Closing the Gap: Boosting Women’s Representation in Cybersecurity Leadership

The research consistently highlights the gender disparity in cybersecurity leadership roles, necessitating targeted interventions. Biased recruitment practices, limited STEM education opportunities for girls, and workplace culture contribute to this gap. Proposed solutions include addressing biased recruitment through gender-neutral language and blind processes, promoting STEM education for girls to increase qualified female candidates, and fostering inclusive workplace cultures with mentorship and sponsorship programs. Gender parity is crucial for the industry’s success, as embracing diversity enables the cybersecurity sector to leverage various perspectives, drive innovation, and effectively combat cyber threats. Achieving this balance is not just about fairness but also a strategic imperative. By embracing concerted efforts towards gender parity, we can create a more resilient and impactful cybersecurity landscape, benefiting industry and society.

Causes of anemia in pregnant women of the state of azad kashmir: A cross-sectional survey

Background: Epidemic of anemia is considered to be a significant threat to pregnant women or women in child bearing age. Anemia is one of the major nutritional health disorders affecting significant proportion of population not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. This threat is more alarming in developing countries where poverty, illiteracy may contribute to high risk for causes of anemia. Objective: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the main causes of anemia in pregnant women in the State of Azad Kashmir, Muzaffarabad and to investigate the relationship between education and anemia. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted over a sample of 433 pregnant women. The Chi- square test has been used to assess the statistical significance of different risk factors with Hb% (Heamoglobin) of the respondent. The multiple logistic regression model was used to get the most significant risk factors of anemia. Results: The study shows that the most dominant risk factors of the anemia were age at the time of marriage at different age categories that are 16 - 20 (OR = 3.945) (OR Odds ratios) with 95% C-I (confidence interval) (0.294 to 52.985), 21 - 25 (OR = 2.316) with 95% C-I (0.192 to 27.932) and 26 - 30 (OR = 4.179) with 95% C-I (0.347 to 50.320). Education at different education levels that is illiterate (OR = 1.191) with 95% C-I (0.005 to 87.279) and primary (OR = 1.179) with 95% C-I (0.009 to 156.200). Hb% at different levels 3 - 4 g/dl (OR = 1.220) with 95% C-I (0.299 to 4.984), 5 - 6 g/dl (OR = 2.221) with 95% C-I (0.679 to7.263) and 7 - 10 g/dl (OR = 1.384) with 95% C-I (0.408 to 4.689). Monthly

Acute effects of static stretching on peak and end-range hamstring-to-quadriceps functional ratios

AIM: To evaluate if static stretching influences peak and end-range functional hamstring-to-quadriceps(H/Q) strength ratios in elite women athletes. METHODS: Eleven healthy female athletes in an elite competitive level participated to the study. All the participants fulfilled the static stretching or non-stretching(control) intervention protocol in a randomized design on different days. Two static unassisted stretching exercises, one in standing and one in sitting position, were used to stretch both the hamstring and quadriceps muscles during these protocols. The total time for the static stretching was 6 ± 1 min. The isokinetic peak torque measurements for the hamstring and quadriceps muscles in eccentric and concentric modes and the calculations for the functional H/Q strength ratios at angular velocities of 60°/s and 180°/s were made before(pre) and after(post) the control or stretching intervention. The strength measurements and functional strength ratio calculations were based during the entire- and end-range of knee extension.RESULTS: The pre-test scores for quadriceps and hamstring peak torque and end range values were not significantly different between the groups(P > 0.05). Subsequently, although the control group did notexhibit significant changes in quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength(P > 0.05), static stretching decreased eccentric and concentric quadriceps muscle strength at both the 60°/s and 180°/s test speeds(P < 0.01). Similarly, static stretching also decreased eccentric and concentric hamstring muscle strength at both the 60°/s and 180°/s test speeds(P < 0.01). On the other hand, when the functional H/Q strength ratios were taken into consideration, the pre-intervention values were not significant different between the groups both during the entire and end range of knee extension(P > 0.05). Furthermore, the functional H/Q strength ratios exhibited no significant alterations during the entire and end ranges of knee extension both in the static stretching or the control intervention(P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: According to our results, static stretching routine does not influence functional H/Q ratio. Athletes can confidently perform static stretching during their warm-up routines.

Changes in Alanine Aminotransferase/Aspartate Aminotransferase Ratio Are Associated with Changes in Insulin Resistance in Japanese Community-Dwelling Middle-Aged and Elderly Women

Liver marker {e.g., alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)} levels independently predict insulin resistance. The aim of the present study is to examine how changes in liver markers are associated with changes in insulin resistance after exercise in Japanese community-dwelling adults. The participants were 76 women aged 67 ± 6 years from a rural village. Nordic walk (NW) exercise of 120 min per week was performed for 12 weeks. Before and at the end of the 12-week intervention, various confounding factors and insulin resistance {e.g., Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)} were measured. The baseline, follow-up, and changes in ALT/AST ratio (β = 0.390, P β = 0.393, P β = 0.321, P = 0.004, respectively) were each significantly and independently associated with HOMA-IR. When the data were further stratified by baseline and change in ASL/AST ratio, changes in HOMA-IR decreased more significantly in participants with baseline ASL/AST ratio ≥ 0.762 and change in ALT/AST ratio of < 0 than those with change in ALT/AST ratio of ≥ 0 (baseline ASL/AST ratio P = 0.002 and ASL/AST ratio ≥ 0.762, P = 0.047). This study is of interest because liver transaminase markers, which are inexpensive and routinely collected in clinical settings, may provide a simple and accurate enhancement to models currently used to identify subjects with changes in insulin resistance. These results suggest that a higher baseline and decreased change in ALT/AST ratio may be a predictor for decreased insulin resistance after a 12-week walking exercise in community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly women.

Factors Affecting Depression among Married Women Living in Urban Squatter Settlements of Karachi, Pakistan

Background: Depression is one of the growing public health concerns among women worldwide. This is one of the most under-recognized and under-treated mental illnesses worldwide. Women of developing countries are inexplicably affecting with depression. Purpose: The purpose of study is to assess the prevalence and associative factors of depression among women of aged 20 to 40 years living in urban squatter settlements of Karachi, Pakistan. The identification of all the potential determinants will potentially help in formulating preventive strategies in order to decline the prevalence of depression among women and improve the wellbeing of women. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional survey was employed among women living in Reta Plot and Kala Board communities of Karachi, Pakistan. Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) was used to measure depression. Systematic sampling was used to recruit 636 married women. Cox proportional hazard was run to compute prevalence ratios and their 95% confidence interval. Results: Our study estimated 33.3% of depression among study participants. The current study showed that age, possession of own vehicle, years of schooling and recent deaths in family were significantly associated with depression. Conclusion: This research was a bold step to address the issue of increasing rate of depression among Pakistani population. Our study results can convince policy makers to extend mental health support to women by improving accessibility of services. Recommendation: Our study recommends that the women of our society should be encouraged for attaining education. This study also recommends that at primary health care setting, every health professional should be trained to screen the depression. Moreover, the results of our study can also encourage policy makers to expand mental health support services for women.

LDL-Related Intolerance to Glucose, Diastolic Hypertension and Additive Effects of Smoking Were Found with Three Female Study Groups

Initial prodiabetic risk profiles were invented here with three female study groups consisting of primarily healthy women (A1: 1990-1999, n = 160;A2: 2009, n = 88;A: n = 248, 36 ± 14 years;B: 2014: n = 65, aged 37± 11 years). Significantly higher blood pressure was found comparing intolerance versus tolerance to glucose (p p p = 0.02), of fasting blood glucose (p = 0.07) and of urine pathology (p = 0.07). High LDL-C of women who reported smoking at baseline was correlated with diastolic hypertension whereby alcohol problems overlapped (p = 0.036, A). Unhealthy combinations were found consisting of LDL-related intolerance to glucose, LDL-related smoking, of alcohol-related hypertriglyceridemia or of combined drinking and smoking testing urine pathology over the course of time. Obese women were at direct risk for hypertension in the presence of high LDL-C and submaximal ratio of serum albumin to triglycerides (Alb/Trig). Obese women reacted highly sensitive to critical alcohol consumption showing then macroalbuminuria. Current participants who disowned daily alcohol consumption showed healthy morning urines and normal fasting blood glucose. Mild decrease of HDL-C was observed during heavy smoking of relatively young women who had normal biomarkers. Women with intolerance to glucose were at direct risk for hypertension whereby high LDL-C and/or smoking triggered prodiabetic risk profiles. Obese women had elevated LDL-C during hypertension and reacted highly sensitive to alcohol-related proteinuria and/or hematuria.

第32届东京奥运会高水平女子排球比赛攻防能力等级评价研究

以2020年东京奥运会女子排球赛12支队伍为研究对象,运用文献资料法、录像分析法和数理统计法等研究方法,对各国女排攻防指标进行等级评价,分析中国队与世界强队的攻防能力,提出建议.结果显示:美国队、巴西队和塞尔维亚队的进攻能力最强,进攻WRSR值均在B级,中国队位居C级;防守能力最强的当数防守WRSR值在B级的美国、巴西、塞尔维亚、俄罗斯和土耳其队,中国队在防守上逊色于其他强队,防守WRSR值处于D级;攻防能力最突出的是巴西队,攻防WRSR值最高,排名第二的则是美国队.12支队伍进攻、防守和攻防WRSR值与比赛名次均呈显著相关,具有统计意义(P值均<0.01).东京奥运会女子排球赛各队共分为5档,攻防能力属于第1档水平的队伍包括美国、巴西、塞尔维亚、俄罗斯,这些队伍代表当今世界女子排坛的最高水平.东京奥运会高水平队伍技战术特征为:扣球进攻位置多样化;发球攻击性强;全面的拦网、默契的配合和极强的得分能力;二传到位率较高.

孕晚期血清尿酸及血清尿酸/肌酐水平与不良妊娠结局的关系研究

背景孕期血清尿酸代谢紊乱与不良妊娠结局相关,但目前分析并比较血清尿酸及血清尿酸/肌酐水平在孕期不良妊娠结局中的关系研究较少。目的分析孕妇孕晚期血清尿酸及血清尿酸/肌酐水平与不良妊娠结局的关系。方法选取2015—2022年于南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院常规产检及生产的单胎活产孕妇743例为研究对象。根据是否发生不良妊娠结局,将孕妇分为正常组344例和不良结局组399例。分别以四分位数将血清尿酸及血清尿酸/肌酐分为3个水平:Q1(血清尿酸<257μmol/L)、Q2(血清尿酸257~359μmol/L)、Q3(血清尿酸>359μmol/L)和q1(血清尿酸/肌酐<5.88)、q2(血清尿酸/肌酐5.88~7.94)、q3(血清尿酸/肌酐>7.94)。根据孕妇中位年龄,将孕妇分为年龄<30岁亚组(341例)及年龄≥30岁亚组(402例)。根据既往孕产次情况,将孕妇分为初产妇亚组(539例)及经产妇亚组(194例)。采用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨血清尿酸及血清尿酸/肌酐水平与不良妊娠结局的关系。结果不良结局组孕妇年龄、BMI、血清尿酸、血清尿酸/肌酐、三酰甘油高于正常组(P<0.05)。校正混杂因素后,血清尿酸、血清尿酸/肌酐对不良妊娠结局影响的多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,与Q1水平血清尿酸相比,Q3水平时子痫前期(AOR=4.41,95%CI=2.16~8.99)、宫内生长受限(AOR=3.59,95%CI=1.08~11.96)的发生风险增加(P<0.05);与q1水平血清尿酸/肌酐相比,q2、q3水平时子痫前期(AOR=2.33,95%CI=1.13~4.79;AOR=3.56,95%CI=1.68~7.56)的发生风险增加,q3水平时早产(AOR=2.76,95%CI=1.33~5.71)、宫内生长受限(AOR=5.15,95%CI=1.39~19.14)的发生风险增加,而q3水平时巨大儿(AOR=0.43,95%CI=0.19~0.98)、大于胎龄儿(AOR=0.38,95%CI=0.15~0.96)的发生风险降低(P<0.05)。血清尿酸、血清尿酸/肌酐在不同年龄亚组对子痫前期、早产的影响结果显示,与Q1水平血清尿酸相比,Q3水平在两个年龄亚组中子痫前期的发生风险均增加(P<0.05);与q1水平血清尿酸/肌酐相比,q2、q3水平在年龄≥30岁孕妇中子痫前期的发生风险增加(P<0.05)。血清尿酸、血清尿酸/肌酐在不同孕产次亚组对子痫前期、早产的影响结果显示,与Q1水平血清尿酸相比,Q3水平在初产妇中子痫前期的发生风险增加(P<0.05);与q1水平血清尿酸/肌酐相比,q2、q3水平在初产妇中子痫前期的发生风险增加,q3水平在初产妇中早产的发生风险增加(P<0.05)。结论高水平血清尿酸、血清尿酸/肌酐时子痫前期、宫内生长受限的发生风险均增加,其中子痫前期主要发生在年龄≥30岁的孕妇或初产妇中。高水平血清尿酸/肌酐时早产的发生风险增加,主要发生在初产妇中。血清尿酸/肌酐较血清尿酸预测的不良妊娠结局更多。

Longitudinal analysis of immune reconstitution and metabolic changes in women living with HIV:A real-world observational study

Background:Women comprise more than half of people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome(HIV/AIDS)worldwide and incomplete immune recovery and metabolic abnormalities affect them deeply.Studies of HIV antiretroviral therapy(ART)have a low female representation in China.We aimed to investigate immune reconstitution and metabolic changes of female HIV-positive cohort in China longitudinally.Methods:HIV-positive women who initiated ART from January 2005 to June 2021 and were followed up regularly at least once a year were included in this study.Immunological indicators(cluster of differentiation 4[CD4]counts and CD8 counts),viral load(VL),and metabolic indicators were collected at follow-up.All data were collected from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System(CDPCIS).VL was tested half a year,1 year after receiving ART,and every other year subsequently according to local policy.CD4/CD8 ratio normalization was considered as the primary outcome and defined as a value≥1.Incidence rate and probability of CD4/CD8 ratio normalization were estimated through per 100 person-years follow-up(PYFU)and Kaplan-Meier curve,respectively.Multivariate Cox regression was used to identify independent risk factors associated with CD4/CD8 ratio normalization.We further studied the rate of dyslipidemia,hyperuricemia,diabetes,liver injury,and renal injury after ART initiation with the chi-squared tests or Fisher’s exact probability tests,and a generalized estimating equation model was used to analyze factors of dyslipidemia and hyperuricemia.Results:A total of 494 female patients with HIV/AIDS started ART within 16 years from January 2005 to June 2021,out of which 301 women were enrolled with a median duration of ART for 4.1 years(interquartile range,2.3-7.0 years).The overall incidence rate of CD4/CD8 ratio normalization was 8.9(95%confidence interval[CI],7.4-10.6)per 100 PYFU,and probabilities of CD4/CD8 normalization after initiating ART at 1 year,2 years,5 years,and 10 years follow-up were 11.7%,23.2%,44.0%,and 59.0%,respectively.Independent risk factors associated with CD4/CD8 normalization were baseline CD4 cell counts<200 cells/μL,CD8 counts>1000 cells/μL,and more than 6 months from the start of combined ART(cART)to first virological suppression.Longitudinally,the rate of hypercholesterolemia(total cholesterol[TC])and high triglyceride(TG)showed an increasing trend,while the rate of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL)showed a decreasing trend.The rate of hyperuricemia presented a downtrend at follow-up.Although liver and renal injury and diabetes persisted during ART,the rate was not statistically significant.Older age and protease inhibitors were independent risk factors for increase of TC and TG,and ART duration was an independent factor for elevation of TC and recovery of HDL-C.Conclusions:This study showed that women were more likely to normalize CD4/CD8 ratio in comparison with findings reported in the literature even though immune reconstruction was incomplete.

子痫前期孕妇D-二聚体水平与中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值的相关性探究

目的分析子痫前期孕妇D-二聚体水平与中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)的相关性。方法回顾性分析临床资料,选择2021年1月至12月于我院收治的子痫前期孕妇80例为观察对象,纳为子痫前期组,根据病情严重程度分为轻度组(42例)、重度组(38例),同期选择于我院产检的健康孕妇80名为健康对象组,采集各组孕妇空腹静脉血,比较各组孕妇血浆D-二聚体水平、NLR水平,查阅2组孕妇产后新生儿临床资料,比较各组新生儿体质量、1 min Apgar评分、5 min Apgar评分。采用Pearson相关性分析D-二聚体水平与NLR及其他指标相关性;采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估D-二聚体、NLR预测子痫前期发生的价值。结果子痫前期组孕妇血浆D-二聚体水平及NLR水平高于健康对照组(P<0.05)。重度组孕妇血浆D-二聚体水平及NLR水平高于轻度组(P<0.05)。重度组新生儿体质量低于轻度组,1min Apgar评分、5min Apgar评分低于轻度组(P<0.05)。子痫前期Pearson相关性分析显示,子痫前期孕妇血浆D-二聚体水平与NLR呈明显正相关(r=0.52,P<0.05),与新生儿体质量、1min Apgar评分、5min Apgar评分呈明显负相关(r=-0.47、-0.51、-0.45,P均<0.05)。ROC曲线显示,D-二聚体、NLR预测子痫前期发生的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.733、0.803,联合预测的AUC为0.906,联合预测价值较高。结论子痫前期孕妇普遍存在凝血功能异常情况,D-二聚体水平明显异常表达,且D-二聚体水平与子痫前期病情严重程度及NLR水平存在一定相关性,定期监测D-二聚体水平变化有助于评估病情,为临床治疗及预后预测提供合理参考。

基于ROC曲线分析子痫前期孕妇血清EG-VEGF、NLR、PLR表达与病情严重程度的相关性

目的探讨子痫前期孕妇血清内分泌腺源性血管内皮生长因子(EG-VEGF)、中性粒细胞淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、血小板淋巴细胞比值(PLR)表达与病情严重程度的相关性。方法回顾性分析2021年10月~2023年3月在承德市中心医院妇儿院区产检的90例孕妇临床资料,根据是否患有子痫前期进行分组,将健康正常的30例孕妇纳入健康对照组,将确诊为子痫前期的60例孕妇纳入观察组,且观察组根据子痫前期严重程度分为轻度组(n=30)和重度组(n=30),比较健康对照组和观察组、轻度组和重度组的血清EG-VEGF、NLR、PLR表达水平,并应用ROC曲线分析血清EG-VEGF、NLR、PLR诊断子痫前期和评价病情严重程度的效能。结果观察组的血清EG-VEGF、NLR高于健康对照组[(53.65±17.46)pg ml vs.(28.93±9.37)pg ml、(3.15±1.02)vs.(2.12±0.67)],PLR低于健康对照组[(98.53±21.86)vs.(115.31±18.36)],差异有统计学意义(t=7.237、5.010、3.613,P<0.05)。经ROC曲线分析发现,血清EG-VEGF、NLR、PLR诊断子痫前期效能良好(P<0.05)。重度组的血清EG-VEGF、NLR高于轻度组[(57.93±13.19)pg ml vs.(49.63±15.63)pg ml、(3.40±0.95)vs.(2.93±0.71)],PLR低于轻度组[(163.72±35.41)vs.(146.70±28.63)],差异有统计学意义(t=2.223、2.171、2.047,P<0.05)。经ROC曲线分析,发现血清EG-VEGF、NLR、PLR评价子痫前期病情严重程度的效能良好(P<0.05)。结论子痫前期孕妇血清EG-VEGF、NLR呈高表达水平,PLR呈低水平表达,且病情越严重的孕妇血清EG-VEGF、NLR越高,PLR越低,且经ROC分析血清EG-VEGF、NLR、PLR在子痫前期和病情严重程度诊断评价方面效能良好。

中国老年照料行业劳动力的需求与供给展望——以中老年女性为例

中国老龄化进程加速,老年人口照料需求巨大,提供照料的人数不足将持续制约老年照料行业发展。中老年女性是从事老年照料的主力,当前她们退休年龄和劳动参与率低,制约了劳动力供给。人口预测显示未来二三十年中老年女性数量处于历史高位,教育和健康水平提升,隔代抚育等家庭职责减轻,劳动力资源利用潜力大。本文参考澳大利亚和日本中老年女性在直接照料劳动力中的比例,结合我国人口和照料需求预测,预计中国2020-2050年对中老年女性劳动力数量的需求将快速增长,年均增长率为9.9%。2050年中国对45-64岁女性直接照料工作人员的需求将达到896万人至1077万人。2040年前后中老年女性人口数量达到峰值随后开始下降,老年照料行业对中老年女性劳动力的需求数量占相应年龄段女性人口的比例将在2040年之后快速增长,预计2050年达到6%左右。我国老年照料行业劳动力供给和需求匹配面临独生子女家庭的养老问题、劳动力属地化不足、社会保障水平低、家庭照料选择和照料服务业发展不足等问题,解决供求缺口需要打破家庭界线,依靠养老的社会大循环协调应对。建议完善退休制度、提高社保覆盖水平和灵活性、鼓励劳动力属地化和兼职化,推动中老年女性人力资源开发和老年照料行业发展。

血液中中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)与绝经后女性CAD关系的研究

目的::探讨研究血液中中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)与绝经后女性CAD关系,为临床治疗绝经期女性CAD患者冠状动脉病变程度提供有力依据。方法:选取本院2020年6月至2021年6月经冠状动脉造影术(CAG)确诊的260例绝经后女性CAD患者作为病例组,同时选取同时期260例疑诊为CAD,但经临床医师和辅助检测排除CAD的女性绝经期者作为对照组,进行回顾性分析。结果:两组患者临床资料对比,BMI、绝经年龄、CAD家族史均无统计学意义(P>0.05);研究组患者年龄大、绝经时间长,以及合并有高血压、糖尿病的患者经统计学分析,均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验室指标中可见,病例组白细胞、NLR、TG、天冬转氨酶相比明显高于对照组,有统计学差异(P<0.05);PCT、HDL、纤维蛋白、ApoA相比明显低于对照组,有统计学差异(P<0.05)。CAD患者重度组119例、中度组72例、轻度组69例。统计学多组间比较采用方差分析,F=3.538,P<0.05,差异有统计学意义。组间两两比较用LSD法,轻度组与中度组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);轻度组与重度组比较,中度组与重度组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic回归方程中得出,年龄、高血压、NLR、TG、纤维蛋白均为绝经后女性冠心病(CAD)的独立危险因素。结论:规检测血常规,NLR的检测方便,其价格低廉,能让临床医师早期发现高危患者,能有效评估和预测绝经后女性CAD冠状动脉的严重程度。

2021年世界排球联赛高水平女子排球赛攻防能力等级评价研究

2021年世界女排联赛各队共分为5档,攻防能力在第1档水平的队伍有美国、巴西、日本和土耳其,是现今世界女排强队,中国队位于第2档水平。2021世界女排联赛高水平强队技战术特征为:扣球进攻位置多样化,发球攻击性强,拦网技术全面,配合默契,二传到位率较高。运用文献资料法、录像分析法和数理统计法,对2021年世界女排联赛16支队伍的攻防指标进行等级评价,重点分析了中国队与世界强队之间的攻防优劣势。结果显示:16支队伍中进攻能力最为出色的是日本队,是处于A级水平的唯一队伍,中国队位列C级水平;巴西队的防守能力最为突出,处于B级水平,中国队是C级;日本队的攻防能力最为突出,位于B级水平,中国队位于C级水平。

Women’s Political Status and the Sex Ratio at Birth:An Empirical Study Based on 1950-2020 County-Level Data

Women’s emancipation is an important part of the people’s liberation movement led by the Communist Party of China.Improving women’s political status is the basic condition for improving their social welfare rights and interests.Based on the data from county gazetteers covering more than 1,700 counties,the censuses of 1990 and 2000,and other representative surveys,we conducted an empirical study on the long-term effect of women’s political status on the sex ratio at birth.Our research found that the higher the ratio of female Communist Party members in each county in 1950,the more normal was the sex ratio at birth in the following 50 years.The improved political status of women aged 16-20 significantly raised the proportion of girls among surviving children,especially in the era of family planning.This demographic study provides empirical historical evidence for the first time on one aspect of the long-term social impact of the mission of the Chinese people’s liberation.

Relationship between baseline monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and acute heart failure in postmenopausal women with acute coronary syndromes

Monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio(MHR)becomes a novel cardiovascular prognostic predictor.The retrospective study was performed to investigate the relationship between MHR and acute heart failure(AHF)in postmenopausal women with acute coronary syndromes(ACS).Methods A cohort of 127 postmenopausal women diagnosed with ACS were enrolled.They underwent coronary angiography in Shantou Central Hospital(Shantou,China)from December 2014 and July 2016.The patients were assigned to two groups based on the admission MHR:low MHR group(MHR≤0.3677,n=51)and high MHR group(MHR>0.3677,n=76).The relationship between MHR and AHF was assessed by logistic regression analysis.Results Left ventricular ejection fraction of the low MHR group(64.2%±8.8%)was higher than that of the high MHR group(57.6%±12.9%)(P=0.002).Fractional shortening of the low MHR group(35.4%±6.4%)was higher than that of the high MHR group(30.6%±8.9%)(P=0.001).Hospitalization days of high MHR group(11.4±6.6 days)was longer than that of low MHR group(8.4±3.5 days)(P=0.006).Incidence of AHF(21%)in the high MHR group was higher than that in the low MHR group(4%)(P=0.008).MHR(OR:25.701,95%CI:3.099-213.143,P=0.003)could be an independent predictor for AHF in postmenopausal women with acute coronary syndromes.Conclusions The incidence of AHF in high baseline MHR group was higher than that in low baseline MHR group.This study demonstrated that high MHR level was a risk factor for AHF in postmenopausal women with ACS.

运用秩和比法综合评价1997～2011年河南省孕产妇保健情况

目的：针对1997年～2011年河南省孕产妇保健情况进行综合评价，纵向分析河南省孕产妇保健情况的发展情况和变化趋势。方法：运用秩和比法综合高危产妇比重、建卡率、系统管理率、产前检查率、产后访视率、孕产妇死亡率（1／10万）、住院分娩率、新法接生率等八项指标进行分析和评价。结果：2007～2011年河南省孕产妇保健工作情况较好，1997年、1999年、2000年、2005年、2006年情况相对一般，1998年、2001～2004年情况相对较差。整体趋势逐渐改善，个别指标情况渐差。结论：运用秩和比法能够清楚客观全面的反应河南省孕产妇保健工作情况，反映出不同年份的情况变化，为政府制定相关政策、医院提高服务质量提供参考依据。

重庆市育龄期妇女中心肥胖与心血管疾病危险因素的关联性分析

目的使用腰围(WC)和腰围身高比(WHR)来探讨重庆市育龄期妇女中心肥胖及其与心血管疾病危险因素的关联性。方法在重庆市"一小时经济圈"内采用整群抽样的方法抽取8 769名18～59岁的在职成年妇女,以其中6 833名年龄在18～49岁正处于育龄期的妇女为研究对象。测量其身高、WC、体质量,计算其体质指数(BMI)和WHR,检测其血压、血脂、血糖等指标的水平。分析非中心肥胖组(WHR<0.5且WC<80 cm)和中心肥胖组(WHR≥0.5或WC≥80 cm)各指标间有无差异以及两组间心血管病危险因素聚集发生率有无差异,用Logistic回归分析中心肥胖与心血管疾病各危险因素间的关联性。结果在6 833名育龄期妇女中,有1 069名(15.64%)为中心肥胖。非中心肥胖组与中心肥胖组WC、收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、血糖水平比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。中心肥胖组危险因素聚集的发生率为39.76%,非中心肥胖组的发生率为13.78%,两组发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,中心肥胖的独立危险因素是居住地区、年龄、收缩压、舒张压、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白和血糖。结论联合使用WC和WHR能够比较有效地分析中心肥胖和各心血管疾病危险因素;中心肥胖患者心血管疾病风险较高,保持WHR和WC均在参考值范围对心血管健康是很重要的。

分工与耦合——近代江南农村男女劳动力的季节性分工与协作

基于农事周期的考虑,近代江南农村男女劳动力呈现出一种季节性分工与协作的模式:农忙期间,大田劳作主要由男子承担,女子只是间或参加一些大田劳作;农闲期间的手工业生产则主要是女子承担,男子则又处于一种相对次要的地位。最终,一年之中,男女劳动力投入呈耦合态势,一者上升,另一者则下降,从而共同维持着家庭经济的正常运转。

绝经后超重及肥胖女性四肢肌肉/脂肪比与骨质疏松性椎体骨折的相关性:一项横断面研究

目的研究绝经后超重及肥胖女性四肢肌肉与脂肪比值与骨质疏松性椎体骨折(osteoporotic vertebral fractures,OVF)的相关性,为骨质疏松性骨折的防治提供新的策略。方法共纳入704例绝经后超重及肥胖女性,其中OVF 107例,骨质疏松症214例,骨量减少220例及骨量正常163例。评估临床因素,测量骨密度、四肢肌量及脂肪量。采用多元Logistic回归分析四肢肌肉量与脂肪量的比值与骨密度及OVF间的相关性。结果与无OVF相比,OVF女性的四肢肌肉/脂肪比值较低(1.59±0.35 vs.1.87±0.45,P<0.001)。调整年龄、体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、骨密度及白蛋白等因素后,四肢肌肉/脂肪比最高的四分位患者最低的四分位患者OVF发病率分别为8.41%和50.47%(95%CI:0.055~0.281,P<0.001)。基于四肢肌肉/脂肪比,OVF患病率随四分位的增高呈显著下降趋势。另外,四肢肌肉/脂肪比与骨密度显著相关。结论在绝经后超重及肥胖女性中,四肢肌肉与脂肪比值与骨密度及骨质疏松性椎体体骨折的发生可能有关联。绝经后超重及肥胖女性应注意加强锻炼,增肌减脂,以利于减少骨量丢失及降低骨折风险。