Due to increasing regulations and restrictions, there is an urgent need to develop effective alternatives to chemical-dependent fumigation control of soilborne pests and pathogens. Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD...Due to increasing regulations and restrictions, there is an urgent need to develop effective alternatives to chemical-dependent fumigation control of soilborne pests and pathogens. Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is one such alternative showing great promise for use in the control of soilborne pathogens and pests. This method involves the application of a carbon source, irrigation to field capacity, and covering the soil with a plastic tarp. While the mechanisms of ASD are not completely understood, they appear to be a combination of changes in the soil microbial community composition, production of volatile organic compounds, and the generation of lethal anaerobic conditions. The variety of materials and options for ASD application, including carbon sources, soil temperature, and plastic tarp type, influence the efficacy of pathogen sup- pression and disease control. Currently, both dry (e.g., rice bran) and liquid (e.g., ethanol) carbon sources are commonly used, but with different results depending on environmental conditions. While solarization is not an essential component of ASD, it can enhance efficacy. Understanding the mechanisms that mediate biological changes occurring in the soil during ASD will facilitate our ability to increase ASD efficacy while enhancing its commercial viability.展开更多
Soil flame disinfestation(SFD) is a form of physical disinfestation that can be used both in greenhouses and on field crops. Its use for soil disinfestation in different crop growing conditions makes it increasingly a...Soil flame disinfestation(SFD) is a form of physical disinfestation that can be used both in greenhouses and on field crops. Its use for soil disinfestation in different crop growing conditions makes it increasingly attractive for controlling soilborne pathogens and weeds. But little is known about the effect on weeds and soilbrone diseases. This study reports on greenhouses and field crops in China that determined the efficacy of SFD to control weeds, nematodes and fungi. It also determined the impact of SFD on the soil physical and chemical properties(water content, bulk density, NO3^–-N content, NH4^+-N content, conductivity and organic matter) in three field trials. A second generation SFD machine was used in these trials. SFD treatment significantly reduced weeds(>87.8%) and root-knot nematodes(Meloidogyne incognita)(>98.1%). Plant height and crop yield was significantly increased with SFD treatment. NO3^–-N and NH4^+-N increased after the SFD treatment, and there was also an increase in soil conductivity. Water content, bulk density and organic matter decreased significantly in the soil after the SFD treatment compared to the control. Soil flame disinfestation is a potential technique for controlling weeds and diseases in greenhouses or in fields. SFD is a non-chemical, safe, environmentally-friendly soil disinfection method.展开更多
为探讨生物熏蒸结合强还原土壤灭菌法(RSD)对菊花生长及连作土壤的改良效果,以南农冰洁为试验材料,以连作土壤为对照(CK),设置油菜生物熏蒸(R)、油菜生物熏蒸+水稻秸秆(R+RS)、油菜生物熏蒸+玉米秸秆(R+MS)和油菜生物熏蒸+麦麸(R+FS)4...为探讨生物熏蒸结合强还原土壤灭菌法(RSD)对菊花生长及连作土壤的改良效果,以南农冰洁为试验材料,以连作土壤为对照(CK),设置油菜生物熏蒸(R)、油菜生物熏蒸+水稻秸秆(R+RS)、油菜生物熏蒸+玉米秸秆(R+MS)和油菜生物熏蒸+麦麸(R+FS)4个土壤灭菌处理,测定不同处理菊花各生育期生长、开花、根系指标和各器官养分含量,以及土壤理化性质和微生物数量。结果表明,与对照相比,不同土壤灭菌处理后,菊花生长及花期植株各指标均显著提高,以R+FS处理菊花各项生长指标最大;各土壤灭菌处理均能促进根系生长,以R+FS处理效果最好。不同土壤灭菌处理能提高土壤质量,土壤铵态氮、速效磷、有效钾、有机质含量分别较对照增加102.59%~155.23%、31.49%~72.07%、31.50%~92.85%、38.32%~71.30%,土壤pH值下降0.09~0.37个单位;各处理对土壤EC值的影响不同,R+MS和R+FS处理后,土壤EC值分别从462μs·cm^(-1)下降至200和285μs·cm^(-1),R和R+RS处理分别增加至585和614μs·cm^(-1)。除苗期R+RS处理土壤真菌数量低于对照外,其余处理土壤细菌和真菌数量均显著增加(P<0.05),表现为细菌增加幅度大于真菌;不同土壤灭菌处理后,土壤尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)数量显著降低(P<0.05),R+FS处理对其影响最大,苗期和盛花期分别为4.12和3.87 lg copies·g^(-1)soil,较对照下降62.11%和53.46%。各土壤灭菌处理菊花枯萎病发病率均低于对照,其防治效果可达33.65%~55.70%。综上,生物熏蒸结合麦麸处理能够改善菊花连作土壤理化性状并增加土壤微生物数量及养分含量,降低土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量,从而有效促进菊花生长及优质高产。本研究结果为菊花绿色高效栽培提供了技术支撑。展开更多
In the frame of the Sino-Italian Cooperation Program for Environmental Protection, jointly launched in the year 2000 by the Italian Ministry for Environment and Territory and Sea (IMETS) and the China State Environmen...In the frame of the Sino-Italian Cooperation Program for Environmental Protection, jointly launched in the year 2000 by the Italian Ministry for Environment and Territory and Sea (IMETS) and the China State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA), experimental trials were carried out in Qingzhou city (Shandong Province, China) during 2001-2003 to test several methyl bromide alternative methods to control soilborne diseases in greenhouse tomatoes. Grafting tomatoes on resistant rootstock (Lycopersicon lycopersicum × L. hirsutum), metham sodium applied under traditional polyethylene plastic films, metham sodium applied at low rate under virtually impermeable films and soil solarization combined with biocontrol agents were the alternatives tested and compared to methyl bromide applied under virtually impermeable plastic films too. Collected data show that resistant rootstock (Lycopersicon lycopersicum × L. hirsutum) introduced from Italy is a promising alternative to methyl bromide for local tomato cultivars. Metham sodium applied under traditional polyethylene plastic films is an effective alternative. Moreover, virtually impermeable films demonstrate the help to reduce methyl bromide and metham sodium rates. Finally, soil solarization combined with biocontrol agents does not provide satisfactory results in terms of disease control.展开更多
Reductive soil disinfestation(RSD), namely amending organic materials and mulching or flooding to create strong reductive status, has been widely applied to improve degraded soils.However, there is little informatio...Reductive soil disinfestation(RSD), namely amending organic materials and mulching or flooding to create strong reductive status, has been widely applied to improve degraded soils.However, there is little information available about sulfate(SO4^2-) transformation and sulfur(S)gas emissions during RSD treatment to degraded vegetable soils, in which S is generally accumulated. To investigate the effects of liming on SO4^2-transformation and S gas emissions,two SO4^2--accumulated vegetable soils(denoted as S1 and S2) were treated by RSD, and RSD plus lime, denoted as RSD0 and RSD1, respectively. The results showed that RSD0 treatment reduced soil SO4^2-by 51% and 61% in S1 and S2, respectively. The disappeared SO4^2-was mainly transformed into the undissolved form. During RSD treatment, hydrogen sulfide(H2S),carbonyl sulfide(COS), and dimethyl sulfide(DMS) were detected, but the total S gas emission accounted for 〈 0.006% of total S in both soils. Compared to RSD0, lime addition stimulated the conversion of SO42-into undissolved form, reduced soil SO4^2-by 81% in S1 and 84% in S2 and reduced total S gas emissions by 32% in S1 and 57% in S2, respectively. In addition to H2S, COS and DMS, the emissions of carbon disulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl disulfide were also detected in RSD1 treatment. The results indicated that RSD was an effective method to remove SO4^2-, liming stimulates the conversion of dissolved SO4^2-into undissolved form,probably due to the precipitation with calcium.展开更多
基金the California Department of Food and Agriculture Fruit Tree, Nut Tree, and Grapevine Improvement Advisory Board, USA
文摘Due to increasing regulations and restrictions, there is an urgent need to develop effective alternatives to chemical-dependent fumigation control of soilborne pests and pathogens. Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is one such alternative showing great promise for use in the control of soilborne pathogens and pests. This method involves the application of a carbon source, irrigation to field capacity, and covering the soil with a plastic tarp. While the mechanisms of ASD are not completely understood, they appear to be a combination of changes in the soil microbial community composition, production of volatile organic compounds, and the generation of lethal anaerobic conditions. The variety of materials and options for ASD application, including carbon sources, soil temperature, and plastic tarp type, influence the efficacy of pathogen sup- pression and disease control. Currently, both dry (e.g., rice bran) and liquid (e.g., ethanol) carbon sources are commonly used, but with different results depending on environmental conditions. While solarization is not an essential component of ASD, it can enhance efficacy. Understanding the mechanisms that mediate biological changes occurring in the soil during ASD will facilitate our ability to increase ASD efficacy while enhancing its commercial viability.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0201600)the Beijing Innovation Consortium of Agriculture Research System, China (BAIC01-2017)
文摘Soil flame disinfestation(SFD) is a form of physical disinfestation that can be used both in greenhouses and on field crops. Its use for soil disinfestation in different crop growing conditions makes it increasingly attractive for controlling soilborne pathogens and weeds. But little is known about the effect on weeds and soilbrone diseases. This study reports on greenhouses and field crops in China that determined the efficacy of SFD to control weeds, nematodes and fungi. It also determined the impact of SFD on the soil physical and chemical properties(water content, bulk density, NO3^–-N content, NH4^+-N content, conductivity and organic matter) in three field trials. A second generation SFD machine was used in these trials. SFD treatment significantly reduced weeds(>87.8%) and root-knot nematodes(Meloidogyne incognita)(>98.1%). Plant height and crop yield was significantly increased with SFD treatment. NO3^–-N and NH4^+-N increased after the SFD treatment, and there was also an increase in soil conductivity. Water content, bulk density and organic matter decreased significantly in the soil after the SFD treatment compared to the control. Soil flame disinfestation is a potential technique for controlling weeds and diseases in greenhouses or in fields. SFD is a non-chemical, safe, environmentally-friendly soil disinfection method.
文摘为探讨生物熏蒸结合强还原土壤灭菌法(RSD)对菊花生长及连作土壤的改良效果,以南农冰洁为试验材料,以连作土壤为对照(CK),设置油菜生物熏蒸(R)、油菜生物熏蒸+水稻秸秆(R+RS)、油菜生物熏蒸+玉米秸秆(R+MS)和油菜生物熏蒸+麦麸(R+FS)4个土壤灭菌处理,测定不同处理菊花各生育期生长、开花、根系指标和各器官养分含量,以及土壤理化性质和微生物数量。结果表明,与对照相比,不同土壤灭菌处理后,菊花生长及花期植株各指标均显著提高,以R+FS处理菊花各项生长指标最大;各土壤灭菌处理均能促进根系生长,以R+FS处理效果最好。不同土壤灭菌处理能提高土壤质量,土壤铵态氮、速效磷、有效钾、有机质含量分别较对照增加102.59%~155.23%、31.49%~72.07%、31.50%~92.85%、38.32%~71.30%,土壤pH值下降0.09~0.37个单位;各处理对土壤EC值的影响不同,R+MS和R+FS处理后,土壤EC值分别从462μs·cm^(-1)下降至200和285μs·cm^(-1),R和R+RS处理分别增加至585和614μs·cm^(-1)。除苗期R+RS处理土壤真菌数量低于对照外,其余处理土壤细菌和真菌数量均显著增加(P<0.05),表现为细菌增加幅度大于真菌;不同土壤灭菌处理后,土壤尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)数量显著降低(P<0.05),R+FS处理对其影响最大,苗期和盛花期分别为4.12和3.87 lg copies·g^(-1)soil,较对照下降62.11%和53.46%。各土壤灭菌处理菊花枯萎病发病率均低于对照,其防治效果可达33.65%~55.70%。综上,生物熏蒸结合麦麸处理能够改善菊花连作土壤理化性状并增加土壤微生物数量及养分含量,降低土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量,从而有效促进菊花生长及优质高产。本研究结果为菊花绿色高效栽培提供了技术支撑。
基金supported by the Italian Ministry for the Environment,Territory and Sea and State Environmental Protection Administration of China under the project of "Transfer of alternative technologies to the use of methyl bromide and capacity-building in the soil fumigation sector in China"
文摘In the frame of the Sino-Italian Cooperation Program for Environmental Protection, jointly launched in the year 2000 by the Italian Ministry for Environment and Territory and Sea (IMETS) and the China State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA), experimental trials were carried out in Qingzhou city (Shandong Province, China) during 2001-2003 to test several methyl bromide alternative methods to control soilborne diseases in greenhouse tomatoes. Grafting tomatoes on resistant rootstock (Lycopersicon lycopersicum × L. hirsutum), metham sodium applied under traditional polyethylene plastic films, metham sodium applied at low rate under virtually impermeable films and soil solarization combined with biocontrol agents were the alternatives tested and compared to methyl bromide applied under virtually impermeable plastic films too. Collected data show that resistant rootstock (Lycopersicon lycopersicum × L. hirsutum) introduced from Italy is a promising alternative to methyl bromide for local tomato cultivars. Metham sodium applied under traditional polyethylene plastic films is an effective alternative. Moreover, virtually impermeable films demonstrate the help to reduce methyl bromide and metham sodium rates. Finally, soil solarization combined with biocontrol agents does not provide satisfactory results in terms of disease control.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos:41301313,41330744)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20140062)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(No.13KJA210002)the Outstanding Innovation Team in Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(164320H116)
文摘Reductive soil disinfestation(RSD), namely amending organic materials and mulching or flooding to create strong reductive status, has been widely applied to improve degraded soils.However, there is little information available about sulfate(SO4^2-) transformation and sulfur(S)gas emissions during RSD treatment to degraded vegetable soils, in which S is generally accumulated. To investigate the effects of liming on SO4^2-transformation and S gas emissions,two SO4^2--accumulated vegetable soils(denoted as S1 and S2) were treated by RSD, and RSD plus lime, denoted as RSD0 and RSD1, respectively. The results showed that RSD0 treatment reduced soil SO4^2-by 51% and 61% in S1 and S2, respectively. The disappeared SO4^2-was mainly transformed into the undissolved form. During RSD treatment, hydrogen sulfide(H2S),carbonyl sulfide(COS), and dimethyl sulfide(DMS) were detected, but the total S gas emission accounted for 〈 0.006% of total S in both soils. Compared to RSD0, lime addition stimulated the conversion of SO42-into undissolved form, reduced soil SO4^2-by 81% in S1 and 84% in S2 and reduced total S gas emissions by 32% in S1 and 57% in S2, respectively. In addition to H2S, COS and DMS, the emissions of carbon disulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl disulfide were also detected in RSD1 treatment. The results indicated that RSD was an effective method to remove SO4^2-, liming stimulates the conversion of dissolved SO4^2-into undissolved form,probably due to the precipitation with calcium.