Effect improvement of drug pricing reform based on multi-channel coordination

To improve the effect of the drug pricing reform,a business model of pharmaceutical e-commerce is introduced into the pharmaceutical supply chain.First,based on the measures of the drug pricing reform,a dual-channel model is established,consisting of a drugstore and a hospital.The analysis of the model indicates that the reform leads to higher costs for patients.Then,an e-pharmacy is added to the dual-channel supply chain.Meanwhile,to reduce the home-delivery cost of the e-pharmacy,a multi-channel coordination strategy called“order online,delivery by drugstore”is proposed.By comparing the optimal values under the two models with and without coordination strategy,respectively,the results show that the profits of the e-pharmacy and the drugstore increase while the retail prices of drugs drop,and a large number of patients are diverted from the hospital.Therefore,the business model of pharmaceutical e-commerce with multi-channel coordination can greatly improve the effect of the drug pricing reform.

Optimal pricing and production decisions in a supply chain with e-marketplace

The concept of the e-marketplace is introduced.Considering a supply chain with a single manufacturer who sells a single item in an e-marketplace,an analytical model for the use of the e-marketplace in a supply chain is provided.Assuming the market demand is stochastic and price-dependent,the conditions under which the manufacturer and the e-marketplace owner share the market in equilibrium is developed.The existence and uniqueness of the optimal selling price,quantity and transaction percentage are proved.An integrated supply chain is put forward,and then the efficiency of supply chain coordination is studied by comparing the integrated supply chain with the decentralized supply chain.To gain further insights on the theoretical models,extensive simulations are then carried out.

DISRUPTION MANAGEMENT FOR SUPPLY CHAIN COORDINATION WITH EXPONENTIAL DEMAND FUNCTION

The coordination problem of a supply chain comprising one supplier and one retailer under market demand disruption is studied in this article. A novel exponential demand function is adopted, and the penalty cost is introduced explicitly to capture the deviation production cost caused by the market demand disruption. The optimal strategies are obtained for different disruption scale under the centralized mode. For the decentralized mode, it is proved that the supply chain can be fully coordinated by adjusting the price discount policy appropriately when disruption occurs. Furthermore, the authors point out that similar results can be established for more general demand functions that represent different market circumstances if certain assumptions are satisfied.

Distributed Renewable Energy under the Guidance of Price Autonomous Operation Technology

Penetration of Distributed Renewable Energy in active distribution network has increased year by year, and the distributed characteristics of active distribution network has become increasingly prominent;it is difficult for traditional centralized energy scheduling to solve the coordination of random output of distributed energy and the communication pressure of a large number of distributed data. In this paper, we propose a Distributed Renewable Energy Coordination Strategy based on price guidance, through hierarchical multi-agent model. The coordination model of each agent is introduced in detail, regional target, price coordination response strategy and regional security constraints, using Agent’s Distributed Autonomy and Global Collaboration to realize the Energy Balance of Active Distribution Network and promote the Storage of Distributed Renewable Energy;the coordination strategy focuses on the impact of price adjustment on energy storage and flexible load response capacity to improve the distributed renewable energy consumption. Finally, through the quantitative analysis of the comprehensive performance of the index, the evaluation results of the traditional sequential simulation method are compared, and the rationality and validity of the proposed method are verified.

Game Analysis for the Pricing Strategy in Manufacturer-Retailer Supply Chains

Supply Chain Management(SCM) is the term used to de sc ribe the management of the flow of materials, information and funds across the e ntire supply chain, from suppliers to component producers to final assemblers to distribution(warehouses and retailers) and ultimately to the consumers.This pap er studies the coordinated problem for a manufacturing and retailing supply chai n. Differentiating from traditional joint optimization in the literature, the ap proach applies game theory structure as the researching framework to address the problem of coordinating the pricing decisions of the manufacturer and retailer. Three co-op pricing models are developed and discussed which are based on two noncooperative games and one cooperative game. They are a Stakelberg’s two-sta ge game model, a simultaneously move game model and an cooperative game model, r espectively. The results obtained by the sufficient comparisons and discusses te ll us that the noncooperative equilibriums are lower efficiently than joint coop erative equilibrium. In order to get the efficient cooperative mechanism, we int roduce the Pareto efficiency concept and obtain so-called feasible Pareto effic ient set of pricing schemes (contract curve). The cooperative mechanism based on the curve would be solid and stable. These and orther related managerial issues are explored in this paper.

Supply chain coordination with CCPP for a short-life-cycle product

Supply chain coordination for short-life-cycle products with price-dependent demand is a focus in present operation management and management science fields. This paper considers the supply chain coordination problem for a single-cycle and two-selling-stage short-life-cycle product. Firstly, the inventory model of whole system is depicted with a stochastic dynamics programming. Then, a new combined contract CCPP （combined contract with pending prices） is developed to coordinate the decentralized system, and its validity for channel coordination is proved. Finally, the analysis on system performances is simulated with some examples.

碳交易机制下双渠道供应链定价与协调研究

文中运用博弈论求得了集中决策和分散决策下双渠道供应链最优定价决策和单位碳减排决策,分析了碳交易价格、消费者渠道偏好和低碳偏好对最优决策的影响,采用了收益共享-成本分担契约协调供应链,并通过数值算例验证了模型和结论的有效性.结果表明:在一定的条件下,两种渠道的定价均随碳交易价格的增加而降低;线上直销渠道价格与线上渠道偏好成正相关,线下零售渠道价格则相反;合理的碳交易价格、渠道偏好和低碳偏好有助于碳减排和供应链整体利润的提高;集中决策下单位产品碳减排量和供应链整体利润均高于分散决策时;收益共享-成本分担契约能使供应链成员的利润实现Pareto改进.

计及电能量-备用耦合的配电网与光储充电站协调优化调度方法

针对光储充电站大规模接入给配电网带来的调控压力,提出一种计及电能量和备用耦合的配电网与光储充电站协调优化调度方法。首先,建立基于随机机会约束的光储充电站经济调度模型,得到光储充电站与配电网的电能交互方案和备用需求;随后,采用鲁棒经济调度-线性潮流方法,建立计及不确定性的配电网优化调度模型,并根据Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT)条件推导得到配电节点边际电价和节点备用边际电价,通过电能量和备用价格引导光储充电站友好互动,挖掘站内储能在削峰填谷和备用调节上的潜力。最后,通过算例分析验证了所提方法的有效性。

考虑网络口碑的供应链定价与协调研究

随着电子商务和社交网络的迅速发展,网络口碑正在影响和改变消费者的购买习惯,并对企业决策产生重要影响。本文考虑由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的二级供应链,通过建立两阶段定价模型研究网络口碑对供应链定价和协调的影响。首先,文章分析了集中决策下网络口碑对供应链最优定价策略和整体利润的影响;其次,设计批发价契约和收益共享契约对分散决策下的供应链进行协调。研究表明:当受正面口碑影响时,系统会降低第一阶段价格,提高第二阶段价格,且口碑影响力度越大,两阶段的价格差异越小,供应链整体利润越高;当受负面口碑影响时,系统会提高第一阶段价格,降低第二阶段价格,且口碑影响力度越大,两阶段的价格差异越大,供应链整体利润越低;批发价契约无法实现供应链的协调,收益共享契约可以同时改善制造商、零售商和供应链整体利润,实现供应链协调。

中心城市科技创新能促进城市群协调发展吗?——兼论收入房价比的调节作用

利用2007—2019年127个地级市的数据,系统检验了中心城市科技创新对城市群协调发展的影响机制,并讨论了收入房价比对二者关系的调节作用。研究发现:第一,中心城市科技创新水平的提高不仅显著促进了城市群协调发展,还加快了外围城市经济增长收敛,并在不同地区和不同发展阶段的城市群表现出明显的异质性。第二,中心城市科技创新通过深化产业分工促进城市群协调发展。第三,收入房价比能够调节中心城市科技创新与城市群协调发展之间的关系,但调节效果存在区域异质性,仅在中部地区显著增强了中心城市科技创新对城市群协调发展的促进作用,对东部和西部地区没有明显的调节作用。研究结论不仅丰富了中心城市科技创新影响城市群协调发展的理论研究,且在提高收入房价比方面提供了政策启示。

闭环供应链中制造商以旧换新渠道决策

考虑制造商和零售商构成的闭环供应链,双方都可能提供以旧换新服务并承担相应的固定成本,研究了制造商应该自主提供以旧换新服务还是让零售商提供以旧换新服务的问题,分别构建了无以旧换新服务、制造商提供以旧换新服务和零售商提供以旧换新服务3种闭环供应链决策模型,分析了考虑以旧换新固定成本时供应链成员提供以旧换新服务与否的博弈。结果表明:随着以旧换新固定成本的变化,制造商和零售商可能会因都想提供以旧换新而产生冲突,也可能会因都想让对方提供以旧换新而成为“搭便车”者。此时,制造商或零售商可以通过给对方提供适当补偿来消除这种冲突或“搭便车”现象,以使双方利润都比无以旧换新时更高,但闭环供应链系统总利润仍为次优。为此,制造商可进一步基于集中决策模型设计相应的契约来实现闭环供应链协调。

制造商公平关切下的供应链契约协调研究

针对制造商公平关切下的二级供应链,构建非合作博弈模型,考察批发价契约与收益共享契约的供应链协调功能。通过逆向归纳求解博弈均衡,分析发现:与零售商公平关切时不同,制造商公平关切时批发价契约总是无法协调供应链,制造商将利用其先动优势使得自己总是处于优势不公平(即其利润总大于零售商);当市场潜在需求足够大,且制造商的优势不公平感知足够强时,若令收益共享率为1/2,且制造商以成本价供货,则该收益共享契约可实现供应链协调。

参考价格效应下两期绿色供应链定价和协调

在一个由绿色制造商和零售商构成的两期供应链系统中,考虑了参考价格效应,运用博弈论研究了绿色供应链的定价、绿色决策和协调问题。通过对集中和分散两种决策情形均衡结果的比较,发现集中比分散更有利于供应链的经济绩效和绿色产品的市场扩张,产品绿色水平的确定和决策结构无关。研究进一步设计两部收费契约实现了两期绿色供应链的完全协调。定价策略方面,协调前供应链成员都倾向于差异化定价,引入协调契约后,零售商的定价策略未发生改变,而制造商则转变为一致定价。此外,还研究了参考价格效应对供应链的影响,指出了一个高的参考价格敏感度有益于市场需求和供应链系统的经济效益。

碳交易下考虑公平关切的低碳供应链定价及协调机制研究

为落实政府碳减排要求并保证企业经济的可持续发展,碳交易机制成了一种有效的经济手段。碳交易背景下,制造企业为实现低碳目标而增加减排投资成本,往往更容易关注利润分配的公平性。此时,如何基于公平关切偏好进行减排投资和利润分配成为供应链协调决策的重点。以一家生产低碳产品的制造商和一家负责产品销售的零售商为对象,综合考虑碳交易机制、企业碳减排投资和公平关切偏好因素的影响,构建了一个可持续的低碳供应链,并利用博弈理论和收益分配绝对公平方法,探讨了制造商公平关切决策情形下供应链系统最优定价以及减排决策过程,进一步采用碳减排成本分担契约对供应链系统决策过程进行协调,并获得了最优的契约参数值。研究结果表明:制造商采取了提高产品批发价格和降低减排率的策略以减少因减排技术投资而产生的利润分配不公平对待,该策略损失了自身和合作者的利润。为了实现低碳供应链成员之间利益的有效协调,本文设计的成本分担契约在提高供应链系统减排率的同时还可以实现各成员利润的帕累托改进。另外,碳交易机制有利于促使企业进行碳减排投资以提高产品的减排水平。研究结果为进一步改善上下游企业之间的关系和促进供应链系统经济与环境的可持续发展提供参考。

针对温控负载变化的虚拟电厂控制策略研究

温控负载是一种变化剧烈、波动频繁、高峰负荷比例较高的负载,对电网的安全产生了极大的影响。为了应对这一问题,系统的输出功率往往会超过90%负荷最大值的调峰限制。针对虚拟电厂(VPP)系统内的超限过程进行了研究,并提出了2种控制策略,以降低超限总电量或者利用超限电量的同时获取收益。在验证策略的控制效果时,选取了2种由温控负载引起的功率需求的典型变化。研究结果表明,温控负载引起的功率需求峰值的变化对策略具有重要影响。在安全模式下,超限比例与峰值的增加呈反比,而与平均功率的增加呈正比;在收益模式下,峰值变化会影响储能放电过程,平均功率变化则会影响储能充电过程。随着功率需求的增加,收益逐渐减小,收益范围为3.62万~3.25万元。

供应商主导下的生鲜农产品供应链定价及协调模型研究

针对由单个的生鲜供应商、生鲜电商和第三方物流组成的三级供应链,同时考虑价格和新鲜度对生鲜农产品需求的影响,研究了生鲜农产品供应链定价及协调问题。首先,分别构建集中决策下和以生鲜供应商为主导的分散决策下的生鲜农产品供应链定价模型,并进行对比分析;其次,在分散决策的基础上,采用“收益共享+保鲜成本共担”契约构建协调模型;最后,通过算例分析和敏感度分析,验证了模型得出的结论,并分析了重要参数对模型的影响。研究发现,集中式定价决策下的零售价格、保鲜努力水平和供应链利润均优于分散式定价决策的对应值,在此基础上,建议采用“收益共享+保鲜成本共担”的契约协调模型,以使分散式定价决策下的供应链达到协调状态。

不确定环境下农村地区客货邮融合协同运输策略研究

目的针对农村地区运输困难问题,在“客货邮”融合背景下通过固定运输路线的农村公交和灵活运输的物流车辆,并考虑农村公交运输货物价格的不确定性,促进农村偏远地区物流运输环节的降本增效。方法构建以最小化总成本为目标的农村公交−物流车辆协同运输决策模型。在此基础上,考虑农村公交运输价格的不确定性,采用多区间鲁棒优化方法构建鲁棒优化模型。在实验环节,使用cplex进行数值实验和现实案例分析。结果通过农村客货邮协同运输决策能够有效降低运输成本,并提供了有效的解决方案。此外,公交运输价格的不确定性会带来整体成本的增长和农村公交使用率的减少。结论结合农村客货邮运营实践,设计了协同运输决策模型及鲁棒优化模型,基于算例和案例,验证了所构建模型的合理性,能够为客货邮融合发展管理者提供有益的决策支持。

价格调控策略对城市道路交通减污降碳协同增效影响研究

在碳达峰目标导向下,城市道路交通减污降碳的协同增效策略研究已成为国家的紧迫任务。文章引入价格调控型策略,构建道路交通减污降碳的系统动力学模型。通过动态仿真,揭示中长期隐藏的负效应,发现:机动车污染收费通过三个途径(降低机动车出行吸引度、抑制机动车增长吸引度、增加公共交通的投资)来实现减污降碳目的;罚款和补贴政策分别通过降低机动车非法出行量和提升公共交通供给水平来促进道路交通减污降碳的治理;叠加效应将引发一系列副作用:加剧交通拥堵程度、抑制机动车减污和降碳的协同治理、增加健康风险及安全隐患。

考虑销售努力的双渠道供应链定价决策与协调

随着电子商务的发展,许多零售商逐渐开拓线上渠道,并通过双渠道进行产品的销售。然而,如何进行科学决策,实现自身利润的最大化成为供应链成员普遍面临的难题。基于此,以单一零售商和单一供应商组成的生鲜农产品双渠道供应链为研究对象,考虑零售商销售努力,分析双渠道供应链的定价决策,并设计协调契约实现供应链协调。研究发现:在两种决策下,消费者对新鲜度、销售努力水平敏感度的提高均会增加供应链系统的整体利润;与分散决策相比,集中决策下双方合作更为紧密,供应商愿意提供更高的保鲜努力水平,零售商愿意提高销售努力水平,此时供应链整体利润更高;“两部定价法+批发价格”协调契约可以促进双方开展合作,降低线上和线下渠道价格,提高保鲜努力水平和销售努力水平,实现帕累托改进,使供应链整体利润达到集中决策时的水平。

双渠道供应链下易腐品的库存和定价决策

以现实易腐产品供应链为背景,研究单一零售商和单一供应商组成的双渠道供应链模型,即供应商可通过直接在线渠道和间接零售渠道销售易腐产品,除了产品数量下降外,产品质量也会随着时间的推移而下降,同时,产品质量的下降会影响零售渠道的需求率。分别建立集中式和分散式两类模型,并提出相应算法求解最佳价格、订购频率和订购周期等。结果显示,分散式的供应链不仅会侵蚀两家公司的利润,并且产品的浪费率也较高。通过采用收入分享和二部定价法的方式能够协调供应链,减少供应链的总浪费率。同时,随着产品劣化率的提高,两家公司会更倾向于进行供应链协调,协调合同对零售商利润的提升更为显著。在模型扩展部分考虑直接渠道的交货时间,结果表明,分散式模型的供应商会投入更多资金以缩短交货时间。