Surface flow constructed wetland with composite plant bed for pretreatment of micro-polluted Yellow River raw water in China

In order to investigate the feasibility of pretreating the micro-polluted Yellow River raw water by constructed wetland, an experiment was conducted using a surface flow constructed wetland with composite plant bed. The contamination removal efficiency and their trends in the wetland treatment system were studied under different hydraulic loading rates(HLR). The contamination removal efficiencies were compared according to the seasonal change under optimum HLR. The result shows that in the same season, under different hydraulic loadings ranging from 2 to 6 m3/(m2·d) at the same period, the best HLR is 4 m3/(m2·d) in the experimental system. The average removal rates of COD, TN, ammoniacal nitrogen(NH4+-N), and TP in the constructed wetland are 38.37%, 45.97%, 39.86% and 41.69%, respectively. According to China Standard for Surface Water Resources (GB3838-2002), mean effluent of COD, TN, NH4+-N and TP can nearly reach Grade Ⅲ, GradeⅤ, GradeⅠand GradeⅠ, respectively. Furthermore, treatment efficiency of the system in summer is obvious higher than that in other seasons. The expenditure of constructing the constructed wetland with the average treating capacity of 176 m3/d and lifetime of 20 years is 17075.00 RMB. The average disposal cost is summed up to 0.17 RMB/m3, which shows that the pretreatment of the micro-polluted Yellow River raw water by constructed wetland is feasible.

Advanced Treatment of Wastewater and Slightly Deteriorated Raw Water by Biological Activated Carbon Method under Rich Oxygen Condition

Rich oxygen-biological activated carbon(RO-BAC)method developed from traditional BAC method is a sys-tem in which high pressure is applied to improve the oxy-gen concentration of the influent.Experiment withwastewater and the slightly deteriorated raw water showsthe system is an effective option for advanced treatmentof industry wastewater and pretreatment of slightly dete-riorated raw water.The experiment results and the in-fluential factors are discussed in this paper.

Study on the Possibility of Raw Seawater into Drinking Water—A Religious Water Literacy

This paper explores the conversion of raw seawater into drinking water from a religious water literacy (RWL) perspective. RWL is here defined as a socially just water literacy that is based on the respect for the dignity of life of all living beings on the Earth. It discusses the importance of sustainable water sources and proposes purification methods. That is, the study aims to show a brief outline of the drinking water source (inland waters;mainly river water) and their purification technologies in recent times and today and propose the purification method (Freezing-Thawing-UV method) in case of taking the seawater as the source. And, it emphasizes the need for dialogue and cooperation between countries in order to proceed. The paper also discusses the relationship among religion, culture, and civilization, and highlights the similarities between Marx’s historical materialism and Umesao’s ecological view. It further discusses the importance of water purification technology, separation methods, and the potential for seawater as an energy source. The paper concludes by discussing the importance of dialogue, communication and understanding environmental decision-making. In order to carry them forward, it is convinced that citizens in the world are nothing but people with self-awareness of “Bodhisattvas of the Earth” as identities. As a result, the new findings that suggest the possibility of raw seawater into drinking water from a religious water literacy perspective through the lens of Kawakatsu’s maritime view have been obtained.

STUDY ON THE EROSION RATE OF POWDERED ACTIVATED CARBON IN RAW WATER AQUEDUCT

Growing interest in using Powdered Activated Carbon （PAC） in raw water aqueduct, as a method of polluted surface water treatment, raises the question of transport of PAC in the aqueduct, which is related to the potential PAC erosion along the aqueduct. By means of a recently developed re-circulating flume, erosion rates of PAC with the grain size of 230 meshes （less than 62μm） depending on shear stress and bulk density were the discussed with real-time measurement of suspended PAC concentration. Lateral cross sectional averaging shear stress was decided by the actual value in the raw water conveying aqueduct of upstream Huangpu River, Shanghai, China, smaller than 1.8 N＇m 2. As for the bulk density, it was measured with compacting times varying from 1 d to 15 d, equivalent to 1 550 kg/m3-1 800 kg/m3. Experiments were conducted for the shear stress and bulk density separately, so as to isolate and quantify the effects of one of the parameters. The results demonstrate that, for a particular PAC particle, the erosion rate increases with shear stress and decreases with bulk density as a function of power form. A product of powers of the lateral cross sectional averaging shear stress and bulk density to estimate PAC erosion rate is presented by approximating experimental data sets.

Application of Colligative Properties in Quality Detection of Watering Raw Milk

[ Objective] To investigate the effects of different water amount on freezing point of raw milk. EMetbodl The freezing point of raw milk added water at different proportions was detected by SWC-LG freezing point detector. The linear regression equation was obtained. The reproduc- ibility was checked. The water content in raw milk was calculated according to the standard regression curve. E Result~ When the water content changed from 0 to 10%, the freezing point of raw milk increased linearly. As evidenced by the reproducibility test, the standard deviation and rela- tive standard deviation were less than 1%. The milk concentration obtained by detecting the freezing point of blind milk samples had an absolute er- ror of no more than 0.5%, compared with actual watering milk concentration. [ ConcluMonl Water content in raw milk can be determined by measur- ing freezing point, and this method is reliable and reproducible.

不同改性方法对生物砂滤池生物膜特性及处理受污染原水效果的影响

通过对普通石英砂(QS)进行氨基及铝钙双氢氧化物改性制得氨基改性砂(AMS)和铝钙双氢氧化物改性砂(CAS),分别以QS、AMS、CAS为滤料填充滤池进行挂膜,研究了不同石英砂表面的生物膜量、生物活性、胞外聚合物(EPS)的特性及对受污染原水的处理效果。结果表明,挂膜成功后CAS表面的生物活性最高,为42.00 mgO_(2)/(g·h),生物膜量和胞外聚合物的含量最大,分别为12.43 mg/g、105.09 mg/(g·SS),对COD_(Cr)、NH^(+)_(4)-N的去除率分别稳定在58.20%、89.50%;AMS表面的生物活性、生物膜量、EPS平均含量分别为32.97 mgO_(2)/(g·h)、9.07 mg/g、93.41 mg/(g·SS),对COD_(Cr)、NH^(+)_(4)-N的去除率分别为54.60%、85.10%。三种石英砂表面生物量分布均沿水流方向递减,EPS的含量从溶解性胞外聚合物(SL-EPS)到紧密附着性胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)呈上升趋势。

LayCe_((1-y))NixFe_((1-x))催化剂的制备及其高温荒煤气原位催化减水研究

采用柠檬酸络合法制备LaNi_(x)Fe_(1-x)O_(3)(x分别为0.33、0.5、0.66)和La_(1-y)Ce_(y)Ni_(0.66)Fe_(0.33O3)(y分别为0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4)系列钙钛矿催化剂。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、N_(2)物理吸附对催化剂的基本性质进行表征,通过固定床实验装置进行模拟煤气催化实验和荒煤气原位催化实验。催化剂的B位Ni和Fe主要起催化作用,A位的La和Ce主要起稳定晶体结构的作用。结果表明,系列催化剂均可形成稳定的钙钛矿结构,B位Ni质量分数的提高有助于提升CO的转化率和催化剂的积碳速率,并同时降低了催化剂的比表面积和孔体积。A位掺杂Ce能够增加催化剂的晶氧空位,改变催化剂的晶体结构,提高催化剂的比表面积、孔体积、抗硫性能和抗积碳性能。对比原位催化减水效果发现,LaNi_(x)Fe_(1-x)O_(3)系列催化剂中LaNi_(0.66)Fe_(0.33)O_(3)的减水效果较好,热解水产率下降了35%;La_(1-y)Ce_(y)Ni_(0.66)Fe_(0.33O3)系列催化剂中La_(0.7)Ce_(0.3)Ni_(0.66)Fe_(0.33O)的减水效果最好,热解水产率下降了40%。

气体分离装置碳五组分进烷基化装置加工的方法实践

为了拓宽SINOALKY硫酸法烷基化装置原料适应范围,提高烷基化油收率,解决夏季汽油蒸气压高的问题,某石化公司进行了烷基化装置掺炼少量气体分离装置碳五组分(气分碳五)的工业实践。2021年8月发现烷基化装置反应器进料管线压差异常升高0.6 MPa,通过现场逐段测压判断出堵塞部位为烷基化反应器进料管线及相关设备。经过多种方法的检测分析,判断出烷基化反应器进料管线及设备压差升高的主要原因是气分碳五中含有微量N-甲基二乙醇胺杂质,该物质与循环异丁烷中的二氧化硫反应,生成棕黄色的亚硫酸胺盐,造成进料管线及相关设备堵塞。通过创新流程设施,增设气分碳五水洗和聚结脱水流程,经过生产实践证明该气分碳五加工方法脱杂质效果良好,气分碳五水洗罐中水洗水及中和池总排口水样氮质量浓度分别稳定控制在126.2 mg/L和47.5 mg/L左右,中和池总排口水样pH稳定在6~7,在水洗污水排放指标符合要求的同时,所得烷基化油产品质量也达标,成功实现了气分碳五连续掺炼,为该气分碳五加工方法的研究和推广应用提供了强有力的理论支撑。

生物质电厂底渣对微污染原水处理效果的影响

针对生物质电厂底渣(BAR)的处理处置问题,采用磁力除铁并用多层筛网同步筛分机进行磁选、筛分、清洗工艺得到不同粒径(L1:0.25~0.50 mm、L2:0.50~1.00 mm、L3:1.00~2.00 mm、L4:2.00~4.00 mm、L5:4.00~8.00 mm)的BAR样品,并通过搭建快速小型柱测试(RSSCT)装置对微污染原水进行净化试验,以明晰不同粒径BAR对水质净化效果的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)等手段对BAR进行了表征,并以15 d内出水浑浊度、化学需氧量(COD_(Cr))、总磷(TP)和氨氮等指标评价了其去污性能。结果表明:L2、L3对原水的处理效果整体较为优异,15 d内出水浑浊度、COD_(Cr)、TP的平均去除率分别达到88%、40%、35%以上,这与BAR的吸附作用及微生物降解有关;L4、L5等大颗粒因填充密度小、系统氧气充足,从而促进硝化细菌的生物活性,在运行后期(11~15 d)对氨氮的去除率最高可达到95%以上;而L1的粒径过小导致其容重、填充密度较大,在运行过程中会出现水流断层、氧气缺乏、微生物活性不足等现象,阻碍了对原水中各类污染物的去除效果。此外,经柠檬酸-壳聚糖复合改性得到的M-L2,相较于L2,对原水中COD_(Cr)、TP的平均去除率分别由42.05%、40.97%增至80.28%、60.36%,提升效果显著,与市售填料沸石、陶粒等水平相当,且成本更为低廉。研究结果为不同粒径BAR的高值化应用以及改性BAR在微污染原水预处理技术的发展提供一定的数据支撑。

Bromate ion formation in dark chlorination and ultraviolet/chlorination processes for bromide-containing water

Bormate （BrO3^-） is a carcinogenic chemical produced in ozonation or chlorination of bromide-containing water. Although its formation in seawater with or without sunlight has been previously investigated, the formation of bromate in dilute solutions, particularly raw water for water treatment plant, is unknown. In this article, the results of bench scale tests to measure the formation rates of bromate formation in dilute solutions, including de-ionized water and raw water from Yangtze River, were presented in dark chlorination and ultraviolet （UV）/chlorination processes. And the effects of initial pH, initial concentration of NaOCl, and UV light intensity on bromate formation in UV/chlorination of the diluted solutions were investigated. Detectable bromate was formed in dark chlorination of the two water samples with a relatively slow production rate. Under routine disinfecting conditions, the amount of formed bromate is not likely to exceed the national standards （10 μg/L）. UV irradiation enhanced the decay of free chlorine, and, simultaneously, 6.6%-32% of Br^- was oxidized to BrO3^-. And the formation of bromate exhibited three stages： rapid stage, slow stage and plateau. Under the experimental conditions （pH = 4.41-11.07, CCl2= 1.23-4.50 mg/L）, low pH and high chlorine concentration favored the generation of bromate. High light intensity promoted the production rate of bromate, but decreased its total generation amount due to acceleration of chlorine decomposition.

咸潮影响下长江口水源地优化布局及白茆沙水库建设可行性分析

为提升远期上海原水水量、水质供应能力和应对突发咸潮入侵和水污染风险,在分析长江口水源现状和咸水入侵形势基础上,论证了长江口水源地优化布局的必要性,结合咸水入侵监测数据及反演成果提出在白茆沙新建水库方案及原水系统优化调度方案,并分析了白茆沙水库建设对河势变化、行洪、通航、渔业资源及生态环境等方面的影响。结果表明:在白茆沙新建水库是较可行的方案,可对上海境内的长江口水源地进行优化布局,扩大供水规模并上移取水口;拟建的白茆沙水库位于白茆沙整治工程内侧,既可确保围堤安全稳定,也不影响行洪、通航,对河势变化、渔业资源及生态环境影响微小;布置于水库南侧微弯水道处的取水口,既可避免淤积对取水口的影响,也可避免北支咸潮倒灌的影响;上岸后的输水管与崇明岛原水复线共建,增强了崇明岛原水的供水安全,与现有长江口和黄浦江水源地的原水系统互联互通,可实现上海原水系统“双源供水、一网调度”的目标。

肺积源流考

肺积为中医病名,主要类同于现代医学中的原发性支气管肺癌,临床以咳嗽、胸痛、咯血、体倦乏力为主要表现,其病程缠绵,迁延难愈,文章收集有关文献,了解古人对肺积病因病机及治则治法的认识,主要从肺积一词的由来,肺积的病因病机、治则治法等方面探讨,希冀以经典理论之精髓,用于指导临床,基于整体观念,辨证施治之诊病根本,为中医药治疗肺积提供思路。

原水生物膜预处理工艺对有机碳源的响应特征--以脱氮性能与菌群结构为例

原水生物膜预处理系统运行性能受限于原水水质特征,试验以模拟污染原水为处理对象,以彗星式纤维填料和活性炭填料为生物膜载体构建了实验室规模的原水生物膜预处理系统,采用批次试验探究系统运行性能与菌群结构对不同有机碳源乙酸钠和腐殖酸的响应特征.试验结果表明,原水生物膜预处理系统能长时间稳定运行,系统平均氨氮去除率(ARE)为90.1%.乙酸钠对两种填料生物膜的氨氮去除性能几乎无影响.以腐植酸为有机碳源具有更强的硝化能力,取得最高ARE值90.5%±5.6%.乙酸钠能够促进彗星式纤维填料生物膜胞外聚合物(EPS)的形成,腐殖酸会降低EPS中PN含量.以活性炭为载体明显增加了EPS的PN/PS值,且具有较高的菌群多样性,更有利于生物膜的形成.生物膜样品中,占据前三位的门是Proteobacteria､Planctomycetes和Acidobacteria.彗星式纤维填料生物膜,乙酸钠和腐植酸分别强化了优势门Proteobacteria(53.9%)细菌和优势属Nitrospira(10.7%)的累积.以彗星式纤维填料与活性炭为载体生物膜样品优势属分别为Nitrospira和Aridibacter.腐殖酸更有利于Nitrospira和Bdellovibrio的富集,乙酸钠更有利于Aridibacter的富集.

印染废水原水磁混凝沉淀预处理工程改造实例

广东顺德某印染企业废水处理站原设计采用普通斜管沉淀池作为印染废水预处理措施。由于污泥量大,沉淀池跑泥现象较为严重,抗冲击负荷能力弱,土地利用效率不高。为改善预处理出水效果,同时也为了给未来深度处理改造工程腾出用地,该厂设计采用磁混凝工艺替代原有斜管沉淀池对进水进行混凝沉淀预处理。改造工程运行结果表明,在节省占地50%的情况下,改造后污水磁混凝预处理系统出水效果稳定,COD去除率稳定在40%~50%,出水水质优于改造前。磁混凝后物化污泥浓度高,经过调理后,污泥浓缩性能较好,污泥压滤处理系统负荷相对改造前变化不大。改造项目的调试与运行实践表明,磁混凝工艺用于高污泥产量的工业废水原水预处理需要同时考虑表面负荷与固体负荷两个重要参数。

高通量短流程陶瓷膜工艺运行稳定性研究

采用规模为60 m^(3)/d的微絮凝-平板陶瓷膜短流程净水工艺,模拟工程运行参数,对实时的长江原水进行高通量的运行测试和效果研究。结果表明,该工艺在100 LHM的高通量工况下可稳定运行,维护性清洗周期约5~7 d,跨膜压差终点控制在35 kPa以内。短流程工艺将出水浑浊度控制在0.05 NTU以下,对COD_(Mn)、铁离子、铝离子去除率分别为49.9%、94.8%、89.8%,平均产水率为94.6%~97.5%,出水性能稳定,且具备经济性。陶瓷膜耦合臭氧工艺可适应高浑浊度的原水切换工况。

粉末活性炭吸附去除原水抗生素类新污染物生产运营

抗生素作为一种典型的新污染物,在饮用水中的风险控制是近年来研究的热点。通过开展生产运营工况下粉末活性炭(PAC)吸附对原水中抗生素的控制技术研究,评估原水预处理工艺对抗生素的去除效果。结果表明,水源地原水中检出10种抗生素,抗生素总质量浓度为184.75~195.72 ng/L,主要为磺胺类和氯霉素类。在水源地PAC加注点投加5~20 mg/L的PAC,水厂进厂原水COD_(Mn)降低5.39%~12.4%,抗生素总浓度均值降低54.1%~95.8%,林可酰胺类抗生素可完全去除,磺胺类去除效果次之,氯霉素类去除效果相对较低。PAC吸附原水预处理可有效控制饮用水中抗生素类新污染物的风险。

奉贤区原水系统安全保障提升实施路径

文章基于上位规划,全面检视奉贤区原水系统现状、发展需求和面临的挑战,并借鉴国内外大城市原水系统安全保障经验,提出了进一步提升奉贤区原水系统安全保障的实施路径。通过加强源头保护、供水设施现代化改造、构建多元化水源供应系统、实施智能化水务管理、加强应急体系建设以及公共参与等措施,提高原水系统对自然灾害和人为干扰的抵抗能力,保障城市供水安全。

上海重大原水单线管渠安全保障技术

上海市原水供应系统总体上较为完备,陆域三大原水系统初步实现了部分能力的互补,但仍面临着风险和挑战。文章针对原水管渠系统局部存在的安全风险,构建了一套适合于原水管渠特点的管道(渠道)的风险评估方法,将风险评估等级划分为5级。通过应用风险评估方法,明晰了上海重大原水管渠的风险等级,并提出了原位修复技术。针对原水管渠单线事故下,研究分析了备用水源及就地取水头部的保障能力。基于此,针对中心城区典型单线供应水厂,文章提出了结合上海市规划原水格局,中心城区原水单线供应水厂的原水安全保障优化途径主要为结合就地取水保障以及清水调度,谋求实施原水复线。因此,基于长桥水厂、杨树浦水厂(含居家桥水厂)、南市水厂等原水单线水厂的实际情况,提出了原水供应一线一策的安全保障方案及实施策略。

超滤纳滤双膜工艺处理珠江西航道水源水的试验研究

针对广州市长距离引水运行成本大的问题,以本地珠江西航道水源开展预处理-常规工艺-超滤+纳滤双膜工艺试验研究,考察试验工艺对原水的处理效能,为广州市启动本地水源提供工艺、技术与参数支持。结果表明:预处理-常规工艺对水质常规污染物去除效果良好,常规出水基本满足国标,再经双膜工艺处理后,常规污染物浓度可进一步降低,纳滤出水色度、COD_(Mn)以及氨氮的浓度分别低至0.99度、0.84 mg/L以及0.02 mg/L。三维荧光及有机物相对分子质量分析结果表明,预处理-常规工艺可去除接近40%的荧光物质及小分子有机物,再经双膜工艺处理后,纳滤出水荧光物质去除超过80%,小分子有机物去除则超过60%。突发污染试验表明,预处理-常规工艺对新污染物去除效果有限,去除率约为20%~40%,而双膜工艺则具备高效应对常规污染物与新污染物的能力,增加双膜工艺后,试验工艺对两种常规污染物以及五种新污染物去除率均>90%。膜污染分析发现,造成超滤膜污染的主要荧光物质为色氨酸类蛋白质、类富里酸物质以及类腐殖酸物质,纳滤膜则主要为色氨酸类蛋白质,而造成两者膜污染的无机元素均主要为Ca、Si、Na、K等元素。

综合物探方法在城市道路典型障碍物定位研究中的应用

在城市主干道路改扩建工程中,为准确测定地下原水箱涵及其附属隐伏护管桥的空间位置,保障高架桥梁桩基的准确设计及顺利施工,采用高密度电法、地震面波法、探地雷达法、GEM-2多频电磁法等几种常用工程物探方法,旨在对比方法有效性,总结技术要点,为城市道路典型障碍物定位研究积累技术资料及工程经验。地下原水箱涵道及其附属隐伏护管桥为钢筋混凝土,具有特殊的工程结构,与地层具有明显的物性差异,这里利用GEM-2多频电磁法清晰地准确地探测到了护管桥的平面边界,高密度电法、地震面波法较为有效地圈定了护管桥及原水箱涵的空间位置,探地雷达法清晰地探测到了护管桥区域,并且精细地刻画了原水箱涵及护管桥的空间关系,这些成果为类似城市道路工程问题的地球物理勘察提供了实践依据及解决方案。