Fluids discrimination by ray-path elastic impedance inversion: A successful case from Sulige tight gas field

Existing seismic prediction methods struggle to effectively discriminate between fluids in tight gas reservoirs,such as those in the Sulige gas field in the Ordos Basin,where porosity and permeability are extremely low and the relationship between gas and water is complicated.In this paper,we have proposed a comprehensive seismic fluid identification method that combines ray-path elastic impedance(REI)inversion with fluid substitution for tight reservoirs.This approach is grounded in geophysical theory,forward modeling,and real data applications.We used geophysics experiments in tight gas reservoirs to determine that Brie's model is better suited to calculate the elastic parameters of mixed fluids than the conventional Wood’s model.This yielded a more reasonable and accurate fluid substitution model for tight gas reservoirs.We developed a forward model and carried out inversion of REI.which reduced the non-uniqueness problem that has plagued elastic impedance inversion in the angle domain.Our well logging forward model in the ray-path domain with different fluid saturations based on a fluid substitution model proved that REI identifies fluids more accurately when the ray parameters are large.The distribution of gas saturation can be distinguished from the crossplot of REI(p=0.10)and porosity.The inverted ray-path elastic impedance profile was further used to predict the porosity and gas saturation profile.Our new method achieved good results in the application of 2D seismic data in the western Sulige gas field.

P-SV wave elastic impedance and fluid identification factor in weakly anisotropic media

The P-SV wave reflection coefficients in VTI and HTI media were obtained by approximation of the Jilek（2002a and b）equation in orthotropic anisotropic media.An approximate equation for P-SV wave elastic impedance can be derived from the combination of the new coefficients with S-wave elastic impedance（Duffaut et al.,2000）.On this basis, the fluid identification factor in weakly anisotropic media was constructed and used to identify the Castagna and Smith（1994）lithologic combination and achieved good results. Finally,we specifically analyzed the anisotropic parameter impacts P-SV wave elastic impedance and fluid factor trends.

Azimuthal elastic impedance-based Fourier coefficient variation with angle inversion for fracture weakness

Quantitative inversion of fracture weakness plays an important role in fracture prediction.Considering reservoirs with a set of vertical fractures as horizontal transversely isotropic media,the logarithmic normalized azimuthal elastic impedance(EI)is rewritten in terms of Fourier coefficients(FCs),the 90°ambiguity in the azimuth estimation of the symmetry axis is resolved by judging the sign of the second FC,and we choose the FCs with the highest sensitivity to fracture weakness and present a feasible inversion workflow for fracture weakness,which involves:(1)the inversion for azimuthal EI datasets from observed azimuthal angle gathers;(2)the prediction for the second FCs and azimuth of the symmetry axis from the estimated azimuthal EI datasets;and(3)the estimation of fracture weakness combining the extracted second FCs and azimuth of the symmetry axis iteratively,which is constrained utilizing the Cauchy sparse regularization and the low-frequency regularization in a Bayesian framework.Tests on synthetic and field data demonstrate that the 90°ambiguity in the azimuth estimation of the symmetry axis has been removed,and reliable fracture weakness can be obtained when the estimated azimuth of the symmetry axis deviates less than 30°,which can guide the prediction of fractured reservoirs.

Lamé parameters inversion based on elastic impedance and its application

The Connolly （1999） elastic impedance （EI） equation is a function of P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, density, and incidence angle. Conventional inversion methods based on this equation can only extract P-velocity, S-velocity, and density data directly and the elastic impedance at different incidence angles are not at the same scale, which makes comparison difficult. We propose a new elastic impedance equation based on the Gray et al. （1999） Zoeppritz approximation using Lamé parameters to address the conventional inversion method＇s deficiencies. This equation has been normalized to unify the elastic impedance dimensions at different angles and used for inversion. Lamé parameters can be extracted directly from the elastic impedance data obtained from inversion using the linear relation between Lamé parameters and elastic impedance. The application example shows that the elastic parameters extracted using this new method are more stable and correct and can recover the reservoir information very well. The new method is an improvement on the conventional method based on Connolly＇s equation.

The application of elastic impedance inversion in reservoir prediction at the Jinan area of Tarim Oilfield

The Triassic reservoir in the Jinan area of Tarim Oilfield consists largely of interbedded sand and shale. Because of the large overlap between sandstone and shale impedance, it is difficult to distinguish sandstone from shale by acoustic impedance alone. Compared to acoustic impedance, elastic impedance contains more lithologic and physical information of the reservoir. Based on meticulous well-tie calibration, elastic impedance data volumes for 10°, 20°, and 30° emergence angles are obtained using pre-stack elastic impedance inversion. A non-linear statistical relationship between elastic impedance and shale content is set up by a PNN neural network. The non-linear mapping relationship is used to predict the reservoir shale content from elastic impedance, which will depict and predict the reservoir oil-bearing sands.

Estimation of fracture density and orientation from azimuthal elastic impedance difference through singular value decomposition

Accurate estimation of fracture density and orientation is of great significance for seismic characterization of fractured reservoirs.Here,we propose a novel methodology to estimate fracture density and orientation from azimuthal elastic impedance(AEI)difference using singular value decomposition(SVD).Based on Hudson's model,we first derive the AEI equation containing fracture density in HTI media,and then obtain basis functions and singular values from the normalized AEI difference utilizing SVD.Analysis shows that the basis function changing with azimuth is related to fracture orientation,fracture density is the linearly weighted sum of singular values,and the first singular value contributes the most to fracture density.Thus,we develop an SVD-based fracture density and orientation inversion approach constrained by smooth prior elastic parameters.Synthetic example shows that fracture density and orientation can be stably estimated,and the correlation coefficient between the true value and the estimated fracture density is above 0.85 even when an S/N ratio of 2.Field data example shows that the estimated fracture orientation is consistent with the interpretation of image log data,and the estimated fracture density reliably indicates fractured gas-bearing reservoir,which could help to guide the exploration and development of fractured reservoirs.

Axial acoustic radiation force on an elastic spherical shell near an impedance boundary for zero-order quasi-Bessel-Gauss beam

Shell structures have increasingly widespread applications in biomedical ultrasound fields such as contrast agents and drug delivery,which requires the precise prediction of the acoustic radiation force under various circumstances to improve the system efficiency.The acoustic radiation force exerted by a zero-order quasi-Bessel-Gauss beam on an elastic spherical shell near an impedance boundary is theoretically and numerically studied in this study.By means of the finite series method and the image theory,a zero-order quasi-Bessel-Gauss beam is expanded in terms of spherical harmonic functions,and the exact solution of the acoustic radiation force is derived based on the acoustic scattering theory.The acoustic radiation force function,which represents the radiation force per unit energy density and per unit cross-sectional surface,is especially investigated.Some simulated results for a polymethyl methacrylate shell and an aluminum shell are provided to illustrate the behavior of acoustic radiation force in this case.The simulated results show the oscillatory property and the negative radiation force caused by the impedance boundary.An appropriate relative thickness of the shell can generate sharp peaks for a polymethyl methacrylate shell.Strong radiation force can be obtained at small half-cone angles and the beam waist only affects the results at high frequencies.Considering that the quasi-Bessel-Gauss beam possesses both the energy focusing property and the non-diffracting advantage,this study is expected to be useful in the development of acoustic tweezers,contrast agent micro-shells,and drug delivery applications.

Seismic fluid identification using a nonlinear elastic impedance inversion method based on a fast Markov chain Monte Carlo method

Elastic impedance inversion with high efficiency and high stability has become one of the main directions of seismic pre-stack inversion. The nonlinear elastic impedance inversion method based on a fast Markov chain Monte Carlo （MCMC） method is proposed in this paper, combining conventional MCMC method based on global optimization with a preconditioned conjugate gradient （PCG） algorithm based on local optimization, so this method does not depend strongly on the initial model. It converges to the global optimum quickly and efficiently on the condition that effi- ciency and stability of inversion are both taken into consid- eration at the same time. The test data verify the feasibility and robustness of the method, and based on this method, we extract the effective pore-fluid bulk modulus, which is applied to reservoir fluid identification and detection, and consequently, a better result has been achieved.

Robust elastic impedance inversion using L1-norm misfit function and constraint regularization

The classical elastic impedance （EI） inversion method, however, is based on the L2-norm misfit function and considerably sensitive to outliers, assuming the noise of the seismic data to be the Guassian-distribution. So we have developed a more robust elastic impedance inversion based on the Ll-norm misfit function, and the noise is assumed to be non-Gaussian. Meanwhile, some regularization methods including the sparse constraint regularization and elastic impedance point constraint regularization are incorporated to improve the ill-posed characteristics of the seismic inversion problem. Firstly, we create the Ll-norm misfit objective function of pre-stack inversion problem based on the Bayesian scheme within the sparse constraint regularization and elastic impedance point constraint regularization. And then, we obtain more robust elastic impedances of different angles which are less sensitive to outliers in seismic data by using the IRLS strategy. Finally, we extract the P-wave and S-wave velocity and density by using the more stable parameter extraction method. Tests on synthetic data show that the P-wave and S-wave velocity and density parameters are still estimated reasonable with moderate noise. A test on the real data set shows that compared to the results of the classical elastic impedance inversion method, the estimated results using the proposed method can get better lateral continuity and more distinct show of the gas, verifying the feasibility and stability of the method.

Fluid sensitivity study of elastic parameters in lowmedium porosity and permeability reservoir rocks

In this article,based on the acoustic measurements of core samples obtained from the low to medium porosity and permeability reservoirs in the WXS Depression,the densities and P and S wave velocities of these core samples were obtained.Then based on these data,a series of elastic parameters were computed.From the basic theory and previous pore fluid research results,we derived a new fluid identification factor（F）.Using the relative variations,Ag/w and Ao/w,of the elastic parameters between gas and water saturated samples and between oil and water saturated samples,λρ,σHSFIF,Kρ,λρ-2μρ,and F as quantitative indicators,we evaluate the sensitivity of the different fluid identification factors to identify reservoir fluids and validate the effects by crossplots.These confirm that the new fluid identification factor（F） is more sensitive for distinguishing oil and water than the traditional method and is more favorable for fliud identification in low to medium porosity and permeability reservoirs.

Study of the Sensitive Properties of Marine Gas Hydrate Based on the Prestack Elastic Inversion

Using a bottom simulating reflector(BSR)on a seismic profile to identify marine gas hydrate is a traditional seismic exploration method.However,owing to the abundance differences between the gas hydrate and free gas in different regions,the BSR may be unremarkable on the seismic profile and invisible in certain cases.With the improvement of exploration precision,difficulty arises in meeting the requirements of distinguishing the abundance differences in the gas hydrate based on BSR.Hence,we studied other sensitive attributes to ascertain the existence of gas hydrate and its abundance variations,eventually improving the success rate of drilling and productivity.In this paper,we analyzed the contradiction between the seismic profile data and drilling sampling data from the Blake Ridge.We extracted different attributes and performed multi-parameter constraint analysis based on the prestack elastic wave impedance inversion.Then,we compared the analysis results with the drilling sampling data.Eventually,we determined five sensitive attributes that can better indicate the existence of gas hydrate and its abundance variations.This method overcomes the limitations of recognizing the gas hydrate methods based on BSR or single inversion attribute.Moreover,the conclusions can notably improve the identification accuracy of marine gas hydrate and provide excellent reference significance for the recognition of marine gas hydrate.Notably,the different geological features of reservoirs feature different sensitivities to the prestacking attributes when using the prestack elastic inversion in different areas.

Complex spherical-wave elastic inversion using amplitude and phase reflection information

Unlike the real-valued plane wave reflection coefficient(PRC)at the pre-critical incident angles,the frequency-and depth-dependent spherical-wave reflection coefficient(SRC)is more accurate and always a complex value,which contains more reflection amplitude and phase information.In near field,the imaginary part of complex SRC(phase)cannot be ignored,but it is rarely considered in seismic inversion.To promote the practical application of spherical-wave seismic inversion,a novel spherical-wave inversion strategy is implemented.The complex-valued spherical-wave synthetic seismograms can be obtained by using a simple harmonic superposition model.It is assumed that geophone can only record the real part of complex-valued seismogram.The imaginary part can be further obtained by the Hilbert transform operator.We also propose the concept of complex spherical-wave elastic impedance(EI)and the complex spherical-wave EI equation.Finally,a novel complex spherical-wave EI inversion approach is proposed,which can fully use the reflection information of amplitude,phase,and frequency.With the inverted complex spherical-wave EI,the velocities and density can be further extracted.Synthetic data and field data examples show that the elastic parameters can be reasonably estimated,which illustrate the potential of our spherical-wave inversion approach in practical applications.

基于衰减各向异性理论的叠前裂缝预测技术及应用

天然裂缝对致密气和页岩气气藏的富集和高效开发有重要的支撑作用,地震裂缝预测则是部署钻井前的关键环节之一。然而,受地表复杂的采集条件、多变的处理流程和目的层岩性突变等因素影响,地震波在振幅和速度上可能表现出“伪方位各向异性”,导致传统的OVT域叠前各向异性裂缝预测的精度下降。在传统方位各向异性理论的基础上,从储层和裂缝对地震波的衰减出发,基于等效介质理论推导了衰减各向异性反射系数近似公式和方位衰减弹性阻抗(QVAZ)方程;结合贝叶斯和组稀疏反演方法建立目标函数,经过求解弹性矩阵获得相应流体项和裂缝弱度等参数,并实现三维裂缝密度高精度预测。利用单井数据进行试算,明确了衰减各向异性对裂缝的敏感性;结合实际钻井和OVT宽方位地震数据,反演分方位衰减弹性阻抗得到裂缝密度等关键参数,这些参数与钻井FMI成像测井解释的结果吻合度较高,证实了方法的可靠性,一定程度上避免了“伪方位各向异性”的现象。

基于交叉梯度约束的弹性阻抗同时反演

目前常用的弹性阻抗反演方法对不同角度数据体独立进行反演,没有考虑不同角度弹性阻抗间的关系。对于信噪比较低的角度数据体,反演结果质量变差。针对这一问题,从不同角度弹性阻抗均描述地下同一地质结构而应具有结构相似性这一观点出发,采用交叉梯度度量不同角度弹性阻抗间的结构相似性。然后,将交叉梯度作为正则化约束项加入到弹性阻抗反演目标泛函中,研究交叉梯度约束下的弹性阻抗反演方法,同时反演多个部分角度叠加数据。模型数据试算与实际数据应用结果显示,交叉梯度约束反演得到的不同角度弹性阻抗间具有地质结构一致性,无论是小角度弹性阻抗,还是中、大角度弹性阻抗,地质体均得到清晰显示,地层横向展布特征自然。因此,交叉梯度约束弹性阻抗反演可提高不同角度数据体反演的稳定性,并提升反演结果的质量。

Nonlinear simultaneous inversion of pore structure and physical parameters based on elastic impedance

Carbonate reservoirs have complex pore structures,which not only significantly affect the elastic properties and seismic responses of the reservoirs but also affect the accuracy of the prediction of the physical parameters.The existing rockphysics inversion methods are mainly designed for clastic rocks,and the inversion objects are generally porosity and water saturation.The data used are primarily based on the elastic parameters,and the inversion methods are mainly linear approximations.To date,there has been a lack of a simultaneous pore structure and physical parameter inversion method for carbonate reservoirs.To solve these problems,a new Bayesian nonlinear simultaneous inversion method based on elastic impedance is proposed.This method integrates the differential effective medium model of multiple-porosity rocks,Gassmann equation,Amplitude Versus Offset(AVO)theory,Bayesian theory,and a nonlinear inversion algorithm to achieve the simultaneous quantitative prediction of the pore structure and physical parameters of complex porous reservoirs.The forward modeling indicates that the contribution of the pore structure,i.e.,the pore aspect ratio,to the AVO response and elastic impedance is second only to that of porosity and is far greater than that of water saturation.The application to real data shows that the new inversion method for determining the pore structure and physical parameters directly from pre-stack data can accurately predict a reservoir's porosity and water saturation and can evaluate the pore structure of the effective reservoir.

Exact elastic impedance tensor for isotropic media

The existing expressions of elastic impedance,as the generalized form of acoustic impedance,represent the resistance of subsurface media to seismic waves of non-normal incidence,and thus include information on the shear-wave velocity.In this sense,conventional elastic impedance is an attribute of the seismic reflection and not an intrinsic physical property of the subsurface media.The derivation of these expressions shares the approximations made for reflectivity,such as weak impedance contrast andisotropic or weakly anisotropic media,which limits the accuracy of reflectivity reconstruction and seismic inversion.In this paper,we derive exact elastic impedance tensors of seismic P-and S-waves for isotropic media based on the stress-velocity law.Each componentof the impedance tensor represents a unique mechanical property of the medium.Approximations of P-wave elastic impedance tensor components are discussed for seismic inversion and interpretation.Application to synthetic data and real data shows the accuracy and robust interpretation capability of the derived elastic impedance in lithology characterizations.

夹心杆系统中一维弹塑性波演化精细分析(Ⅰ):典型加载波的透反射

准确地剖析反射波与透射波的形成过程与影响机理是SHPB(split Hopkinson pressure bar)精细化试验设计与精准数据处理的核心前提之一。针对夹心杆系统,分析矩形、梯形与半正弦三种典型入射波加载阶段系统中一维弹塑性波的传播与演化,定量研究试件中弹塑性波的传播、两个界面上弹塑性的透反射及其系列透反射波的相互作用影响。结果表明:首先,弹塑性波特别是应力波在弹塑性交界面上的透反射中占主要地位,纯弹性波的透反射与传播反而影响较小;其次,当入射波加载区间有一定的宽度时,杆2中弹性波在两个界面上的多次透反射对反射波造成衰减的同时对透射波进一步强化,这种衰减使得半正弦波对应的反射波峰值并不是在0.5个无量纲时间时,而是有所提前;第三,与传统SHPB分析中弹性波在界面上透反射的初步规律不同,无论是矩形波、梯形波还是半正弦波入射时,试件材料的杨氏模量与密度改变虽然明显影响其弹性波的阻抗比,但对透反射波波形及其峰值强度影响并不明显。研究结果可为SHPB的精细化设计与数据的精准分析提供科学依据。

稀疏井网下隔夹层精细预测方法研究及效果分析

在薄层预测领域,地质统计学和波形指示反演技术是当前的两大主流方法。然而,地质统计学反演在井点稀疏区域构建精确变差函数方面存在挑战,难以实现对薄层的准确预测。尽管波形指示反演对井网分布的依赖性较小,但其高频成分在描述地震振幅的空间变化方面存在不足。为了克服这些限制,提出了叠前构形反演技术。该技术通过对比地震数据体中能量和频率特征的横向变化,有效预测目标岩性的空间分布。充分利用了地震数据体的横向信息,其高频信息与地震数据体的空间能量变化高度吻合。通过射线域弹性阻抗分析,该方法能够提取更多弹性参数,其结果与AVO特征相一致,从而更准确地反映叠前地震数据不同射线域能量的横向变化,精确预测多种岩性类型。在稀疏井网的研究区,对于复杂岩性隔夹层的预测具有显著优势。该方法在多个油田的实际应用中已显示出卓越的效果,对于1 m以上夹层的预测准确率超过80%,明显优于传统的反演技术,特别适合于稀疏井网区域的复杂岩性隔夹层预测。

基于参数估计-滑模阻抗控制的SEA性能分析

重载四足机器人的足部与地面接触过程和步态转换过程中会受到不确定的冲击载荷作用,易导致足部机构载荷过大从而造成结构的冲击损坏。因此,针对使用液压串联弹性执行器(series elastic actuators,SEA)作为足部末端在非结构环境下动态性能差的问题,提出了基于环境参数估计的滑模阻抗控制方法(environmental parameter estimation sliding mode,EPESM)。以阀控液压缸的活塞位移传递函数为基础建立了基于位置内环的SEA阻抗控制模型,并以PID作为基础控制器;为改善SEA阻抗控制的动态性能,根据Lyapunov第二法构建稳定的自适应环境参数估计方法对SEA期望位置进行前馈补偿;为提升自适应环境参数估计方法在SEA工作过程中不同阶段的动态性能和环境变化适应性,使用模糊控制方法对自适应环境参数估计方法中的自适应参数进行寻优;以SEA状态方程为基础构建滑模控制器与PID控制器进行动态性能对比分析。仿真结果表明:在变SEA弹簧刚度工况和变环境刚度下,EPESM阻抗控制的响应速度明显更快,可将调节时间从平均5 s缩短到1 s内,能更快地达到预期位移和预期接触力,且能略微降低稳态误差,使接触力误差保持在±6 N内。在动态跟踪工况下,EPESM阻抗控制的动态性能更好,在快速进入跟踪状态后,可以长时间保持0.2 s以内的相位滞后和5.2%的幅值误差。

夹心杆系统中一维弹塑性波演化精细分析(Ⅱ):弹塑性交界面与平台段反射衰减

相对于入射波加载阶段透反射分析过程,入射波平台段持续时间长且弹塑性传播与演化行为复杂得多,此阶段试件内弹塑性波相互作用的影响非常明显。开展了矩形入射波作用下试件内弹塑性波的相互作用及其在两个界面上的弹塑性透反射行为计算,定量研究了夹心杆系统中反射波的衰减特征。结果表明:强入射波作用下,由于弹塑性波相互作用,试件内形成了曲线型弹塑性交界面,使透射端达到屈服状态的时间明显提前,该弹塑性交界面以大于弹性声速的速度向反射端变速传播;在塑性阶段,反射波的衰减是试件截面积增大引起的广义波阻抗增大和压缩引起的塑性波往返次数增加两个方面导致的衰减量之和。计算显示,试件的密度变化虽然明显影响其波速和广义波阻抗,但两个方面引起的衰减量之和正好接近于零,使得密度变化对透反射波平台段变化的影响可以忽略;塑性模量的增大使得反射波在平台端衰减更快,而试件直径对反射波衰减速度的影响并不是单调的,从4 mm增大到10 mm,反射波衰减速度增大,但增大到12 mm后衰减量反而有所减小。研究结果可为分离式Hopkinson压杆试验透反射波形的深入分析以及精细化试验设计与数据处理提供参考。