)、水泥400 kg/m^(3)、粉煤灰100 kg/m^(3)、水150 kg/m^(3),其抗压强度为11.4 MPa,抗折强度为2.1 MPa,可用于承重及有抗震要求的砌体结构;经过50次冻融循环后,MU10再生混凝土承重砌块的质量损失为1.2%、强度损失为18.1%,抗冻性能符合要求,可以作为严寒地区新型墙体材料使用。

荷载和氯盐环境下RC梁非均匀锈蚀与承载力劣化试验

为考察持续荷载与氯盐干湿循环共同作用对钢筋混凝土(RC)梁抗弯性能的影响,先后进行19根钢筋混凝土梁的腐蚀试验和抗弯承载力试验,研究不同持续荷载等级和干湿循环天数对裂缝分布、钢筋质量锈蚀率以及受腐蚀构件受弯性能的影响,并分别总结纵筋最大和平均质量锈蚀率与承载力降低比的关系.研究结果表明:纯弯段的钢筋锈蚀程度较高,纵筋锈蚀程度沿圆周分布不均匀;纵筋质量锈蚀率的极值点位置与初始横向裂缝的出现位置无必然关联性;纵筋最大质量锈蚀率随荷载等级和干湿循环天数的增加而增大,受干湿循环天数的影响更明显;腐蚀后梁峰值荷载呈下降趋势;当纵筋锈蚀率较小时(平均值≤3%或最大值≤6%),锈蚀率与承载力降低比的相关度较低,且最大质量锈蚀率的相关度小于平均质量锈蚀率;当纵筋锈蚀率较大时(平均值>3%或最大值>6%),质量锈蚀率与承载力降低比的相关度提高;在纵筋平均质量锈蚀率相同时,采用自然腐蚀试件的承载力降低程度高于采用外加电流腐蚀的试件.

负载横移扰动下人体步态频率变化特性

为了研究人体行走时适应负载横向动态干扰的机制,从而设计可靠的穿戴式机器人辅助策略,提出采用基于双自由度受迫振动模型构建人-负载耦合系统。基于机械振动原理分析人-负载耦合系统特性,给出不同行走频率对人和负载位移的影响,提出人体通过调节行走频率适应负载横移扰动影响的假设;搭建负载横向动态干扰人体行走实验平台,获得实验对象无负重行走以及负载横向扰动下的肌肉协同特征及腿部激励频率,并与仿真结果进行对比分析。实验结果表明:负载横移扰动下人体行走是一个适应性调整并最后进入动态稳定的过程。其中,在负重情况下的人体上肢躯干摆动幅度比无负重情况下摆动增幅大60%,人体通过调整行走频率以及相关肌群肌肉协同策略来减少负载横向动态干扰带来的上肢躯干摆动影响。在负重情况下,不同行走速度的步态频率均趋向于人-负载耦合系统的固有频率,设定常速频率与固有频率相同,慢速下行走到达稳态时腿部激励频率上升4.30%,快速下腿部激励频率下降2.71%,负重下的行走控制策略与无负重下的行走控制策略相比发生了改变,以适应负载横移扰动带来的影响。

复合式衬砌隧道模型试验及其承载特性研究

中国山岭隧道常采用复合式衬砌支护,探究复合式衬砌的承载特性对矿山法隧道支护设计具有重要意义。设计了大型隧道结构模型试验系统,开展了毛洞、喷锚组合支护和复合式衬砌支护的大尺寸隧道模型试验,通过监测隧道破坏全过程,分析不同支护形式下隧道的破坏模式和支护结构受力特征,揭示了复合式衬砌的承载特性。结果表明:复合式衬砌支护较喷锚组合支护相比设计承载力提高了33.3%;两种支护形式下,围岩可承受约60%~75%的外荷载,施加二次衬砌后,二次衬砌可分担约15%~80%的围岩压力;喷锚组合支护较复合式衬砌相比能更好的发挥锚杆的效果。

一种自适应选取参数的改进变分模态分解方法

针对传统的变分模态分解(VMD)方法中模态数和惩罚参数难以确定的问题,提出了一种自适应选取参数的改进变分模态分解方法。首先,综合考虑了故障的冲击性和周期性特点,以Gini指数和谱峰比指标为基础构建了加权谱峰比(WSPR)指标;然后,采用非洲秃鹫优化算法(AVOA)进行了寻优,得到了最佳的模态数和惩罚参数组合,克服了人为主观选择参数的弊端;最后,在VMD分解信号后,利用加权谱峰比最大原则自适应选取了敏感内涵模态分量,对最佳IMF进行了包络解调分析,提取了滚动轴承早期故障特征,利用仿真信号、单一故障滚动轴承试验信号及复合故障滚动轴承试验信号对所述方法进行了验证。实验结果表明:该方法可以准确地提取出仿真信号的故障频率(100 Hz)、单一故障信号的故障频率(236.4 Hz)和复合故障信号的故障频率(内圈故障频率149.14 Hz、外圈故障频率86.39 Hz),并且在与其他方法和指标的对比中,其最佳IMF的包络谱图中故障特征频率及其倍数频的谱峰更加明显,准确率更高且鲁棒性更强。研究结果表明:该方法能够有效提取轴承早期故障信号的微弱特征,实现故障类型准确识别的目的。

小车式起落架地面载荷与漂浮性分析

飞机起落架与道面的相容性对飞机的地面运动能力具有重要影响。针对某大型飞机计算不同工况下其起落架载荷及轮胎载荷分配,采用基于韦斯特加德层板理论的波特兰水泥协会法和基于加利福尼亚承载比的美国陆军工程兵团方法,计算不同着陆工况、地面机动工况、轮胎数量、轮胎泄气工况、轮胎间距对飞机等级数的影响,分析刚性道面和柔性道面下的飞机漂浮性。结果表明:垂直过载和机轮泄气带来的轮胎载荷增大与载荷分配不均,都会在不同程度上减弱飞机的漂浮性,尤其是转弯和机尾下沉着陆工况需要予以限制;轮胎数量和轮胎间距的增加可以改善漂浮性,需同时考虑结构设计、强度裕度等来优化设计小车式起落架构造。

桩网结构路基动静承载性状分析

为研究桩网结构路基在静动荷载作用下的承载性状,采用有限元分析方法对桩网结构路基在静动两种荷载下的承载特性、荷载传递机理、土拱形成及发展规律进行了数值计算。通过分析静动两种工况下桩土应力、桩周土压力分布、桩土应力比及土拱效应,并与试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:静载作用下基桩轴向应力约为400 kPa,最大土压力出现在路基中部,且沿路基横向向外逐渐减小;动载作用下沿路基横向布置的桩体的动应力在埋深方向呈先增大后减小趋势,其竖向应力最大值约为静载下的160%;动载下路基内部土拱效应较静载有大幅削弱,其中削弱最大的为四桩中心处的空间土拱效应,其桩土应力比约为静载的29.3%。

纸质双层地下空间结构模型设计优化分析

以第七届城市地下空间工程大学生模型设计竞赛为背景,以纸质双层地下空间结构模型为分析实例,从模型概念设计、选型制作、理论计算、数值分析等方面,对模型结构进行了优化分析,完成了加载实验。该模型结构满足题目要求,在承受满载100 kg时,模型结构沉降量仅为2.80 mm。参赛实践表明,大学生模型设计竞赛可以像实际工程结构设计一样,通过概念设计、力学分析、数值计算优化等找到合理的结构设计方案,加上精良的制作工艺和反复练习,能够培养学生的创新能力、动手能力以及团结合作精神。

循环荷载下粉煤灰复合地基竖向承载特性模型试验研究

为研究粉煤灰单桩复合地基竖向循环承载特性,开展在循环荷载作用下的室内模型试验。通过监测桩身及土体变化情况,分别从桩顶累计沉降、土压力、桩身内力等方面进行分析。试验结果表明:循环桩顶累计沉降前期呈现快速增长,而循环荷载比临界值为0.6,将后期沉降变化划分为稳定型和增长型两种趋势;桩侧土压力主要影响桩身上半部分土体,并沿竖向和径向均出现衰减现象,且竖向衰减更为明显;对桩端阻力强化系数Z和桩侧阻力弱化系数D分别进行拟合,可得到对实际工程中不同循环周期下桩端、桩侧阻力强弱变化情况分析,具有参考依据的函数方程;循环荷载下的桩端/桩侧荷载分担比呈现动态变化,循环周期的增加,将会存在桩端所占承载比例超越桩侧所占比例的占比反超点,循环幅值越大,出现反超点所需的循环次数也越少。

不同宽高比矿柱偏心压缩失稳破坏规律研究

研究非等跨采场结构下,矿柱偏心压缩失稳破坏规律,可以为矿柱结构参数优化提供技术支撑。通过偏心加载装置,以岩样模拟矿柱,开展了不同宽高比岩样偏心压缩试验。结合数字图像相关方法,得到了宽高比(w/h)分别为2∶1、1∶1、1∶2和1∶3时矿柱偏心承载性能和加载过程中位移场及应变场的演化规律。结果表明:①偏心压缩条件下,矿柱抗压强度随着宽高比增加逐渐增加,弹性模量则反之;在考虑偏心荷载作用的矿柱设计时,应适当增加矿柱宽高比,从而保障采场安全性。②当w/h=2∶1时,偏心承载矿柱破坏形式主要为压剪破坏,表现为偏心荷载侧局部劈裂破坏;当w/h=1∶1时,矿柱以压缩破坏为主拉伸破坏为辅;当w/h<1∶2时,矿柱破坏以偏心拉伸破坏为主。③不同宽高比矿柱的水平位移场在距偏心荷载较远一侧发生较大变形,剪切应变场也为压—拉应变场;当w/h≥1∶2时,矿柱的破坏主要是由压应变局部化带引发;w/h=1∶3时,矿柱破坏主要由拉应变局部化带引发。