A modified systematic approach to determination of the kinetics of well known reaction from calorimetric data is addressed in this study. Because the application of calorimetry does not depend upon knowledge of concen...A modified systematic approach to determination of the kinetics of well known reaction from calorimetric data is addressed in this study. Because the application of calorimetry does not depend upon knowledge of concentration profiles, it has the advantage over other real-time analyses. Estimated kinetic parameters were compared with the ones obtained with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy （FTIR）. The chosen reaction was ethyl benzoate saponification performed in homogeneous reaction medium, although it is known as heterogeneous reaction. Thus, the rate expression was developed where no mass transfer is considered. The reaction was carried out in a MettlerTM RCI reaction calorimeter.展开更多
Mixture of phosphoric and sulfuric acid solutions has been used to investigate the dissolution of natural phosphates (PN) by DRC. The effect of concentration, particle size and stirring speed reaction is examined. The...Mixture of phosphoric and sulfuric acid solutions has been used to investigate the dissolution of natural phosphates (PN) by DRC. The effect of concentration, particle size and stirring speed reaction is examined. Thermochimique properties of each kinetic parameters reaction are determined. It was found that these parameters have a considerable effect on the thermochemical aspect of the attack reaction. It is known that the process of PN sulphophosphoric acid attack leads to the formation of dihydrate (CaSO4.2H2O: DH). The present work shows the precipitation of other residues their formula depends on factors studied. The increase in concentration leads to the formation of hemihydrate (CaSO4v1/2H2O:HH) beside DH for the low values of% H2SO4 due to the solubility of dihydrate on the etching solution and the precipitation of (Ca (H2PO4)2.2H2O) next of DH for low agitation values because of the lack of turbulence between the liquid phase and the solid phase which favors the precipitation of this latter compound.展开更多
针对RLV(Reusable Launch Vehicle)的再入控制提出了一种基于模糊逻辑的RCS(Reaction Control System).详细分析了RCS控制特性,建立了基于效率系数以及继电特性的RCS模型,提出了一种基于Mamdani模型的模糊逻辑三通道RCS控制器,该控制器...针对RLV(Reusable Launch Vehicle)的再入控制提出了一种基于模糊逻辑的RCS(Reaction Control System).详细分析了RCS控制特性,建立了基于效率系数以及继电特性的RCS模型,提出了一种基于Mamdani模型的模糊逻辑三通道RCS控制器,该控制器利用专家控制经验,根据姿态角及角速率的偏差,产生不同的RCS控制指令输出给三通道对飞行器进行姿态控制.通过六自由度非线性仿真,验证了该控制系统与PID(Proportional-Integral-D ifferential)控制器相比具有更好的跟踪性能,且RCS的控制输出效率也更高.展开更多
Reaction control system(RCS) is a powerful and efficient actuator for space vehicles attitude control, which is typically characterized as a pulsed unilateral effector only with two states(off/on). Along with inevitab...Reaction control system(RCS) is a powerful and efficient actuator for space vehicles attitude control, which is typically characterized as a pulsed unilateral effector only with two states(off/on). Along with inevitable internal uncertainties and external disturbances in practice, this inherent nonlinear character always hinders space vehicles autopilot from pursuing precise tracking performance. Compared to most of pre-existing methodologies that passively suppress the uncertainties and disturbances, a design based on predictive functional control(PFC) and generalized extended state observer(GESO) is firstly proposed for three-axis RCS control system to actively reject that with no requirement for additional fuel consumption. To obtain a high fidelity predictive model on which the performance of PFC greatly depends, the nonlinear coupling multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) flight dynamics model is parameterized as a state-dependent coefficient form. And based on that, a MIMO PFC algorithm in state space domain for a plant of arbitrary orders is deduced in this paper.The internal uncertainties and external disturbances are lumped as a total disturbance, which is estimated and cancelled timely to further enhance the robustness. The continuous control command synthesised by above controller-rejector tandem is finally modulated by pulse width pulse frequency modulator(PWPF) to on-off signals to meet RCS requirement. The robustness and feasibility of the proposed design are validated by a series of performance comparison simulations with some prominent methods in the presence of significant perturbations and disturbances, as well as measurement noise.展开更多
In this study on the curing dynamics of phenol-formaldehyde novolac resins(PFNR) and hexamethylene tetramine(HMTA), two typical commercial PFNR were selected as examples and the curing reactions of the resins with HMT...In this study on the curing dynamics of phenol-formaldehyde novolac resins(PFNR) and hexamethylene tetramine(HMTA), two typical commercial PFNR were selected as examples and the curing reactions of the resins with HMTA were studied by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). Based on the data calculated by the Kissinger equation and the Crane equation, a thermocuring dynamic model was established, from which the process conditions, activation energy, reaction kinetics equation and a f irst-order reaction of the curing reactions were derived.展开更多
高超声速飞行器再入段初期,所处大气环境空气稀薄,空气舵已无法提供足够力矩来维持姿态稳定,因此就需要反作用控制系统(Reaction Control System,RCS)来提供姿态稳定力矩。针对给定的飞行器RCS八喷管配置方案,基于查表法和脉宽调制,提...高超声速飞行器再入段初期,所处大气环境空气稀薄,空气舵已无法提供足够力矩来维持姿态稳定,因此就需要反作用控制系统(Reaction Control System,RCS)来提供姿态稳定力矩。针对给定的飞行器RCS八喷管配置方案,基于查表法和脉宽调制,提出了一种能够维持飞行器系统姿态稳定的静态指令分配方法。给出了高超声速飞行器六自由度状态方程,采用一阶滑模控制算法进行姿态稳定控制;基于查表法思想和冲量等效的脉宽调制原理,完成了无故障情况下八喷管指令分配组合表的设计,并根据工程实际对组合表进行容错优化;设计了能够对单推力器发生卡死故障具有容错性的指令分配优化组合表,并采用脉宽调制方法对控制指令进行调制从而获得推力器的开关指令。仿真验证了该指令分配方法能够维持系统姿态稳定,提高控制系统的控制效率,有效解决了八喷管配置以及单喷管卡死故障情况下的指令分配问题。展开更多
The aluminum matrix composites(AlB2+a-Al2O3)/Al were fabricated by in situ reaction synthesis from an Al-B2 O3 system. The reaction pathways, apparent activation energies and tensile properties were analyzed by using ...The aluminum matrix composites(AlB2+a-Al2O3)/Al were fabricated by in situ reaction synthesis from an Al-B2 O3 system. The reaction pathways, apparent activation energies and tensile properties were analyzed by using differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and equipped energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS). The results showed that there are two-step reactions in the Al-B2 O3 system. The first-step is 15 Al+7 B2 O3→7 aAl2O3+AlB12+2 B and the second-step is 2 B+AlB12+6 Al→7 AlB2. Their corresponding apparent activation energies are 352 and 444 kJ/mol, respectively. The tensile strength and elongation rate of the composites are 190.5 MPa and 6.6%, respectively.Compared with ordinary aluminum base material, the performance is superior. There are many dimple and cracked a-Al2O3 reinforcements in tensile fracture surface layer.展开更多
In order to understand the strength developing law of the epoxy asphalt mixture,a curing reaction model of the epoxy asphalt binder was proposed based upon the thermokinetic analysis.Given some assumptions,the model w...In order to understand the strength developing law of the epoxy asphalt mixture,a curing reaction model of the epoxy asphalt binder was proposed based upon the thermokinetic analysis.Given some assumptions,the model was developed by applying the Kissinger law as well as Arrhenius equation,and the differential scanning calorimetry was performed for estimating the model parameters.To monitor the strength development of the epoxy asphalt mixture,a strength test program was employed and then results were compared to those produced from the proposed model.The comparative evaluation shows that a good consistency exists between the outputs from test program and the proposed model,indicating that the proposed model can be used effectively for simulating the curing reaction process for the epoxy asphalt binder and predicting the strength development for the epoxy asphalt mixture.展开更多
Titanium matrix composites reinforced with a-Al2O3 and TiB2 particles were fabricated by in situ synthesis from a Ti-Al-B2O3 system. The reaction processes and microstructure were analyzed by using differential scanni...Titanium matrix composites reinforced with a-Al2O3 and TiB2 particles were fabricated by in situ synthesis from a Ti-Al-B2O3 system. The reaction processes and microstructure were analyzed by using differential scanning calorimetry（DSC）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and X-ray diffraction（XRD）. The results showed that the reactions in the Ti-Al-B2O3 system can occur spontaneously and consist of three steps： 1） 15 Al ＋ 7B2O3 → 7α-Al2O3 ＋ AlB12 ＋ 2B; 2） 14 B ＋ 2Al → AlB12 ＋ AlB2 and 3） 7Ti ＋ AlB（12） ＋ AlB2 → 7TiB2 ＋ 2Al. The final reinforcements were composed of α-Al2O3 and TiB2 particles, which were uniformly distributed in the titanium matrix.展开更多
Bioactive glasses in the system SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5 were prepared by the conventional melting process at a high temperature in an electric furnace. The densities of the glasses as well as their glass transition tempera...Bioactive glasses in the system SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5 were prepared by the conventional melting process at a high temperature in an electric furnace. The densities of the glasses as well as their glass transition temperatures were measured experimentally. Also, the glasses were characterized by solution calorimetry at 298 K in an acidic solvent consisting of HF (6 M) and HNO3 (4 M). A simulation of the bioactivity properties of these obtained glasses was carried out by thermodynamic calculations, with the purpose of understanding the in vitro results obtained.展开更多
文摘A modified systematic approach to determination of the kinetics of well known reaction from calorimetric data is addressed in this study. Because the application of calorimetry does not depend upon knowledge of concentration profiles, it has the advantage over other real-time analyses. Estimated kinetic parameters were compared with the ones obtained with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy （FTIR）. The chosen reaction was ethyl benzoate saponification performed in homogeneous reaction medium, although it is known as heterogeneous reaction. Thus, the rate expression was developed where no mass transfer is considered. The reaction was carried out in a MettlerTM RCI reaction calorimeter.
文摘Mixture of phosphoric and sulfuric acid solutions has been used to investigate the dissolution of natural phosphates (PN) by DRC. The effect of concentration, particle size and stirring speed reaction is examined. Thermochimique properties of each kinetic parameters reaction are determined. It was found that these parameters have a considerable effect on the thermochemical aspect of the attack reaction. It is known that the process of PN sulphophosphoric acid attack leads to the formation of dihydrate (CaSO4.2H2O: DH). The present work shows the precipitation of other residues their formula depends on factors studied. The increase in concentration leads to the formation of hemihydrate (CaSO4v1/2H2O:HH) beside DH for the low values of% H2SO4 due to the solubility of dihydrate on the etching solution and the precipitation of (Ca (H2PO4)2.2H2O) next of DH for low agitation values because of the lack of turbulence between the liquid phase and the solid phase which favors the precipitation of this latter compound.
文摘Reaction control system(RCS) is a powerful and efficient actuator for space vehicles attitude control, which is typically characterized as a pulsed unilateral effector only with two states(off/on). Along with inevitable internal uncertainties and external disturbances in practice, this inherent nonlinear character always hinders space vehicles autopilot from pursuing precise tracking performance. Compared to most of pre-existing methodologies that passively suppress the uncertainties and disturbances, a design based on predictive functional control(PFC) and generalized extended state observer(GESO) is firstly proposed for three-axis RCS control system to actively reject that with no requirement for additional fuel consumption. To obtain a high fidelity predictive model on which the performance of PFC greatly depends, the nonlinear coupling multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) flight dynamics model is parameterized as a state-dependent coefficient form. And based on that, a MIMO PFC algorithm in state space domain for a plant of arbitrary orders is deduced in this paper.The internal uncertainties and external disturbances are lumped as a total disturbance, which is estimated and cancelled timely to further enhance the robustness. The continuous control command synthesised by above controller-rejector tandem is finally modulated by pulse width pulse frequency modulator(PWPF) to on-off signals to meet RCS requirement. The robustness and feasibility of the proposed design are validated by a series of performance comparison simulations with some prominent methods in the presence of significant perturbations and disturbances, as well as measurement noise.
基金financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(SWU.113003 and XDJK 2015C097)
文摘In this study on the curing dynamics of phenol-formaldehyde novolac resins(PFNR) and hexamethylene tetramine(HMTA), two typical commercial PFNR were selected as examples and the curing reactions of the resins with HMTA were studied by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). Based on the data calculated by the Kissinger equation and the Crane equation, a thermocuring dynamic model was established, from which the process conditions, activation energy, reaction kinetics equation and a f irst-order reaction of the curing reactions were derived.
文摘高超声速飞行器再入段初期,所处大气环境空气稀薄,空气舵已无法提供足够力矩来维持姿态稳定,因此就需要反作用控制系统(Reaction Control System,RCS)来提供姿态稳定力矩。针对给定的飞行器RCS八喷管配置方案,基于查表法和脉宽调制,提出了一种能够维持飞行器系统姿态稳定的静态指令分配方法。给出了高超声速飞行器六自由度状态方程,采用一阶滑模控制算法进行姿态稳定控制;基于查表法思想和冲量等效的脉宽调制原理,完成了无故障情况下八喷管指令分配组合表的设计,并根据工程实际对组合表进行容错优化;设计了能够对单推力器发生卡死故障具有容错性的指令分配优化组合表,并采用脉宽调制方法对控制指令进行调制从而获得推力器的开关指令。仿真验证了该指令分配方法能够维持系统姿态稳定,提高控制系统的控制效率,有效解决了八喷管配置以及单喷管卡死故障情况下的指令分配问题。
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51571118 and 51371098)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20141308)
文摘The aluminum matrix composites(AlB2+a-Al2O3)/Al were fabricated by in situ reaction synthesis from an Al-B2 O3 system. The reaction pathways, apparent activation energies and tensile properties were analyzed by using differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and equipped energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS). The results showed that there are two-step reactions in the Al-B2 O3 system. The first-step is 15 Al+7 B2 O3→7 aAl2O3+AlB12+2 B and the second-step is 2 B+AlB12+6 Al→7 AlB2. Their corresponding apparent activation energies are 352 and 444 kJ/mol, respectively. The tensile strength and elongation rate of the composites are 190.5 MPa and 6.6%, respectively.Compared with ordinary aluminum base material, the performance is superior. There are many dimple and cracked a-Al2O3 reinforcements in tensile fracture surface layer.
基金Funded by the Project of National Science and Technology Ministry of China(No.2009BAG15B03)
文摘In order to understand the strength developing law of the epoxy asphalt mixture,a curing reaction model of the epoxy asphalt binder was proposed based upon the thermokinetic analysis.Given some assumptions,the model was developed by applying the Kissinger law as well as Arrhenius equation,and the differential scanning calorimetry was performed for estimating the model parameters.To monitor the strength development of the epoxy asphalt mixture,a strength test program was employed and then results were compared to those produced from the proposed model.The comparative evaluation shows that a good consistency exists between the outputs from test program and the proposed model,indicating that the proposed model can be used effectively for simulating the curing reaction process for the epoxy asphalt binder and predicting the strength development for the epoxy asphalt mixture.
基金Funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51571118 and 51371098)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20141308)
文摘Titanium matrix composites reinforced with a-Al2O3 and TiB2 particles were fabricated by in situ synthesis from a Ti-Al-B2O3 system. The reaction processes and microstructure were analyzed by using differential scanning calorimetry（DSC）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and X-ray diffraction（XRD）. The results showed that the reactions in the Ti-Al-B2O3 system can occur spontaneously and consist of three steps： 1） 15 Al ＋ 7B2O3 → 7α-Al2O3 ＋ AlB12 ＋ 2B; 2） 14 B ＋ 2Al → AlB12 ＋ AlB2 and 3） 7Ti ＋ AlB（12） ＋ AlB2 → 7TiB2 ＋ 2Al. The final reinforcements were composed of α-Al2O3 and TiB2 particles, which were uniformly distributed in the titanium matrix.
文摘Bioactive glasses in the system SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5 were prepared by the conventional melting process at a high temperature in an electric furnace. The densities of the glasses as well as their glass transition temperatures were measured experimentally. Also, the glasses were characterized by solution calorimetry at 298 K in an acidic solvent consisting of HF (6 M) and HNO3 (4 M). A simulation of the bioactivity properties of these obtained glasses was carried out by thermodynamic calculations, with the purpose of understanding the in vitro results obtained.
