Effects of cutting types and hormonal concentration on vegetative propagation of Zanthoxylum armatum in Garhwal Himalaya,India

Experiments were carried out to define the effects of hormonal concentrations on semi-hard wood（SHW） and hard-wood（HW） branch cuttings of the Z.armatum. SHW and HW cuttings were collected in the month of March. The SHW and HW cuttings were treated with different concentration of indole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-butyric acid（IAA and IBA） and placed in vermiculite rooting medium for 90 days under 1-min misting after 10 min. Sprouting, rooting percentage, sprout number, sprout length, root number, and length were measured.The highest rooting and sprouting rate, 64.0 %, was obtained at the 0.3 % IBA treatment in the SHW cuttings.Similarly sprout length and number of roots per cutting were also higher at the 0.3 % IBA treatment in the SHW cuttings. The number of shoots per cutting was higher at the 0.3 % IAA treatment in the SHW cuttings. Root length per cutting was higher in 0.4 % IBA treatment in the SHW cuttings. The results indicated that 0.3 and 0.4 % IBA treatment produce higher rooting percentages as well as the number of roots and their length in SHW cuttings. The HW cuttings produced maximum rate of 18.0 % rooting in0.5 % IBA treatment. The control set and lower concentrations of IBA and IAA completely failed to root in the mist chamber.

Allelopathic Effects of Jatropha curcas Leaf Leachates on Seedling Gro wth and Antioxidative Enzymes in Tagetes erecta L.

[Objective] This study was to investigate the allelopathic effects of J.curcas leaf leachates on seedling growth and antioxidative enzymes,and thus to reveal physiologically allelopathic effects of J.curcas trees on undergrowth plants.[Method] The allelopathic effects of leaf leachates of Jatropha curcas amended into soil were determined on the growth,proline and malondialdehyde（MDA） contentas well as superoxide dismutase（SOD）,catalase（CAT）,ascorbate peroxidase（APX）,guaiacol peroxidase（POD） in roots of marigold（Tagetes erecta） seedlings.[Results] The application of leaf leachates of J.curcas in the soil significantly inhibited the shoot and root length of marigold compared to un-amended soils.The leaf leachates increased the O-2,H2O2,MDA and proline content in the roots of marigold seedlings.The effects increased with the ascending of leaf leachates concentration.In addition,superoxide dismutase（SOD） and guaiacol peroxidase（POD） were not remarkably affected by the leachates at lower concentrations,but at higher concentration,SOD activity was ascended.Similarly,the activities of CAT and APX were also significantly increased with the increase of leachates concentrations.[Conclusion] These results show that J.curcas can release the phytotoxic compound（s） into soil,which are inhibitory to certain test species by interfering with physiological process.

The Effects of Auxins and Cytokinin on Growth and Development of (<i>Musa</i>sp.) Var. “Yangambi” Explants in Tissue Culture

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of concentration of different growth regulators (auxins and cytokinins) on growth and development of banana shoot tips cultured in vitro. Explants were taken from young suckers of field grown plants of var. “Yangambi”. The shoot tips were cultured on MS media supplemented with different concentrations of BAP (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg/l) with or without IAA at concentration of 0.34 mg/l. At the rooting phase, the media was supplemented with different concentrations of IBA (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/l) with or without BAP at concentration of 0.2 mg/l. The results indicated that 6.0 mg/l BAP significantly increased the number of shoots formed and the interaction of 6 mg/l BAP with 0.35 mg/l IAA significantly increased the fresh weight. For rooting, 2.0 mg/l IBA was more efficient in number and length of roots produced than all other treatments.

Allelopathic Effect of Aqueous Extract of Argemone mexicana L on Germination and Growth of Brachiaria dictyoneura L and Clitoria ternatea L

The present study was conducted in the laboratory to investigate the allelopathic effect of Mexican poppy (Argemone mexicana L.) to the germination and growth parameters of two native species Brachiaria dictyoneura L and Clitoria ternatea L. Different concentrations of leaf and seed aqueous extracts from Argemone mexicana (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) were evaluated. Results showed that seed germination, root length, shoot length, seedling length, fresh weight and dry weight of B. dictyoneura and C. ternatea seedlings were significantly reduced by leaf and seed extracts compared with control treatments. Roots were more affected than shoots;and leaf extract was more suppressive than seed extracts. From the results, it is concluded that leaf and seed extracts have some allelochemicals with inhibitory effect on germination and growth of the tested plant species.

Effect of Plant Derived Smoke on Germination and Post Germination Expression of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Smoke produced from burning of plant material elicits a striking increase in seed germination in various plant species. In present work, effect of plant derived smoke exposure on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds germination and post germination response has been studied in laboratory. Plant derived smoke was generated by burning of plant material (leaf, straws etc.) in a special designed furnace. Non-imbibed and imbibed seeds of wheat were exposed to plant derived smoke for 1 hr time duration. Best results were observed in non-imbibed seeds treated with plant derived smoke while imbibed seeds showed poor response to germination percentage, germination index, seedling vigor index and root shoot length. It has been proved from present study that plant derived smoke has stimulatory effect on germination & post germination response of non-imbibed seeds while it may cause inhibitory effect in imbibed seeds of wheat.

播期推迟对棉花根系生长发育特征及产量的影响

【目的】研究推迟播期对棉花根系生长发育特征和产量的影响,为黄河流域棉区棉花适期播种提供依据。【方法】2022―2023年在河北农业大学威县试验站开展田间试验,设置常规播期(4月15日)和推迟播期(5月1日)2个处理,分析推迟播期对棉花品种冀农大23号的根系分布、根系生长速率、根冠比、干物质积累量和产量等的影响。【结果】与常规播期相比,推迟播期条件下,棉花根系长度和生物量的最大增长速率分别增加2.92~5.35 cm·d^(-1)和0.40~0.76 mg·d^(-1);深层土壤中棉花根系占比提高,其中30~60 cm土层根系长度占比和根系生物量占比分别增加2.99~3.55百分点和3.94~4.42百分点;生育后期棉株地上部干物质积累量和根冠比无明显差异;根系载荷能力显著降低6.43%~17.69%;2022年籽棉产量无显著差异,2023年单位面积铃数和籽棉产量分别显著增加9.72%和7.66%。相关分析表明,0~60 cm土层根长密度、0~60 cm土层根系生物量密度、根系生物量最大增长速率和30~60 cm土层根系长度占比均与籽棉产量极显著正相关。【结论】黄河流域棉区推迟播期(5月1日)可通过提高棉花根系生长速率、深层土壤中根系长度和根系生物量的占比,增强根系吸收功能以保障地上部干物质的积累,促进棉花高产。

基于变分模态分解和SG滤波的二次谐波降噪

针对可调谐半导体激光器吸收光谱学,在测量低浓度气体过程中二次谐波存在的噪声问题,提出利用变分模态分解(VMD)和Savitzky-Golay滤波(SG滤波)相结合方法(简记为VMD-SG滤波)对含噪信号进行降噪。分析了VMD平衡参数的最优选取,利用所设框长调节因子P,选取SG滤波的最优框长。通过与其他几种降噪算法相比,VMD-SG滤波降噪算法在信噪比、均方根误差、波形恢复、二次谐波特征点误差方面均表现较优。在信噪比(SNR)为-7.8389 dB下该算法SNR提升量为22.047 dB,均方根误差为0.0154,与标准二次谐波相关系数为0.985。结果表明,基于VMD-SG滤波降噪算法的可调谐二极管吸收光谱复合降噪技术,在弱信号方面可以提高信号质量,有利于提高气体反演精度、系统检测灵敏度。

Zinc Requirements of Tropical Legume Cover Crops

Tropical soils are deficient in essential plant nutrients, including zinc (Zn). Using cover crops in cropping systems is an important option to improve soil fertility for sustainable crop production. However, success of cover crops in highly weathered tropical infertile acid soils is greatly influenced by adequate levels of available soil micronutrients. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the Zn requirements of ten major tropical legume cover crops. The Zn levels used were 0, 10, 20 and 40 mg·kg-1 soil. Overall, shoot and root dry weight and maximum root length increased significantly in a quadratic fashion with increasing Zn rates in the range of 0 to 40 mg·kg-1. The Zn × cover crops interactions for shoot and root dry weight, maximum root length, Zn concentration (content per unit dry weight), Zn uptake (concentration × dry weight) and Zn use efficiency (dry weight per unit Zn uptake) were significant, indicating variation in these traits with the change in soil Zn levels. Collectively, maximum shoot dry weight was achieved with the application of 22 mg Zn·kg-1 of soil. Similarly, maximum root dry weight and root length were obtained with the addition of 22 and 17 mg Zn·kg-1 soil, respectively. Overall, Zn concentration and Zn uptake were significantly increased in a quadratic manner with the increase in the soil Zn levels in the range of 0 to 40 mg·kg-1. However, Zn use efficiency (dry weight per unit Zn uptake) decreased in a quadratic fashion with the increasing soil Zn levels from 0 to 40 mg·kg-1. Jack bean, black velvet bean, pueraria, and gray velvet bean with high Zn use efficiency appear to be suitable cover crops for low Zn soils.

Influences of Cyanobacterial Toxins Microcystins on the Seedling of Plants

Cyanobacterial blooms associated by their toxins have been increasing in frequency in fresh water bodies throughout the world. Among the cyanobacterial toxins, microcystins (MC) are the most common and cause severe adverse impacts on plants, aquatic organisms and human beings. In this study, the effects of MC (at the concentrations of 20 and 200 μg·L-1) from field water and crude extract of cyanobacterial scum (mainly Microcystis spp.) from the Dau Tieng Reservoir, Vietnam, on the seedlings of three plants, Brassica rapa-chinensis, B. narinosa and Nasturtium officinale, were investigated for over a period of 7 days. The results showed that MC reduced the fresh weight, root and shoot length of the exposed seedlings. In addition, abnormalities of leaf shape and color of B. rapa-chinensis under exposure to MC were observed. The results implied that MC were taken up and might be accumulated in the seedlings possessing potential risk to consumers as seedlings of these plants are a common food source for Vietnamese. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the effects of MC on B. rapa-chinensis, B. narinosa and N. officinale.

草本植物根系类型和分布对根土复合体无侧限抗压强度的影响

为了探究草本植物根系类型和分布对根土复合体无侧限抗压强度的影响,采用图片像素转换法确定轴根型紫花地丁、根蘖型苦荬菜和根茎型水麦冬在不同土壤深度的根系分布特征;并利用无侧限抗压试验获取3种草本植物根土复合体的应力-应变曲线,量化根土复合体的抗压强度,探究根土复合体破坏面根系参数与黏聚力增量的关系。研究结果表明,在0~8 cm土壤深度范围内,随土壤深度的增加,轴根型紫花地丁和根茎型水麦冬的根长密度RLD、根表面积密度RASD、根面积比RAR逐渐减小,而根蘖型苦荬菜的RLD、RASD、RAR出现了先增大后减小的趋势。3种草本植物根系分布特征参数的量化结果均表现为紫花地丁>水麦冬>苦荬菜。根茎型水麦冬提升土体抗压强度的能力最优,其根土复合体黏聚力增量分别是紫花地丁和苦荬菜黏聚力增量的1.42、2.6倍。3种草本植物破坏面的RLD、RASD和RAR均表现为水麦冬最大,苦荬菜最小,紫花地丁居中。苦荬菜破坏面根系参数与黏聚力增量无相关性。对于轴根型和根茎型草本植物,根土复合体破坏面的3个根系分布参数中,RAR与黏聚力增量的相关性明显高于RLD和RASD。因此,RAR可以作为预测根茎型和轴根型草本植物提高土体抗压强度能力的重要参数。

Evaluation of Tropical Legume Cover Crops for Copper Use Efficiency

Cover crops are important components of cropping systems due to their role in improving soil quality. Lack of adequate levels of soil micronutrients prevents the success of cover crops in highly weathered tropical soils. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate copper use efficiency of nine tropical legume cover crops. The copper levels used were 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg Cu kg-1 of soil. Shoot dry weight, maximum root length and root dry weight significantly increased in a quadratic fashion with increasing soil Cu levels in the range of 0 to 20 mg kg-1 soil. Cu x cover crops interactions for shoot dry weight, root dry weight, maximum root length and contribution of root to the total dry weight were significant, indicating different responses of cover crops with the variation in soil Cu levels. Overall, maximum shoot dry weight was obtained with the application of 13 mg Cu kg-1. Similarly, maximum root dry weight and maximum root length were obtained with the application of 12 and 14 mg Cu kg-1 of soil. Root dry weight and maximum root length were significantly and positively related to shoot dry weight, indicating that a vigorous root system is important for improving productivity of cover crops grown on Brazilian Oxisols, especially where deficiency of micronutrients such as Cu exists. The Cu concentration in the plant tissue decreased in a quadratic fashion whereas, Cu uptake increased with increasing Cu application rate from 0 to 20 mg kg-1 soil. There was a significant variation observed in Cu use efficiency among cover crop species. Increasing applied Cu levels significantly increased soil pH and Mehlich 1 extractable soil Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe concentrations in the soil solution.

基质及含水量不同对猕猴桃扦插生根的影响

以‘徐香’猕猴桃为试材,采用嫩枝扦插法进行繁殖,研究基质及含水量不同对猕猴桃扦插生根的影响。结果表明:不同配比基质含水量不同对猕猴桃扦插生根有影响。基质相对含水量为70%时,蛭石和珍珠岩按1∶1的扦插生根效果最好,生根率为66.50%,平均生根数量为4.50条,平均根长为5.83 cm。以期对‘徐香’猕猴桃扦插技术应用推广具有重要意义。

基于Mask RCNN和视觉技术的玉米种子发芽自动检测方法

种子标准发芽试验中,为获取种子发芽和生长情况,需借助人工定时对种子的发芽率、发芽势、芽长和根长等相关指标进行统计和测量,该测定过程费时费力,且易对发芽的幼苗造成损伤。针对这些问题,该研究基于Mask RCNN(基于区域的卷积神经网络)模型和机器视觉技术设计了一种玉米种子发芽自动检测方法。首先,在玉米种子发芽试验的7 d内,每天采集模型训练和测试所需的图像,并用Labelme工具对种子位置进行标注,再利用标注图像训练种子定位模型;其次,根据模型定位出的玉米种子掩膜区域,设定一个监测种子发芽的椭圆区域,自动识别种子发芽状态;最后,利用骨架提取和深度搜索算法实现发芽种子幼苗主骨架线的提取,通过计算种子掩膜的质心坐标位置,实现芽和根长度的分别统计。结果表明,该方法能够有效识别发芽种子,实现发芽试验中玉米种子的发芽率、发芽势、芽长、根长等指标的自动统计,可为种子发芽试验的自动化管理提供技术参考。

大田期烟草根系构型参数的动态变化

采用“根箱”法研究了大田期烟草根系构型参数在时间、空间上的动态变化．结果表明，烟草2级侧根总长度的增加明显大于1级侧根，根快速增长期分别出现在移栽后26～40和56～70d．栽后57d（打顶）前，烟草根系的分枝密度表现为10～20〉0～10〉20～30〉30～40cm，此后随土层的加深呈递减趋势．在主根上，以7～21cm范围内的分枝密度最大．打顶前，比根长随着入土深度的加深而递增；栽后90d，比根长随土层的加深而递减．1级侧根根长密度在0～10cm土层内的变化呈“S”型曲线，10～20、20～30和30～40cm内表现为双峰曲线；2级侧根根长密度随生育期的进程而增加。其中0～10cm根长密度的变化为“S”曲线，其它层次为单峰曲线．

抗旱、敏旱棉花材料苗期根系特性研究

【目的】研究棉花耐旱品种KK1543和敏旱品种新陆早26号的苗期根系特性,为棉花育种工作提供基础理论数据。【方法】以棉花耐旱品种KK1543和敏旱品种新陆早26号为材料,用1/2 Hoagland营养液培养并观察记录和测量棉花的根长密度、一级侧根数量,两叶一心时期用15%PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫0、24、48和72 h后测根的含水量、根冠比。【结果】KK1543和新陆早26号在苗期根生长速度基本相同,一级侧根生长呈S型曲线。胁迫前KK1543根含水量和新陆早26号处于相同水平。胁迫后新陆早26号根含水量下降幅度显著高于KK1543,KK1543的根冠比增加显著高于新陆早26号。【结论】KK1543和新陆早26号在1/2 Hoagland营养液中能较好的生长,15%PEG6000的处理后两个品种的根系特性变化具有一定可比性。

不同盐分对羊草种子萌发和根芽生长的影响

采用水培发芽方法研究了4种中性盐(NaCl、KCl、Na2SO4、K2SO4)和4种碱性盐(NaHCO3、KHCO3、Na2CO3、K2CO3)及其不同浓度培养对羊草种子萌发和根芽生长的影响。结果表明,钠盐对羊草种子萌发和根芽生长的抑制作用明显大于钾盐,碱性盐大于中性盐,二价盐大于一价盐。Na2CO3和NaHCO3浓度≥20mmol·L-1,Na2SO4、K2CO3和KHCO3浓度≥50mmol·L-1,NaCl、KCl和K2SO4浓度≥100mmol·L-1时对羊草种子萌发达到显著抑制水平。羊草根系对盐分的抑制作用具有敏感性,除5mmol·L-1的NaCl、KCl和NaHCO3外,各种盐分浓度对根长均达到显著抑制水平。相同摩尔浓度(以50mmol·L-1为例)下,羊草种子芽长在NaCl、KCl、Na2SO4、K2SO4、NaHCO3、KHCO3、Na2CO3和K2CO3胁迫下分别比对照下降了26%、5.5%、50.7%、11%、38.7%、37.1%、79%和83.9%。高Na+含量和高pH是抑制羊草种子萌发和根芽生长的主要原因。

玉米生长后期的根系分布研究

为了研究玉米生长后期根系的生长发育规律,利用中国气象局固城农业气象试验站大型根剖面系统,采用微根管观测系统及方形整段标本法和地下根系室玻璃窗,对‘屯玉46号’玉米根系的生长状况进行了试验研究。结果表明：垂直方向上,方形整段标本法和微根管法测得的根长密度占整层总根长密度比例的变化趋势一致,相关系数分别为0.987和0.717,且两种方法在0~20 cm土层的根长密度比例均为最大。0~60 cm土层为玉米根系生长活跃区,方形整段标本法测得根长密度生长量为其余层的4倍。两种方法测得的根长密度无显著差异,相关系数为0.830,均匀性水平较好。玉米成熟期根系的水平幅度较乳熟期窄,下层根系仍处于生长中,垂直深度增加。玻璃窗与方形整段标本法观测的根深测定结果存在差异,这可能与观测环境条件不一致有关。

土壤水氮资源的利用与管理 Ⅰ.土壤水氮条件与根系生长

本文从提高土壤水分和养分资源利用效率出发，研究与此有关的土壤水氮条件与作物根系生长的关系， 以及适宜的水氮范围。根据冬小麦、夏玉米试验结果表明，根长（ Ｌｒ） 发展动态，根长密度（ Ｌｒ Ｄ） 及其垂直分布和根长／ 冠重比值（ Ｌｒ／ Ｄ Ｍｐ） ，均受土壤水氮条件的影响。水氮的严重胁迫，都会使根系发展受抑制，而 Ｌｒ／ Ｄ Ｍｐ 却加大。在水分稍有亏缺条件下，土层中部根长密度增加，但后期衰亡速率也较快。 Ｌｒ 和 Ｌｒ／ Ｄ Ｍｐ 的综合评价，可用以衡量根系状况。本文运用 Ｌｒ 和 Ｌｒ／ Ｄ Ｍｐ 与水氮条件关系的等值线图的叠加法，将两图高值区的重叠区，作为作物在该生育阶段的适宜指标范围和适宜的水氮范围。

不同沙地生境下黄柳(Salix gordejevii)的根系分布和冠层结构特征

对分布于 3种不同沙地生境 (半固定沙丘、固定沙丘、丘间低地 )黄柳灌丛的根系分布 (根的数目与深度分布 )和冠层结构特征 (叶面积指数、平均叶倾角以及当年枝长度分布 )进行了研究。半固定沙丘上的黄柳根系最发达 (根系分布深 ,数量大 ) ,固定沙丘的黄柳明显不及前者 ,而丘间低地的黄柳根系最不发达。粗根 (Φ≥ 5mm)的分布与土壤水分和土壤容重呈显著相关性 ,细根 ( Φ<5mm)的分布与土壤容重和紧实度呈极显著相关。不同程度的根系发育导致地上部分的繁茂程度不同 :分布于半固定沙丘上的黄柳灌丛叶面积指数较大 ,当年枝平均长度较大 ,枝长频度分布趋于正态分布 ;丘间低地的黄柳灌丛叶面积指数较小 ,当年枝平均长度较小 ,枝长频度分布趋于对数正态分布 ;固定沙丘上灌丛的上述特征大致介于二者之间 ,而其当年枝长度频度符合 Weibull分布。

不同培育时间侧柏种基盘苗根系生长和分布

以3月直接在培养池中播种培育的侧柏种基盘苗作对照,将同期播种的侧柏种基盘苗进行悬空培养,于6月、8月和10月分别移栽到培育池(分别称为种基盘苗、6月移栽苗、8月移栽苗、10月移栽苗),并于翌年3月挖根,研究不同培育时间对移栽后侧柏幼苗根系生长和分布的影响。结果表明:苗木株高、根分布最大深度、根和地上部干重由大到小依次为:6月移栽苗>8月移栽苗>种基盘苗>10月移栽苗。根冠比由大到小依次为6月移栽苗>8月移栽苗>10月移栽苗>种基盘苗,但除了种基盘苗与6月移栽苗之间差异性显著外,其它处理之间差异性不显著。随着悬空培育时间的延长,空气断根限制了侧柏主根的生长,促进了侧根生长,降低了主侧根长度比。但经悬空培育后,任何处理的移栽苗都没有发生根系盘绕现象,移栽后主根的再生没有受到影响。