Application of transient Rayleigh wave in detection of tunnel lining void area

Transient Rayleigh wave detection is a high-precision nondestructive detection method.At present,it has been widely used in shallow exploration,but rarely used in tunnel lining quality detection.Through the tunnel lining physical model experiment,the layout defects of the double-layer reinforcement lining area were detected and the Rayleigh wave velocity profile and dispersion curve were analyzed after data process-ing,which finally verified the feasibility and accuracy of Rayleigh wave method in detecting the tunnel lining void area.The results show that the method is not affected by the reinforcement inside the lining,the shallow detection is less disturbed and the accuracy is higher,and the data will fluctuate slightly with the deepening of the detection depth.At the same time,this method responds quite accurately to the thickness of the concrete,allowing for the assessment of the tunnel lining’s lack of compactness.This method has high efficiency,good reliability,and simple data processing,and is suitable for nondestructive detection of internal defects of tun-nel lining structure.

Propagation of Rayleigh-type surface waves in a layered piezoelectric nanostructure with surface effects

This work investigates the dispersion properties of Rayleigh-type surface waves propagating in a layered piezoelectric nanostructure composed of a piezoelectric nanofilm over an elastic substrate.As one of the most important features of nanostructures,surface effects characterized by surface stresses and surface electric displacements are taken into account through the surface piezoelectricity theory and the nonclassical mechanical and electrical boundary conditions.Concrete expressions of the dispersion equation are derived,and numerical results are provided to examine the effects of several surface-related parameters,including the surface elasticity,surface piezoelectricity,surface dielectricity,surface density,as well as surface residual stress,on the dispersion modes and phase velocity.The size-dependent dispersion behaviors occurring with surface effects are also predicted,and they may vanish once the thickness of the piezoelectric nanofilm reaches a critical value.

Influence of roughness on the detection of mechanical characteristics of low-k film by the surface acoustic waves

The surface acoustic wave （SAW） technique is a precise and nondestructive method to detect the mechanical charac- teristics of the thin low dielectric constant （low-k） film by matching the theoretical dispersion curve with the experimental dispersion curve. In this paper, the influence of sample roughness on the precision of SAW mechanical detection is inves- tigated in detail. Random roughness values at the surface of low-k film and at the interface between this low-k film and the substrate are obtained by the Monte Carlo method. The dispersive characteristic of SAW on the layered structure with rough surface and rough interface is modeled by numerical simulation of finite element method. The Young＇s moduli of the Black DiamondTM samples with different roughness values are determined by SAWs in the experiment. The results show that the influence of sample roughness is very small when the root-mean-square （RMS） of roughness is smaller than 50 nm and correlation length is smaller than 20 μm. This study indicates that the SAW technique is reliable and precise in the nondestructive mechanical detection for low-k films.

Phased Array Beam Fields of Nonlinear Rayleigh Surface Waves

This study concerns calculation of phased array beam fields of the nonlinear Rayleigh surface waves based on the integral solutions for a nonparaxial wave equation. Since the parabolic approximation model for describing the nonlinear Rayleigh waves has certain limitations in modeling the sound beam fields of phased arrays, a more general model equation and integral forms of quasilinear solutions are introduced. Some features of steered and focused beam fields radiated from a linear phased array of the second harmonic Rayleigh wave are presented.

Characterization of surface damage of a solid plate under tensile loading using nonlinear Rayleigh waves

This letter reports experimental observation of a direct correlation between the acoustic nonlinearity parameter (NP) measured with nonlinear Rayleigh waves and the accumulation of plasticity damage in an AZ31 magnesium alloy plate specimen.Rayleigh waves are generated and detected with wedge transducers,and the NPs are measured at different stress levels.The results show that there is a significant increase in the NPs with monotonic tensile loads surpassing the material’s yielding stress.The research suggests an effective nondestructive evaluation method to track the surface damage in metals.

Fault detection by reflected surface waves based on ambient noise interferometry

Detecting subsurface fault structure is important for evaluating potential earthquake risks associated with active faults.In this study,we propose a new method to detect faults using reflected surface waves observed in ambient noise cross correlation functions.Ambient noise tomography using direct surface waves obtained from ambient noise interferometry has been widely used to characterize active fault zones.In cases where a strong velocity contrast exists across the fault interface,fault-reflected surface waves are expected.We test this idea using a linear array deployed in the Suqian segment of Tanlu fault zone in Eastern China.The fault-reflected surface waves can be clearly seen in the cross-correlation functions of the ambient noise data,and the spatial position of the fault on the surface is close to the stations where the reflected signals first appear.Potentially reflected surface waves could also be used to infer the dip angle,fault zone thickness and the degree of velocity contrast across the fault by comparing synthetic and observed waveforms.

REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION OF OBLIQUELY INCIDENT RAYLEIGH SURFACE WAVES BY A VISCOELASTIC INTERPHASE

The reflection and transmission of obliquely incident Rayleighsurface waves by an in- terphase between two quarter spaces ofidentical or different materials, have been investigated. Themechanical behavior of the interphase is represented by a thinviscoelastic layer. By using the full space Green's functions due toa spatially harmonic line load, the mathematical statement of the3-dimen- sion problem is reduced to a 2-dimension system of singularintegral equations. The far-field behavior of the scattered wavesleads to the definition of reflection and transmission coefficients,R and T.

Surface wave tomography on a large-scale seismic array combining ambient noise and teleseismic earthquake data

We discuss two array-based tomography methods, ambient noise tomography （ANT） and two-plane- wave earthquake tomography （TPWT）, which are capable of taking advantage of emerging large-scale broadband seismic arrays to generate high resolution phase velocity maps, but in complementary period band： ANT at 8-40 s and TPWT at 25-100 s period. Combining these two methods generates surface wave dispersion maps from 8 to 100 s periods, which can be used to construct a 3D vs model from the surface to -200 km depth. As an illustration, we apply the two methods to the USArray/Transportable Array. We process seismic noise data from over 1 500 stations obtained from 2005 through 2009 to produce Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps from 8 to 40 s period, and also perform TPWT using -450 teleseismic earthquakes to obtain phase velocity maps between 25 and 100 s period. Combining dispersion maps from ANT and TPWT, we construct a 3D vs model from the surface to a depth of 160 km in the western and central USA. These surface wave tomography methods can also be applied to other rapidly growing seismic networks such as those in China.

Acoustic wave detection of laser shock peening

In order to overcome the existing disadvantages of offline laser shock peening detection methods, an online detection method based on acoustic wave signals energy is provided. During the laser shock peening, an acoustic emission sen- sor at a defined position is used to collect the acoustic wave signals that propagate in the air. The acoustic wave signal is sampled, stored, digitally filtered and analyzed by the online laser shock peening detection system. Then the system gets the acoustic wave signal energy to measure the quality of the laser shock peening by establishing the correspondence between the acoustic wave signal energy and the laser pulse energy. The surface residual stresses of the samples are measured by X-ray stress analysis instrument to verify the reliability. The results show that both the surface residual stress and acoustic wave signal energy are increased with the laser pulse energy, and their growth trends are consistent. Finally, the empirical formula between the surface residual stress and the acoustic wave signal energy is established by the cubic equation fitting, which will provide a theoretical basis for the real-time online detection of laser shock peening.

Simulation and analysis of point-source surface wave fields

The complexity of near surface intensifies the diversity of seismic wave fields, which makes study on near surface wavefields important in many aspects. The strong absorption of low velocity layer can affect the resolution of seismic data, and free boundary can cause surface wave. Considering the above problems, we focus on the Rayleigh wavefields simulation using finite-difference wave equation of higher-order staggered grids and PML boundary conditions. Free boundary, buried source and overlying low velocity layer are taken into consideration and point explosion source is adopted. Through some numerical simulation with different parameters, we quantitatively analyze relationship between wave intensity and source depth, as well as the energy variation with propagation and obtain some practical knowledge and conclusions.

Surface Waves in the Half-Plane Linear Elasticity

Rayleigh waves in the two-dimensional half-plane linear elasticity were investigated. First, the solutions of the equations of motion of linear elasticity were generalized, which has been studied by Lord Rayleigh. Then the explicit formula with different decay rates was also obtained. Secondly, by the free boundary conditions, the secular equation is derived. It is shown that some Rayleigh waves with different decay rates does exist.

基于谱元法的Rayleigh波频散特征计算与模态叠加耦合机理研究

为了提升Rayleigh波勘探成层结构力学参数的精细化水平,基于谱元法,构建了弹性层状半无限结构的Rayleigh波频散方程。针对半无限土基和“上软下硬”这2种规则成层结构,运用谱元法与快速矢量传递法对比计算了Rayleigh波多阶模态的频散曲线。结果表明:谱元法与解析法计算结果之间的相对误差在0.05%以下,具有较高的计算精度。在此基础上,进一步针对“上硬下软”的典型路面结构、含“软夹层”和含“硬夹层”的复杂成层结构,结合谱元法,推导了表面位移的计算方法,通过分解Rayleigh波各模态相速度对表面位移能量的贡献,建立了一种基于谱元法确定复杂成层结构中Rayleigh波多模态叠加耦合机理的半解析方法,此方法确定的Rayleigh各阶模态叠加耦合频散特征与速度-应力有限差分方法仿真结果之间具有很好的吻合度,表明基于谱元法计算Rayleigh波频散曲线并以此揭示成层结构中Rayleigh波模态叠加耦合机理是合理、可行的。

Processing Seismic Ambient Noise Data to Obtain Reliable Surface Wave Dispersion Measurements

Ambient noise tomography is a rapidly emerging field of seismological research. This paper presents the current status of ambient noise data processing and its development history over the past several years, with the intention to explain and justify this development through salient examples. The ambient noise data processing procedure can be divided into four principal phases： ① single station data preparation; ② cross- correlation and temporal stacking; ③ measurements of dispersion curves （ performed with frequency-time analysis for both group and phase speeds） ; ④ quality control, including SNR analysis and selection of the acceptable measurements. In addition, we provide a specific solution for a better use of the seismic station data to ambient noise study.

Parametric study on contact sensors for MASW measurement-based interfacial debonding detection for SCCS

Steel-concrete composite structures(SCCS)have been widely used as primary load-bearing components in large-scale civil infrastructures.As the basis of the co-working ability of steel plate and concrete,the bonding status plays an essential role in guaranteeing the structural performance of SCCS.Accordingly,efficient non-destructive testing(NDT)on interfacial debondings in SCCS has become a prominent research area.Multi-channel analysis of surface waves(MASW)has been validated as an effective NDT technique for interfacial debonding detection for SCCS.However,the feasibility of MASW must be validated using experimental measurements.This study establishes a high-frequency data synchronous acquisition system with 32 channels to perform comparative verification experiments in depth.First,the current sensing approaches for high-frequency vibration and stress waves are summarized.Secondly,three types of contact sensors,namely,piezoelectric lead-zirconate-titanate(PZT)patches,accelerometers,and ultrasonic transducers,are selected for MASW measurement.Then,the selection and optimization of the force hammer head are performed.Comparative experiments are carried out for the optimal selection of ultrasonic transducers,PZT patches,and accelerometers for MASW measurement.In addition,the influence of different pasting methods on the output signal of the sensor array is discussed.Experimental results indicate that optimized PZT patches,acceleration sensors,and ultrasonic transducers can provide efficient data acquisition for MASW-based non-destructive experiments.The research findings in this study lay a solid foundation for analyzing the recognition accuracy of contact MASW measurement using different sensor arrays.

利用Rayleigh波相速度和群速度联合反演青藏高原东北缘S波速度结构

利用青藏高原东北缘地区固定和流动地震台网2007年8月到2012年1月期间记录的远震波形,运用小波变换频时分析方法分别测定了1216和653条周期从15到140s的台站间基阶Rayleigh相速度和群速度频散曲线.通过对上述频散进行反演,重构了青藏高原东北缘分辨率高达0.5°×0.5°的2-D相速度和群速度分布图.然后通过对所提取到的每个格网点Rayleigh波相速度和群速度频散进行联合反演,得到了研究区下方一维S波速度结构.最后通过线性插值,得到了青藏高原东北缘下方地壳上地幔三维S波结构.结果表明,印度板块向北俯冲已经达到班公—怒江缝合带附近;在柴达木盆地北部祁连山下面我们发现了亚洲板块,且其没有表现出明显的向南俯冲的迹象;在两大板块中间,我们观测到延伸到250km深度的低速异常,该低速异常可能是地幔物质底辟上涌现象造成的.

基于密集流动地震台阵的青藏高原东北缘及邻区Rayleigh波相速度层析成像

本文利用喜马拉雅二期台阵674个流动地震台一年的远震垂直向观测资料,获取了18491条独立路径上的Rayleigh波相速度频散曲线,并反演得到了周期10~80 s的Rayleigh波的相速度分布图.通过对比,本文与已有成像结果具有较一致的高低速分布特征,表明了本文结果的可靠性.结果显示,研究区的相速度分布存在明显的横向非均匀性.短周期(如10~15 s)的相速度分布与地表地形密切相关,中等周期(如20~40 s)的相速度分布受地壳厚度的影响较大.在长周期(如60~80 s),鄂尔多斯块体的高速比阿拉善块体更显著、完整,表明同属于华北板块的阿拉善地块,其上地幔结构并没有鄂尔多斯稳定.从短周期至长周期,与周缘地块相比,青藏高原始终表现出较明显的低速异常,可能暗示其具有较活跃的地壳上地幔结构.松潘一甘孜和北祁连块体的中上地壳均存在低速层.全球参考模型Crust1.0和Lithos1.0均不能很好地解释我们的观测频散,基于本文获得的相速度结果可在很大程度上对Crust1.0和Lithos1.0模型进行补充和完善.

煤巷小构造Rayleigh型槽波超前探测数值模拟

对煤巷小构造地震波场进行了数值模拟研究,分析了层状煤层中地震波的传播特征.研究表明:(1)在煤巷迎头前方煤层内以纵波震源激发的Rayleigh型槽波相对于体波能量较强,波列较长,波速较低.(2)沿煤层传播的Rayleigh型槽波在小构造面上产生Rayleigh型槽波反射波,反射Rayleigh型槽波垂直分量相对于水平分量能量较强.沿煤层反向传播的反射Rayleigh型槽波在煤巷迎头面上转换为沿煤巷底板传播的Rayleigh面波.沿煤巷底板可以接收到能量较强的反射Rayleigh型槽波产生的Rayleigh面波,其可以作为超前探测小构造面的特征波.在地震记录上反射Rayleigh型槽波产生的Rayleigh面波波至最迟,在时间域与其他波列时间间隔较大,其垂直分量能量相对于水平分量较强,在地震记录上容易识别.(3)在相同的地质条件下应用反射地震超前探测方法,标志煤巷迎头前方存在小构造面的反射地震波能量较弱,受煤巷顶、底板界面和采煤迎头面的强反射波干扰,在地震记录中难以识别.

凹陷地形对Rayleigh面波传播影响的研究

利用局域离散波数法,研究了地形对近地表爆炸源产生的Rayleigh面波的影响,展示了Rayleigh面波穿越地形过程中波的传播进程,研究了穿越地形前后Rayleigh面波能量、频率的变化,并讨论了该变化与地形起伏程度的关系,从中可见,Rayleigh面波穿越地形时,激发出新的体波和面波,并且越陡的地形对面波传播的阻碍性越强,且面波高频部分能量损失的越多.

各向异性成层地基中Rayleigh波的弥散特性

利用有限单元法及解析法推导了各向异性成层地基中 Rayleigh 面波的弥散特征方程及各模态波位移分布的计算公式,可用于计算上软下硬地基、上硬下软地基及夹层地基 Rayleigh面波的弥散曲线及位移分布。本文主要对各向异性上软下硬地基中 Rayleigh 面波弥散特性及位移分布规律进行了讨论。

郯庐断裂带中南段及邻区Rayleigh波相速度与方位各向异性

与方位各向异性郯庐断裂带中南段及邻区处于华北克拉通和扬子克拉通的结合带,是研究陆内碰撞、大陆聚合及生长、地球动力学和岩石圈形变等问题的天然实验场。为获取研究区内更为精细的壳幔S波速度和方位各向异性的分布,文中利用郯庐断裂带中南段及邻区范围内共261个固定宽频带地震台站2a记录的连续波形数据,利用时频分析法提取了5~50s周期的Rayleigh面波相速度频散曲线。之后,将研究区域划分为0.25°×0.25°等间隔的网格点,并采用Tarantola方法反演获得了研究目标区内的二维Rayleigh波相速度与方位各向异性的分布图像。此外,还分析研究了6个具有代表性周期的相速度及方位各向异性分布图像,这些图像揭示出郯庐断裂带中南段及邻区壳幔速度结构的横向非均匀性及方位各向异性的空间差异特征。研究结果表明,相速度的分布特征与地质构造单元有着较好的对应关系。在地壳浅部(6~10s),拥有较厚松散沉积层覆盖的盆地和基岩出露的造山带分别呈现为低速异常和高速异常。随着周期递增(15~20s),地壳介质受浅部沉积层的影响有所减弱,河淮盆地、苏北盆地等平原地区局部出现了高速异常。下地壳至上地幔(25~30s)的相速度分布受地壳厚度的影响,总体上与莫霍面埋深呈负相关,如莫霍面厚40km的大别造山带由短周期高速转为低速分布。由于研究区内各个地质构造单元所处的构造环境存在差异,Rayleigh波相速度的方位各向异性也存在较为明显的空间差异性。总体上,各向异性的强度随着周期(深度)的递增而有所增强,快波方向更具规律性。综合苏北盆地自地壳浅部至岩石圈地幔的连贯低速分布及方位各向异性的一致性,我们认为其下方可能存在着壳-幔强耦合的现象。