Calibration of LRFD Format for Steel Jacket OffshorePlatform in China Offshore Area(2): Load, Resistance and Load Combination Factors

Adopting the load and resistance factor design format, the design method for steel jaeket platform structures is developed. Firstly, the limit state equations and design format for steel jacket platform structures are introduced. Then, the ratio of live load effect to dead load effect is estimated. The target reliabilities for design of offshore structures in China offshore area are calibrated by past practice in API RP2A-WSD code. The load and resistance factors are optimized by minimizing the difference within the target reliability and the resulting reliability over the range of load effect ratios. Considering the concurrence of different loads, load combination factors are obtained through an optimization process, and the relation between the load combination factor and load correlation coefficient is established. Finally, the design formulae for steel jacket structures in China offshore area are recommended.

Numerical and Experimental Study of Blockage Effect Correction Method in Towing Tank

When a ship model test is performed in a tank, particularly when the tank is small and the ship model is relatively large, the blockage effect will inevitably occur. With increased ship model scale and speed, the blockage effect becomes more obvious and must be corrected. In this study, the KRISO 3600 TEU Container Ship (KCS) is taken as a model and computational fluid dynamics techniques and ship resistance tests are applied to explore the mechanism and correction method of the blockage effect. By considering the degrees of freedom of the sinkage and trim, the resistance of the ship model is calculated in the infinite domain and for blockage ratios of 1.5%, 1.8%, 2.2%, and 3.0%. Through analysis of the free surface, pressure distribution, and flow field around the ship model, the action law of the blockage effect is studied. The Scott formula and mean flow correction formula based on the average cross sectional area are recommended as the main correction methods, and these formulas are improved using a factor for the return flow velocity correction based on comparison of the modified results given by different formulas. This modification method is verified by resistance test data obtained from three ship models with different scale ratios.

Effects of Film Thickness and Ar/O2 Ratio on Resistive Switching Characteristics of HfOx-Based Resistive-Switching Random Access Memories

Cu/HfOx/n^＋Si devices are fabricated to investigate the influence of technological parameters including film thickness and Ar/02 ratio on the resistive switching （RS） characteristics of HfOx films, in terms of switch ratio, endurance properties, retention time and multilevel storage. It is revealed that the RS characteristics show strong dependence on technological parameters mainly by altering the defects （oxygen vacancies） in the film. The sample with thickness of 2Onto and Ar/O2 ratio of 12：3 exhibits the best RS behavior with the potential of multilevel storage. The conduction mechanism of all the films is interpreted based on the filamentary model.

Pore water pressure increment model for saturated Nanjing fine sand subject to cyclic loading

Three groups of dynamic triaxial tests were performed for saturated Nanjing fine sand subjected to uniform cyclic loading. The tested curves of the excess pore water pressure （EPWP） ratio variation with the ratio of the number of cycles are provided. The concept of the EPWP increment ratio is introduced and two new concepts of the effective dynamic shear stress ratio and the log decrement of effective stress are defined. It is found that the development of the EPWP increment ratio can be divided into three stages： descending, stable and ascending. Furthermore, at the stable and ascending stages, a satisfactory linear relationship is obtained between the accumulative EPWP increment ratio and natural logarithm of the effective dynamic shear stress ratio. Accordingly, the EPWP increment ratio at the number of cycles N has been deduced that is proportional to the log decrement of effective stress at the cycle number N-l, but is independent of the cyclic stress amplitude. Based on the analysis, a new EPWP increment model for saturated Nanjing fine sand is developed from tested data fitting, which provides a better prediction of the curves of EPWP generation, the number of cycles required for initial liquefaction and the liquefaction resistance.

DYNAMIC EFFECTIVE SHEAR STRENGTH OF SATURATED SAND

The dynamic effective shear strength of saturated sand under cyclic loading is discussed in this paper.The discussion includes the transient time depen- dency behaviors based on the analysis of the results obtained in conventional cyclic triaxial tests and cyclic torsional shear triaxial tests.It has been found that the dy- namic effective shear strength is composed of effective frictional resistance and viscous resistance,which are characterized by the strain rate dependent feature of strength magnitude,the coupling of consolidation stress with cyclic stress and the dependency of time needed to make the soil strength sufficiently mobilized,and can also be ex- pressed by the extended Mohr-Coulomb's law.The two strength parameters of the dynamic effective internal frictional angle φd and the dynamic viscosity coefficient η are determined.The former is unvaried for different number of cyclic loading,dy- namic stress form and consolidation stress ratio.And the later is unvaried for the different dynamic shear strain rate γt developed during the sand liquefaction,but increases with the increase of initial density of sand.The generalization of dynamic effective stress strength criterion in the 3-dimensional effective stress space is studied in detail for the purpose of its practical use.

Study on one—dimensional consolidation of saturated soil with semi—pervious boundaries and under cyclic loading

The variation of effective stress ratio of stratfied soil with semi pervious boundaries and under cyclic loading was analyzed on the basis of Terzaghi's one dimensional consolidation assumptions. A solution by Laplace Transform was obtained for the case when the soil was under time varied loading. With numerical inversion of Laplace Transform, some useful results were obtained for several kinds of commonly encountered loadings. The results can be meaningful in engineering practice.

Simulation and Experimental Design of Load Adaptive Braking System on Two Wheeler

The braking quality is considered the main execution of the adaptive control framework that impacts the vehicle safety and rides solace astoundingly notably the stopping distance.This research work aims to create a pattern and design of an electromechanically adjusted lever that multiplies the applied braking force depending on the inputs given by the sensors to reduce the stopping distance of the vehicle.It is carried out using two main parts of the two-wheeler vehicle:thefirst part deals with the detection of load acting on the vehicle and identifying the required braking force to be applied,and the second part deals with the micro-controller which activates the stepper motor for varying the mechanical leverage ratio from various loads on the vehicle using two actively movable wedges.The electromechanically operated variable braking force system is developed to actuate the braking system based on the load on the motorcycle.The MATLAB simulation and experimental work are carried out for various loading(driver and pillion)conditions on a two-wheeler.The results indicate that the proposed electronically operated braking system is more effective than the conventional braking system for various loads and vehicle speeds.Specifically,the stopping distance of the vehicle is decreased significantly by about 4.9%between the con-ventional braking system and the simulated proposed system.Further,the experi-mental results show that the stopping distance is condensed by about 4.1%.The validation between simulated and experimental results revealed a great deal with the least error percentage of about 0.8%.

Tunneling field effect transistors based on in-plane and vertical layered phosphorus heterostructures

Tunneling field effect transistors（TFETs） based on two-dimensional materials are promising contenders to the traditional metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor, mainly due to potential applications in low power devices. Here,we investigate the TFETs based on two different integration types： in-plane and vertical heterostructures composed of two kinds of layered phosphorous（β-P and δ-P） by ab initio quantum transport simulations. NDR effects have been observed in both in-plane and vertical heterostructures, and the effects become significant with the highest peak-to-valley ratio（PVR）when the intrinsic region length is near zero. Compared with the in-plane TFET based on β-P and δ-P, better performance with a higher on/off current ratio of - 10-6 and a steeper subthreshold swing（SS） of - 23 mV/dec is achieved in the vertical TFET. Such differences in the NDR effects, on/off current ratio and SS are attributed to the distinct interaction nature of theβ-P and δ-P layers in the in-plane and vertical heterostructures.

An Experimental Study on the Response of Model Footings Resting on Reinforced Flyash Beds under Repeated Load

In the present, investigation an attempt has been made to study the behavior of reinforced flyash beds under repeated loads by conducting carefully designed experiments. The main objective of the experiments conducted is to evaluate the beneficial effects of using flyash as a backfill material in the reinforced beds to resist the repeated loads. As no unique standard equipment is available for the application of repeated loads and to measure the response, different researchers have designed and fabricated different types of equipments for the testing. The repeated load of known intensity with waveform type and frequency is applied on the surface and embedded footing in unreinforced and reinforced flyash beds. The response of the flyash beds, in the form of settlement is measured using linear variable differential transducers. The experimental results clearly demonstrated that the provision of reinforcement in the flyash beds is effective in improving the performance of both surface and embedded footing under repeated loads.

Tailoring-compensated ferrimagnetic state and anomalous Hall effect in quaternary Mn–Ru–V–Ga Heusler compounds

Cubic Mn_(2)Ru_(x)Ga Heusler compound is a typical example of compensated ferrimagnet with attractive potential for high-density,ultrafast,and low-power spintronic applications.In the form of epitaxial thin films,Mn_(2)Ru_(x)Ga exhibits high spin polarization and high tunability of compensation temperature by freely changing the Ru content x in a broad range(0.3<x<1.0).Herein Mn-Ru-Ga-based polycrystalline bulk buttons prepared by arc melting are systematically studied and it is found that in equilibrium bulk form,the cubic structure is unstable when x<0.75.To overcome this limitation,Mn-Ru-Ga is alloyed with a fourth element V.By adjusting the content of V in the By adjusting the content of V in the Mn_(2)Ru_(0.75)V_(y)Ga and Mn_(2.25-y)Ru_(0.75)V_(y)Ga quaternary systems the magnetic compensation temperature is tuned.Compensation is achieved near 300 K which is confirmed by both the magnetic measurement and anomalous Hall effect measurement.The analyses of the anomalous Hall effect scaling in quaternary Mn-Ru-V-Ga alloy reveal the dominant role of skew scattering,notably that contributed caused by the thermally excited phonons,in contrast to the dominant intrinsic mechanism found in many other 3d ferromagnets and Heusler compounds.It is further shown that the Ga antisites and V content can simultaneously control the residual resistivity ratio(RRR)as well as the relative contribution of phonon and defect to the anomalous Hall effect a"/a0'in Mn-Ru-V-Ga,resulting in a scaling relation a"/a0'∝RRR^(1.8).

Experimental investigation on seismic behavior of single piles in sandy soil

This paper describes a quasi-static test program featuring lateral cyclic loading on single piles in sandy soil. The tests were conducted on 18 aluminum model piles with different cross sections and lateral load eccentricity ratios, e/d, （e is the lateral load eccentricity and d is the diameter of pile） of 0, 4 and 8, embedded in sand with a relative density of 30% and 70%. The experimental results include lateral load-displacement hysteresis loops, skeleton curves and energy dissipation curves. Lateral capacity, ductility and energy dissipation capacity of single piles under seismic load were evaluated in detail. The lateral capacities and the energy dissipation capacity of piles in dense sand were much higher than in loose sand. When embedded in loose sand, the maximum lateral load and the maximum lateral displacement of piles increased as e/d increased. On the contrary, when embedded in dense sand, the maximum lateral load of piles decreased as e/d increased. Piles with a higher load eccentricity ratio experienced higher energy dissipation capacity than piles with e/d of 0 in both dense and loose sand. At a given level of displacement, piles with circular cross sections provided the best energy dissipation capacity in both loose and dense sand.

Comparative Methodical Assessment of Established MOSFET Threshold Voltage Extraction Methods at 10-nm Technology Node

Threshold voltage (VTH) is the most evocative aspect of MOSFET operation. It is the crucial device constraint to model on-off transition characteristics. Precise VTH value of the device is extracted and evaluated by several estimation techniques. However, these assessed values of VTH diverge from the exact values due to various short channel effects (SCEs) and non-idealities present in the device. Numerous prevalent VTH extraction methods are discussed. All the results are verified by extensive 2-D TCAD simulation and confirmed through analytical results at 10-nm technology node. Aim of this research paper is to explore and present a comparative study of largely applied threshold extraction methods for bulk driven nano-MOSFETs especially at 10-nm technology node along with various sub 45-nm technology nodes. Application of the threshold extraction methods to implement noise analysis is briefly presented to infer the most appropriate extraction method at nanometer technology nodes.

不同冲击气压下煤样动态剪切强度的长径比效应

采用Φ50mm分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验系统,开展了不同冲击气压下直径75mm,长径比分别为0.20,0.27,0.33,0.40和0.47的5组煤样的动态剪切试验,划分了煤动态剪应力时程曲线的阶段,探讨了冲击气压对煤样动态剪切强度的影响,分析了煤样动态剪切强度和加载率的长径比效应,并建立了长径比效应理论模型。研究结果表明:①煤样动态剪应力时程曲线可分为应力初始上升、应力线性增长、应力缓慢上升和应力下降4个阶段;②煤样动态剪切强度与冲击气压呈正线性相关,但不同长径比下增加幅度存在差异,具体表现为:相同冲击气压增量下,煤样长径比越小,动态剪切强度的增加幅度越大;③煤样动态剪切强度和加载率均与长径比有关,在0.25,0.35 MPa较低冲击气压与0.45,0.55 MPa较高冲击气压下分别呈现出正、负长径比效应,并通过方差分析确定了长径比对其影响最小的冲击气压为0.376MPa;④建立了不同冲击气压下煤样动态剪切强度长径比效应理论模型,通过加载率效应推导出加载率长径比效应理论模型,并验证了模型的合理性和准确性。

扩底桩竖向承载特性及群桩效应研究

为探明扩底群桩竖向承载特性,采用扩底桩筏结构,开展单桩(扩径比分别为1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0)和桩筏(扩径比为2)基础静载模型试验,分析其荷载传递规律,并建立桩间距为3.75、4.00、4.50、5.00倍桩直径时扩底桩筏基础有限元模型,研究桩间距对群桩效应影响。结果表明:扩底单桩和扩底桩筏结构荷载沉降曲线均为缓变型;扩底桩极限承载力随扩径比增大而逐渐增大,扩径比2.5~3.0时极限承载力增幅变缓,建议扩底桩扩径比取2.5~3.0;由于桩土共同沉降,桩间土压缩,桩土作用更充分,扩底桩筏基础中心桩侧摩阻力荷载分担比比扩底单桩增大了17.71%;群桩效应系数随桩间距增大而逐渐增大,桩间距为4.5~5.0倍桩直径时群桩效应系数增幅较小,群桩效应较弱,建议扩底桩筏基础桩间距取值不小于4.5倍桩直径。

蜂窝梁柱子结构抗连续性倒塌性能研究

目的研究蜂窝梁柱子结构的抗连续性倒塌性能,为工程应用提供设计依据。方法基于拆除构件法,应用ABAQUS有限元分析软件建立蜂窝梁柱子结构与实腹梁柱子结构模拟模型,研究在中柱失效作用下的结构性能,分析孔型、开孔率和首孔距离等参数对蜂窝梁柱子结构抗连续性倒塌性能的影响。结果蜂窝梁柱子结构相比于实腹梁柱子结构的峰值承载力增长64.26%,所对应的位移增长73.57%;蜂窝梁良好的成铰机制使悬链线效应发展更充分;孔型、开孔率、首孔距离对其破坏模式、峰值荷载、悬链线效应发展程度均具有一定影响。结论蜂窝梁柱子结构具有良好的抗连续性倒塌能力,孔型宜为圆形或六边形,开孔率宜取40%~60%,首孔距离宜取0.75~1.0倍梁截面高度。

复掺海水海砂混凝土配合比优化及抗渗性能研究

通过正交试验研究海砂、粉煤灰及矿渣替代率对海水海砂混凝土力学性能的影响,得到混凝土最优配合比,并对其抗渗性能进行研究。结果表明:各因素对海水海砂混凝土抗压强度的影响大小为:海砂替代率>矿渣替代率>粉煤灰替代率。最优配合比为:海砂替代率70%,粉煤灰替代率15%,矿渣替代率5%。海水海砂混凝土早期抗压强度的增长速度大于普通混凝土,但后期抗压强度的增长速度低于普通混凝土。最优配合比的海水海砂混凝土抗渗等级、抗渗压力均高于普通混凝土。复掺矿物掺合料可以填充水泥水化和硬化过程中残留的孔隙,改善水泥浆体的孔结构,提高其抗压强度及抗渗性能。

MU10再生混凝土承重砌块力学性能与抗冻性试验研究

为进一步提高废弃混凝土利用率,促进严寒地区应用再生混凝土承重砌块,在分析再生骨料物理性能的基础上,考虑了100%再生粗骨料取代率、水胶比、用水量及粉煤灰掺量的影响,采用正交试验设计了C30再生混凝土配合比来制备MU10再生混凝土承重砌块,通过分析MU10再生混凝土承重砌块的力学性能,确定了MU10再生混凝土承重砌块的最佳配合比,利用环境模拟箱验证了MU10再生混凝土承重砌块的抗冻性。结果表明:再生骨料与天然骨料相比表面较粗糙,附着部分旧水泥砂浆,具有低密度,高孔隙率、吸水率和含泥量,压碎指标是天然骨料的两倍左右;MU10再生混凝土承重砌块的最佳配合比为再生粗骨料1 172 kg/m^(3)、天然河砂578 kg/m^(3)、水泥400 kg/m^(3)、粉煤灰100 kg/m^(3)、水150 kg/m^(3),其抗压强度为11.4 MPa,抗折强度为2.1 MPa,可用于承重及有抗震要求的砌体结构;经过50次冻融循环后,MU10再生混凝土承重砌块的质量损失为1.2%、强度损失为18.1%,抗冻性能符合要求,可以作为严寒地区新型墙体材料使用。

青藏高原东北缘岩石圈有效弹性厚度与地震分布关系

岩石圈有效弹性厚度(T_(e))表征岩石圈综合力学强度,对理解区域深部构造孕震环境具有重要意义.青藏高原东北缘地质构造复杂,强烈地震活动频发.为进一步了解该区域深部岩石圈力学性质特征及其与地震活动的关系,本文利用基于Fan小波的谱方法,使用WGM2012重力异常数据、ETOPO1地形数据和CRUST1.0模型,通过导纳和相关联合反演计算了青藏高原东北缘的岩石圈有效弹性厚度(T_(e))与荷载比(F).结果显示研究区T_(e)整体呈明显的东高西低分布,青藏块体T_(e)变化剧烈,西部高值(>40 km)和东部低值(<20 km)共存;鄂尔多斯地块T_(e)较高(>30 km),变化相对平缓;荷载比F存在局部西南高,巴颜喀拉和羌塘地块荷载比F较高(>0.5),说明以地下荷载为主,其他地块荷载比F较低(<0.2),以地表荷载为主.鄂尔多斯地块结构稳定,岩石圈强度较大,T_(e)值较高;内部构造活动性微弱,深部物质密度横向变化较小,岩石圈所受荷载以地表为主,荷载比F较低.柴达木地块东部与巴颜喀拉地块东部可能发生有下地壳流,岩石圈较为软弱,T_(e)值较低;巴颜喀拉地块内部与鲜水河断裂的荷载比F较高,岩石圈所受荷载以地下为主,可能是地壳物质向东流动导致岩石圈深部物质密度横向变化较大引起的.通过对比分析研究区T_(e)和T_(e)梯度、F和F梯度与地震之间的对应关系,发现地震一般发生在区域相对低T_(e)值、T_(e)梯度值和荷载比F梯度值较大的区域,震级较小的地震多发生在荷载比F较小的地区,6级以上强震则较多发生在荷载比F约为0.1和0.8的区域.因此,岩石圈有效弹性厚度T_(e)值较低、T_(e)梯度和荷载比F梯度较大的地区,更易出现地震.

爆炸荷载线性强化抗力模型梁构件动力系数研究

目前梁构件抗爆设计动力系数计算常采用理想弹塑性抗力模型,制约着塑性强化抗力构件的精细化抗爆设计。为解决线性强化抗力类型梁构件的爆炸作用动力系数计算问题,由抗力强化系数和阻尼比数值大小关系,分三种情况推导了柔性和刚性两类构件关于延性比的动力系数解析解。有限元分析及规范对比算例表明,本文推导理论公式精度较高,与抗爆设计规范公式计算结果趋势相似;延性比为1时,抗力强化系数与动力系数无关;延性比大于1且抗力强化系数小于0.01时,可忽略抗力强化系数的影响;延性比大于2时,需考虑阻尼参数后完成抗爆设计分析;延性比大于3时且抗力强化系数大于0.1时,线性强化抗力模型具有较好经济效益。

寒区环境下CRTSⅢ型无砟轨道板抗拉时变可靠度研究

为探究CRTSⅢ型无砟轨道板在寒区环境下的时变可靠度,开展无砟轨道列车轮轨力现场测试及寒区温度场试验,基于试验数据建立列车和温度荷载概率分布模型,并基于随机抽样方法生成随机荷载变量样本,随后输入有限元模型计算寒区复杂荷载耦合作用下无砟轨道结构荷载效应,并引入极值理论对轨道板荷载效应尾部数据进行拟合,获取设计年限内荷载效应最大值概率分布模型,同时结合时变抗力分布建立轨道板抗拉极限状态功能函数,最后基于蒙特卡洛法分析不同结构抗力退化速率下的结构时变可靠度。结果表明:在寒区复杂荷载作用下,不同运营环境(无退化、低速退化、中等退化和严重退化)的轨道板抗拉可靠度均随运营时间增加而逐步下降。结构抗力无退化及低速退化情况下,轨道板抗拉可靠度变化趋势相近,均始终满足要求;中等退化情况下,在第19年时低于目标可靠度;而寒区运营环境即严重退化情况下,第11年时已低于目标可靠度。不同抗力退化情况对结构时变可靠度指标变化趋势有着巨大影响,在第60年时,抗力严重退化情况下的可靠度指标下降幅度达到无退化情况的12.8倍。为保证无砟轨道在寒区恶劣环境下的长期运营安全,在设计时应提高安全储备系数,对轨道结构进行周期性管养维护,以确保其良好的服役状态。