RESEARCH ON THE WATER-RESISTANCE OF MAGNESIUM OXYCHLORIDE CEMENT——I:THE STABILITY OF THE REACTION PRODUCTS OF MAGNESIUM OXYCHLORIDE CEMENT IN WATER

In this paper .the change of the crystalline phases in hardened magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) paste in mater was analyzed by XRD. It was developed that the reaction products 5 phase or 3 phase of MOC are instable in water and can be changed into Mg(OH)2 by the action of water, which causes the content of 5 phase or 3 phase to be less and less,the content of Mg(OH)2 to be more and more and the strength to be the lower the lower,after hardended MOC paste was immersed in water. The change of 5 pliase and 3 phase into Mg(OH)2 is not a dissolve process, but a hydrolysis process. The hydrolysis products of 5 phase and 3 phase are Mg(OH)2 precipitation and soluble Cl-,AIg+ ions and H2O. The hydrolysis is sponta-neous thermodynamically and its chemical kinatic equation is C = C,,e-k Thus .it is suggested that only by enhancing the stability of 5 phase or 3 phase in water and preventing 5 phase or 3 phase from the hydrolyzing can the water resistance of MOC be improved well.

美拉德反应产物(Maillard Reaction Products MRPs)的生理活性及增量的技术措施

综述了美拉德反应产物抗氧化性能及重要的杂环类化合物—四甲基吡嗪阻抑肝细胞纤维化的作用,介绍了中国白酒中美拉德反应产物的分布,阐述了增加上述产物的技术措施。

Interfacial reaction product and mechanical properties of the electron beam brazed K465 Ni-based superalloy joints

Ni-based superalloy K465 is brazed with BNi-2 filler metal by vacuum electron beam brazing （VEBB）. In process of VEBB, effects of processing primary parameters on shear strength of joints are investigated. Microstructure of the brazed joint with BNi-2 filler metal is studied by means of scanning electron microscopy （ SEM）, energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The results show that the structure of brazed seam consists of a large amount of Ni- based γ solid solution, Ni3Al （ γ＇） , Ni3B, WB, CrB, and a small quantity of WC, NbC, The maximum shear strength of the joint is 398 MPa when the beam current of welding is 2.6 mA, heating time is 480 s and focused current is 1 800 mA.

Wettability of CuNi-Ti Alloys on Si_3N_4 and Interfacial Reaction Products

Based on the alloy Cu55Ni45 (at pct), holding the proportion of Cu to Ni in constant and in the temperature range of 1233~1573 K, the wetting angles of CuNi-0~56 at pct Ti alloys on Si3N4 have been measured by the sessile drop method. With the increase of Ti content, the wetting angles decreased. The equilibrium wetting angle was 5° when Ti content ≥32 at pct.In the case of same Ti content, the activity of Ti in CuNiTi alloy was weaker than that in CuTi alloy The cross-section of the CuNiTi-Si3N4 interface and the elements distribution were examined by scanning electron microscope with X-ray wave-dispersion spectrometer, and the reaction products formed at the interface were determined by X-ray diffiaction analysis method.

Effect of Maillard Reaction Products (MRP) on Chlorophyll Stability in Green Peas

Maillard Reaction Products (MRP) was prepared from glucose and glysine heated at 90°C in air circulating oven for 12 hours. The effect of MRP on chlorophyll stability in green peas was investigated. The addition of Maillard Reaction Products (MRP) decreased the loss of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll. The conversion of pheophytin and pyropheophytin were also reduced by the addition of MRP.

Electrocatalytic Performance of Carbon Layer and Spherical Carbon/Carbon Cloth Composites Towards Hydrogen Evolution from the Direct Electrolysis of Bunsen Reaction Product

A composite material comprising a carbon layer and spherical carbon/carbon cloth(C-SC/CC)was fabricated using a hydrothermal-pyrolysis method,employing carbon cloth as the substrate and glucose as the carbon source.The C-SC/CC electrode was evaluated as an electrocatalytic electrode for hydrogen production by electrolysis of Bunsen reaction products.The electrode prepared with 4 g of glucose and annealed at 800°C showed excellent electrocatalytic activity.It requires only a potential of 185 mV(vs.SCE)to achieve a current density of 10 mA/cm2.Furthermore,the electrode demonstrated good stability with a 6%loss in current density after 1000 cycles of scanning from 0.2 V to 1.2 V.These results indicate the potential of the SC/CC electrode as an efficient and durable electrocatalyst for the electrolysis of H2SO4 and HI.

Energetic and Entropic Changes in Volume Work and Chemical Reactions

In the present study, energetic and entropic changes are investigated on a comparative basis, as they occur in the volume changes of an ideal gas in the Carnot cycle and in the course of the chemical reaction in a lead-acid battery. Differences between reversible and irreversible processes have been worked out, in particular between reversibly exchanged entropy (∆eS) and irreversibly produced entropy (∆iS). In the partially irreversible case, ∆eS and ∆iS add up to the sum ∆S for the volume changes of a gas, and only this function has an exact differential. In a chemical reaction, however, ∆eS is independent on reversibility. It arises from the different intramolecular energy contents between products and reactants. Entropy production in a partially irreversible Carnot cycle is brought about through work-free expansions, whereas in the irreversible battery reaction entropy is produced via activated complexes, whereby a certain, variable fraction of the available chemical energy becomes transformed into electrical energy and the remaining fraction dissipated into heat. The irreversible reaction process via activated complexes has been explained phenomenologically. For a sufficiently high power output of coupled reactions, it is essential that the input energy is not completely reversibly transformed, but rather partially dissipated, because this can increase the process velocity and consequently its power output. A reduction of the counter potential is necessary for this purpose. This is not only important for man-made machines, but also for the viability of cells.

Reaction products of Sm_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7) with calcium-magnesium-aluminum-silicate(CMAS)and their evolution

During flight,many silicates(sand,dust,debris,fly ash,etc.)are ingested by an engine.They melt at high operating temperatures on the surface of thermal barrier coatings(TBCs)to form calcium-magnesium-aluminum-silicate(CMAS)amorphous settling.CMAS corrodes TBCs and causes many problems,such as composition segregation,degradation,cracking,and disbanding.As a new generation of TBC candidate materials,rare-earth zirconates(such as Sm_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7))have good CMAS resistance properties.The reaction products of Sm_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7) and CMAS and their subsequent changes were studied by the reaction of Sm_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7) and excess CMAS at 1350℃.After 1 h of reaction,Sm_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7) powders were not completely corroded.The reaction products were Sm-apatite and c-Zr0_(2) solid solution.After 4h of reaction,all Sm_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7) powders were completely corroded.After 24 h of reaction,Sm-apatite disappeared,and the c-Zr02 solid solution remained.

ACTIVATION OF BOVINE FACTOR IX BY THE REACTION PRODUCT OF BOVINE FACTOR VII AND HUMAN TISSUE FACTOR

A study was carried out on the alternate activation of factor IX （FIX） by bovine FVII and human tissue factor （TF） rather than by activated factor XI （FXI）. The reaction product of bovine FVII and human TF functioned as a FIX activator in the assay system used. Published studies suggest that in the presence of Caions, the complex of human FVII-TF readily activates both human FIX and human FX,and at low TF concentrations, FIX appears to be the preferred substrate for the reaction product of FVII and TF. This may explain the discrepancy between the mild bleeding of hereditary FXI deficiency and the severe bleeding of hereditery FIX deficieney. The results obtained with bovine FVII and a crude human TF preparation confirm that at low TF concentrations,bovine FIX is the preferred substrate rather than FX. At higher TF concentrations, bovine FX was rapidly activated.

Advanced glycation end product signaling and metabolic complications:Dietary approach

Advanced glycation end products(AGEs)are a heterogeneous collection of compounds formed during industrial processing and home cooking through a sequence of nonenzymatic glycation reactions.The modern western diet is full of heat-treated foods that contribute to AGE intake.Foods high in AGEs in the contemporary diet include processed cereal products.Due to industrialization and marketing strategies,restaurant meals are modified rather than being traditionally or conventionally cooked.Fried,grilled,baked,and boiled foods have the greatest AGE levels.Higher AGE-content foods include dry nuts,roasted walnuts,sunflower seeds,fried chicken,bacon,and beef.Animal proteins and processed plant foods contain furosine,acrylamide,heterocyclic amines,and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.Furosine(2-furoil-methyl-lysine)is an amino acid found in cooked meat products and other processed foods.High concentrations of carboxymethyl-lysine,carboxyethyl-lysine,and methylglyoxal-O are found in heat-treated nonvegetarian foods,peanut butter,and cereal items.Increased plasma levels of AGEs,which are harmful chemicals that lead to age-related diseases and physiological aging,diabetes,and autoimmune/inflammatory rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.AGEs in the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases have been linked to individuals with diabetes mellitus who have peripheral nerves with high amounts of AGEs and diabetes has been linked to increased myelin glycation.Insulin resistance and hyperglycemia can impact numerous human tissues and organs,leading to long-term difficulties in a number of systems and organs,including the cardiovascular system.Plasma AGE levels are linked to all-cause mortality in individuals with diabetes who have fatal or nonfatal coronary artery disease,such as ventricular dysfunction.High levels of tissue AGEs are independently associated with cardiac systolic dysfunction in diabetic patients with heart failure compared with diabetic patients without heart failure.It is widely recognized that AGEs and oxidative stress play a key role in the cardiovascular complications of diabetes because they both influence and are impacted by oxidative stress.All chronic illnesses involve protein,lipid,or nucleic acid modifications including crosslinked and nondegradable aggregates known as AGEs.Endogenous AGE formation or dietary AGE uptake can result in additional protein modifications and stimulation of several inflammatory signaling pathways.Many of these systems,however,require additional explanation because they are not entirely obvious.This review summarizes the current evidence regarding dietary sources of AGEs and metabolism-related complications associated with AGEs.

THE THEORETICAL STUDIES OF PRODUCT ALIGNMENT OF THE REACTIONS OF Na,F WITH CH_3I

The NaI and IF product rotational alignment of the reactions of Na,F+CH_3I has been theoretically studied in a LEPS PES.The product alignment versus the relative translational energy of the reactants has been obtained.

Product polarization and mechanism of Li + HF(v=0, j=0) → LiF(v', j') + H collision reaction

A state-to-state dynamics analysis for the Li＋HF （v = 0, j = 0）→LiF （v’, j’）＋H collision reaction has been performed through quasiclassical trajectory （QCT） calculations. It is found that the differential cross section （DCS） of the LiF products from the title reaction is preferentially backward scattering for v’=0, yet forward scattering for v’=1 and 2. For v’=3, the DCS exhibits forward, backward, and sideways scatterings. The variation of the internuclear distances and angles along the propagation time reveals that more than 99.08% of reaction trajectories undergo the direct reaction mechanism. The values of the polarization parameters a1-{1} and a0{2} demonstrate that the product rotational angular moment j’ is not only aligned perpendicular to the reagent relative velocity vector k, but also oriented along the negative y axis. These product polarization results agree well with the recent quantum mechanical studies. The mechanism of these results was proposed and discussed in detail.

NATURAL PRODUCTS SYNTHESIS BY RETRO-DIELS-ALDER REACTION Ⅷ~1 A CONCISE STEREOSPECIFIC FORMAL SYNTHESIS OF TETRAHYDROCHLOROVULONE

A potent antineoplastic tetrahydrochlorovulone 3 was synthesized with retro-Diels Alder reaction as a key step.

N(1535)-Nucleus Potential From Inclusive η-Production Reactions

By using the N~·(1535)model and considering the propagation of the N~· in nuclei,the inclu-sive A(π,η)X and A(γ,η)X reactions are analyzed in the framework of the DWBA.It is found that theNN~· interaction is attractive.The strength of the interaction is less than 50 MeV.

Production of Superoxide Ion with Carbon Gas-Diffusion-Electrode And Reaction of Superoxide Ion with Aromatic Halide

Superoxide ion O^-_2 is prepared in aprotic media by carbon gas-diffusion-electrode for the first time. The experimental results indicate that this electrode is superior to carbon plane-electrode in the reaction of O^-_2 with p-bromonitrobenzene. When the gas-diffussion-electrode is used, the yield of the product nitrophenol increases by 20%, and the selectivity of the reaction is nearly doubled as compared with the plane-electrode.

Impact and inhibitory mechanism of phenolic compounds on the formation of toxic Maillard reaction products in food

As one of the dominant reactions occurring during thermal treatment of food, the Maillard reaction not only leads to the formation of aroma, browning color and taste compounds, but also contributes to the formation of some unpleasant toxic substances including acrylamide,heterocyclic amines and advanced glycation end products.Polyphenols, one of the most abundant antioxidants in the human diet, are contained in different kinds of foods. In this review, some recent studies on the impact of dietary polyphenols on the formation of acrylamide, heterocyclic amines and advanced glycation end products formed during the Maillard reaction are summarized, including the research work conducted with both chemical model systems and real food model systems; the possible inhibitory mechanisms of different polyphenols are also summarized and discussed in this review. Basically we found that some dietary polyphenols not only scavenge free radicals, but also react with reactive carbonyl species,thus lowering the formation of toxic Maillard reaction products. This review provides a useful theoretical foundation for the application of polyphenols in food safety, and suggests some directions for further study of natural products as inhibitors against the formation of toxic substances in thermally processed food.

一种能温和产氢且具有高活性保持能力的Al-Bi-Zn基复合粉体

通过相图计算和气体雾化的方法,设计并制备Al-10Bi-7Zn和Al-10Bi-7Zn-1.5X (X:Cu, Fe, Ni)(质量分数,%)复合粉体。研究Cu、Fe和Ni对Al-Bi-Zn基复合粉体水解制氢性能的影响。通过X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及能量色散谱(EDS)分析对粉体的组成和形貌进行表征。水解制氢性能测试结果表明,添加Cu、Fe或Ni可以改变Al-10Bi-7Zn三元合金复合粉体的制氢速率,并且提高其抗氧化性能。在四元复合粉体体系中,Al-10Bi-7Zn-1.5Ni表现出最佳的制氢性能,在60℃下与蒸馏水反应时,500 min内的产氢率为75.3%(954.1 m L/g),在储存7 d后(30℃,相对湿度60%),1500 min内保持57.9%(733.7 m L/g)的产氢率。此外,机理研究表明,在Al-Bi-Zn基复合粉体中添加Cu、Fe或Ni可以稳定Al基体,抑制复合粉体在空气中的开裂,保持粉体的高活性。

电化学合成耦合可再生能源制氢:机遇与挑战

利用可再生能源实现物质和能量的转化,是发展节能减排技术、实现双碳目标的重要手段.有机电合成是一种温和、清洁、高效的物质合成方法,可以有效解决传统化工过程的高能耗和高污染问题.将电解水制氢与有机电合成耦合,利用水分解产生的活性氧/氢直接氧化/还原有机物,不仅有助于降低能耗,还可以生产高附加值有机化工产品,是提高电能利用效率、降低生产成本的有效方案.然而,尽管这种方法具有诸多优势,其工业化应用仍面临一系列难题.本文回顾了电化学合成的发展历史,探讨了氢能时代为电化学合成带来的发展机遇.同时,分析了将电化学合成与电解水耦合所面临的挑战以及未来发展方向.首先,应当慎重选择与电解水制氢耦合的阳极反应体系,其氧化产物不但要具有比反应物更高的经济价值,而且要有较大的市场需求量,以匹配制氢规模.其次,虽然在热力学上有机物氧化比析氧更容易发生,但在动力学及传质方面,有机物氧化可能存在劣势,因此必须开发适用于工业制氢电流密度(500‒2000 mA cm^(‒2))的有机物氧化电极材料.第三,阳极有机产物选择性不仅影响反应物的利用率,而且决定后续分离纯化成本,需要通过调控活性氢/氧及有机物表面的竞争吸附等手段,提高阳极目标产物选择性及法拉第效率.第四,隔膜是分离两极反应物料、防止副反应发生的重要部件.然而,现有的阴、氧离子交换膜的耐有机物腐蚀性能差,需要开发适用于电解耦合体系的、具有高离子传导能力且性能稳定的新型隔膜材料.最后,当有机物氧化与电解水耦合后,产物的分离复杂程度增加,需要将精馏、萃取、膜分离等手段与电化学反应相结合,以提升电解过程效率.综上,本文讨论了电化学合成耦合可再生能源制氢的若干技术难题,为未来电合成与氢能技术共同发展提供新思路.

钴基助催化剂在光催化产氢中的应用研究进展

通过光催化分解水产生的氢气可以用于驱动燃料电池或其他能源转换设备,这有助于减少对化石燃料的依赖,减少温室气体排放。但是实验发现,很多光催化剂存在可见光利用率低和光生电子-空穴易复合的问题。为了抑制光生电子-空穴的复合,提高光催化剂产氢效率,研究者们尝试了多种催化剂改性方式,加入助催化剂是其中最有效的方式之一。传统的贵金属助催化剂虽然有良好的效果,但是价格高,不利于大量生产应用。钴(Co)是一种廉价易得的过渡金属,作为助催化剂其效果有时可与铂(Pt)等贵金属相当。本文总结了不同Co基助催化剂,如Co的硫化物、氧化物、氢氧化物以及磷化物等助催化剂在光解水产氢方面的研究进展,希望对该领域的研究提供一些有价值的参考。

掺入普通硅酸盐水泥的粉煤灰地聚物混凝土力学性能与微观特征

既有研究表明,在粉煤灰地聚物混凝土(FGC)中掺入少量普通硅酸盐水泥颗粒,能够增强其在常温养护后的力学性能,但这个结果尚未与早期接受高温养护且不含普通硅酸盐水泥的FGC进行力学特征对比,以验证其可实用程度。为更加贴近实际工程需求,将不含水泥颗粒且接受热固化的FGC与含有少量水泥颗粒仅接受室温固化的FGC进行了包括泊松比在内的基本力学性能测试和比较。为了从微观机制上解释力学性能的测试结果,进行了包括SEM、EDS、XRD、FTIR、Micro-CT等的分析。结果表明:常温养护下含有少量水泥颗粒的FGC各项力学性能与不含水泥颗粒并接受热固化的FGC相近,临破坏前的试件横向应变与纵向应变之比均接近1.0,均有突出的横向变形能力;掺量8%的水泥颗粒在室温条件下对FGC聚合反应的促进效果接近FGC接受高温养护,在形成更为合理的微观孔隙结构方面,改进后的FGC在常温养护条件下优于高温养护FGC。