Study on Tourism Development and Community Participation in Villages of the Minorities ——With the Dong Village in Zhaoxing,Southeast Guizhou Autonomous Prefecture of Miao and Dong Nationalities,China

Based on basic theories of community participation in tourism development,questionnaires were designed for the field investigation in one of the largest Dong Villages in China,the Dong village in Zhaoxing.Community participation in tourism development of the Dong Village was analyzed from the perspectives of residents' participation in decision-making and management,reception and catering services,group performance,making and selling ethnic artworks,protection of village tourist resources and environment.And meanwhile,problems were pointed out as "still maintaining in the early stage of its tourism development,fewer opportunities for its residents participating in tourism development,resource protection being divorced from tourism benefits and so on",on the basis of which corresponding solutions were offered as "expanding the field of participation,improving the level of participation,increasing benefits of local residents;insisting on the principle of "not participating intentionally is the best way of their participation,guaranteeing economic compensation for rural residents;enhancing infrastructure construction;establishing a museum of folk-custom materials;creating a favorable atmosphere of folk cultures;enhancing cooperation with its neighboring villages in tourism development,and creating a "local industrial chain";establishing a research center of cultural tourism development of the Dong Minority.

Community Tourism in Changxi Village:Research based on Community-participated Village Tourism

On the basis of investigating community participation in tourism development of Changxi Village,Wuyuan County,the study pictures a reasonable image for the community participation in tourism village,proposes the problems and corresponding suggestions.

Community Tourism as Practiced in the Mountainous Qiang Region of Sichuan Province,China-a Case Study in Zhenghe Village

In China, community tourism is still a relatively new phenomenon, but the villagers of a small Qiang village in the Qiang Autonomous County of Beichuan in Southwestern Sichuan have initiated tourism in a way which conforms to the basic theory of community tourism development. This demonstrates that community tourism possesses a strength and vitality that can promote the development of tourism in the rural and mountainous areas. In the district of Zhenghe Village, the tourism industry, based on the community tourism model, is the mainstay of its economy. The practice of community tourism in the village not only promotes the economic development of the village community, but also leads to the protection of the mountainous natural environment and of the culture of the Qiang people. This paper investigates the development process of community tourism in Zhenghe and shows how the local residents participate in this process. It also looks at how profits have been distributed within the community. It demonstrates that community tourism is a correct choice by the Zhenghe people as they have dearly been moving from poverty to prosperity, while the local ecology and environment have been simultaneously protected. The authors hope that other minority villages with similar local conditions and natural resources will be able to use this example to develop their own community tourism.

The Community Renewal of Shantytown Transformation in Old Industrial Cities:Evidence from Tiexi Worker Village in Shenyang,China

There are many problems,such as poverty,unemployment,poor infrastructure and how to improve the ecological environment,in the shantytowns of old industrial cities.Shantytowns are the most centralized areas with different contradictions,referred to as the‘problem areas’of urban sustainable development.The shantytown transformation of old industrial cities is a typical process of unit community disintegration,which is reflected not only in the reconstruction of physical space but also in the community renewal of social spatial integration and culture reconstruction.Based on qualitative research,questionnaires and in-depth interviews,taking Tiexi Worker Village in Shenyang as a research case,this paper attempts to analyse the characteristics and driving forces of the community renewal of shantytown transformation in old industrial cities.We found that the physical space of Tiexi Worker Village has changed considerably,which is embodied in its land use structure,living environment and community service facilities,reflecting the development of community function from simple industrial function to comprehensive functions.The residents in this community have experienced a transformation from a period of homogeneity to one of heterogeneity.The social network of the community has been destroyed.Social stratification,social differentiation and higher fluidity have occurred.Community renewal is mainly affected by macro factors such as policy regulation,economic driving,condition constraints,and micro factors such as residents’choice of living space and willingness to renew their communities.The transformation policy of the old industrial zone and the development policy of the new urban area are the fundamental and deep-seated reasons for the renewal of Tiexi Worker Village,which determine the direction of the renewal and development of the community.The paid use of land and the development of the real estate industry are the direct stimulating factors for the renewal of Tiexi Worker Village,which become the direct reasons for the spatial transformation.The changes in the population in urban and rural areas and the promotion of traffic are the driving factors for the renewal of the community,while the choice of residents and their willingness regarding community renewal are the endogenous forces for promoting community renewal.Finally,the author attempts to put forward a model of the interlaced mechanism of the forming of community renewal at the macroscopic and microcosmic levels,which are the urban renewal and reconstruction and social space differentiation of community residents,respectively.

Community Renewal Strategy for Improving Community Resilience:A Case Study of River Ring Area of Caoyang New Village in Shanghai

In a new round of urban renewal,China’s urban space expansion is shifting from incremental development to inventory mining.Residents’ demands for improvement of community material environment and community cultural identity are increasing.Meantime,affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019,community resilience has become an urgent problem to be solved in urban communities.Based on resilience theory,TOD theory and other planning concepts,the paper analyzes the vulnerability of Shanghai Caoyang river ring area,and puts forward a multi-level community resilience improvement strategy,including increasing diversified public service facilities,building public pedestrian network,and reshaping public open space to improve the stability,adaptability and resilience of the community,in order to build the development path of resilient communities.The study will provide inspiration for future micro-renewal of communities and promote the sustainable development of urban communities.

Implementation and Development of Village Merging in Zhucheng City

This article introduces the status quo of implementation of village merging in Zhucheng City of Shandong Province.Owing to thoroughness and originality,the village merging of Zhucheng City has created " Zhucheng Model" and disseminated " Zhucheng experience".By comparing part of annual values concerning the process of rural communitization in Zhucheng City,we use SWOT analysis method to objectively obtain strength,weakness,opportunity and risk of village merging in Zhucheng City,and offer corresponding SO,WO,ST,WT countermeasures.Finally,some proposals are put forward for future work of village merging in Zhucheng City as follows:grasp opportunity to undergird merger achievement;improve the drawback to beef up merger achievement;monitor risk to maintain merger achievement;eliminate hidden trouble to safeguard merger achievement.

Architectural Culture of Hakka Walled Villages in Gannan: A Case Study of Yanyi Wei

This paper took Yanyi Wei for example to explore the architectural culture of Hakka walled vil ages in Gannan, including clan culture, defense culture, sacrificial culture, and feng shui culture. It pointed out that there exist problems in Yanyi Wei, such as the disharmony between newly established houses and original buildings, the lack of proper maintenance, and the lack of heirs of walled village culture, and proposed reasonable suggestions about architectural conservation and cultural heritage.

Adaptive Transition of Traditional Handicraft Villages Under the Rule of Consanguinity Community:A Case Study of Xizhuang Village in Xinjiang County,Shanxi Province

As an important witness to the rural industry in the agricultural era,traditional handicraft villages have attracted renewed attention in the contemporary context of intangible cultural heritage protection.The dual characteristics of their traditional cultural heritage and modern economic benefits make these villages an important carrier of the dynamic inheritance and development of the heritages under the background of rural revitalization.This paper takes a stonemason village of Xizhuang in Xinjiang County,Shanxi Province,as an example,and reveals the evolutionary characteristics of traditional handicraft villages in the process of transition from agricultural to industrial society from the“social-spatial”perspective.In the agricultural era,the kinship,production organization,and religious beliefs of traditional handicraft villages were closely linked under the blood relationship in a clan-based structure,forming a“social-spatial”trinity composed of“residence,production,and spirit.”In the industrial era,the development of handicraft economy results in the transformation of the“social-spatial”form of the settlement,the social structure shrank from clan control to nuclear family domination,the production space began to be stripped away from villages,the living space changed from gathered clan living to separated-family homes,and the spiritual place was transformed into public space.However,due to the inter-generational transmission of handicrafts based on blood relationship,the consanguinity community has always been the main carrier for the continuity of skills,and has become the stable foundation for maintaining the“social-spatial”form of the village.Therefore,the adaptive transition of traditional handicraft villages in the context of socio-economic transformation continues the interconnection among society,economy,and space,and presents a unique vitality and comparative stability.

Delivery of public health services by community health workers(CHWs)in primary health care settings in China:a systematic review(1996–2016)

Background:Community Health Workers(CHWs)have been widely used in response to the shortage of skilled health workers especially in resource limited areas.China has a long history of involving CHWs in public health intervention project.CHWs in China called village doctors who have both treatment and public health responsibilities.This systematic review aimed to identify the types of public health services provided by CHWs and summarized potential barriers and facilitating factors in the delivery of these services.Methods:We searched studies published in Chinese or English,on Medline,PubMed,Cochrane,Google Scholar,and CNKI for public health services delivered by CHWs in China,during 1996-2016.The role of CHWs,training for CHWs,challenges,and facilitating factors were extracted from reviewed studies.Results:Guided by National Basic Public Health Service Standards,services provided by CHW covered five major areas of noncommunicable diseases(NCDs)including diabetes and/or hypertension,cancer,mental health,cardiovascular diseases,and common NCD risk factors,as well as general services including reproductive health,tuberculosis,child health,vaccination,and other services.Not many studies investigated the barriers and facilitating factors of their programs,and none reported cost-effectiveness of the intervention.Barriers challenging the sustainability of the CHWs led projects were transportation,nature of official support,quantity and quality of CHWs,training of CHWs,incentives for CHWs,and maintaining a good rapport between CHWs and target population.Facilitating factors included positive official support,integration with the existing health system,financial support,considering CHW’s perspectives,and technology support.Conclusion:CHWs appear to frequently engage in implementing diverse public health intervention programs in China.Facilitators and barriers identified are comparable to those identified in high income countries.Future CHWs-led programs should consider incorporating the common barriers and facilitators identified in the current study to maximize the benefits of these programs.

Kant： The Sweet Dream of Perpetual Peace

This essay is a survey upon Kant＇s Sweet Dream of Perpetual Peace. According to Kant, a permanent peace could be achieved under the condition of the creation of a Federation of States. This Federation of States will be rest upon three fundamental requirements--i.e., democracy, reason, universal hospitality. Kant＇s idea of global Federation of States should not be confused with existing nowadays Unions of States, such as European Union, which depend heavily upon a central authority and a complicated bureaucracy.