Design of the reactive dyes containing large planar multi-conjugated systems and their application in non-aqueous dyeing

The development of pollution-free dyeing technology, including anhydrous dyeing and non-aqueous dyeing technologies, has always been an important way and research hot in energy conservation and emission reduction. Designing new structural dye molecules is the key to water-saving dyeing processes.Herein, three reactive dyes were designed and synthesized, which contained large planar multiconjugated systems and multi-reactive groups. The designed reactive dyes are expected to have high affinity and high fixations in non-aqueous or small bath dyeing processes. The reactive dyes were applied in the decamethylcyclopentasiloxane(DMCS) reverse micelle dyeing for cotton fabric. High exhaustion rate of 99.35%, 98.10% and 98.80%, and fixation rate of 95.15%, 96.34% and 94.40% for three dyes, R1,R2 and R3, could be respectively obtained. The dyes can be fully utilized and had excellent dyeing performance, fastness and levelling properties under the revere micelle dyeing. The cotton fabric is like an oil-water separator in the dyeing process, where the dye micelles rapidly absorb and permeate into the cotton fibers. DMCS circulates around the fabric to transfer mass and energy. After dyeing, the solvent can be separated quickly and reused. The new reactive dyes containing large planar and multi-conjugated systems have potential application in green and sustainable dyeing technology with less wastewater and higher utilization.

Procion MX Dyes在彩色蜡染制作工艺中的应用研究

文章以彩色蜡染制作工艺为研究对象,将文献研究法与实践相结合,从画蜡技巧、上色与固色原理、艺术表现技巧等方面解读Procion MX Dyes在彩色蜡染制作工艺中的应用原则和技巧。借助Procion MX Dyes的应用,提升了彩色蜡染的艺术表现力和使用价值,为蜡染产业的发展提供了可行性参考。

Application Research on K/S Value in Determination of Reactive Dyes Fixation Rate

Reactive dyes are the main dyes in printing and dyeing of cellulosic fibers.Reactive dyes fixation rate is a vital indicator to measure the degree of the covalent bond between cellulose and reactive dyes.However,the determination of the fixation rate is tedious and time-consumptive.Based on the theory of reactive dyes dyeing and application of modern computer color matching technology,the relationship between K/S value and the fixation rate with the reactive dyes on cotton fabric was studied.The feasibility of K/S value instead of the traditional washing method for the determination of reactive dyes fixation rate was proved.In this study,the K/S value of the fabric has an excellent linear relationship to the reactive dyes fixation rate obtained by the washing method.The reactive dyes fixation rate can be obtained through the K/S correction value.

Decolorization of reactive dyes by laccase immobilized in alginate/gelatin blent with PEG

To achieve effective decolorization of reactive dyes,laccase immobilization was investigated.Laccase 0.2%(m/V)(Denilite IIS) was trapped in beads of alginate/gelatin blent with polyethylene glycol(PEG),and then the supporters were activated by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde.The results of repeated batch decolorization showed that gelatin and appropriate concentration of glutaraldehyde accelerated the decolorization of Reactive Red B-3BF(RRB);PEG had a positive effect on enzyme stability and led to an inc...

Comparison of four supports for adsorption of reactive dyes by immobilized Aspergillus fumigatus beads

Four materials, sodium carboxymethylcellulose （Na-CMC）, sodium alginate （SA）, polyvinyl alcohol （PVA）, and chitosan （CTS）, were prepared as supports for entrapping fungus Aspergillusfumigatus. The adsorption of synthetic dyes, Reactive Brilliant Blue KN- R, and Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP, by these immobilized gel beads and plain gel beads was evaluated. The adsorption efficiencies of Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP and Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R by CTS immobilized beads were 89.1% and 93.5% in 12 h, respectively. The adsorption efficiency by Na-CMC immobilized beads was slightly lower than that of mycelial pellets. But the dye culture mediums were almost completely decolorized in 48 h using the above-mentioned two immobilized beads （exceeding 95%）. The adsorption efficiency by SA immobilized beads exceeded 92% in 48 h. PVA-SA immobilized beads showed the lowest adsorption efficiency, which was 79.8% for Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP and 92.5% for Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R in 48 h. Comparing the adsorption efficiency by plain gel beads, Na-CMC plain gel beads ranked next to CTS ones. SA and PVA-SA plain gel beads hardly had the ability of adsorbing dyes. Subsequently, the growth of mycelia in Na-CMC and SA immobilized beads were evaluated. The biomass increased continuously in 72 h. The adsorption capacity of Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP and Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R by Na-CMC immobilized beads was 78.0 and 86.7 mg/g, respectively. The SEM micrographs show that the surface structure of Na-CMC immobilized bead is loose and finely porous, which facilitates diffusion of the dyes.

Application of Tertiary Amine Cationic Polyacrylamide with High Cationic Degree in Salt-free Dyeing of Reactive Dyes

Tertiary amine cationic polyacrylamide with high cationization degree was used as a new cationic agent to pretreat cotton with dip-pad-bake method. The obtained cationic cotton was dyed with reactive dyes in the ab-sence of electrolyte. The effects of the characteristics of the cationic agent and the pretreatment conditions on dye-ability of reactive dye were investigated. The results showed that the fixation and K/S values of the reactive dyes on the cationic cotton were improved compared with those on the untreated one in the presence of salt. Tests on fast-ness properties of the dyed cotton and fabric quality of the pretreated cotton were carried out and the results showed that wash and rub fastness of the salt-free dyeing were both satisfactory. And anti-crease property,tensile and tear strength,and handling of the cationic cotton were also good compared with that of the untreated one.

Preparation of Reactive Bright Blue Rare Earth Dyestuffs and Their Spectra Properties

Reactive bright blue rare earth dyestuffs were prepared by using reactive bright blue and lanthanum oxide,praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, gadolinium oxide, dysprosium oxide, erbium oxide, lutetium oxide, yttrium oxide respectively for dyeing silk cloth.The degree of dyeing of reactive bright blue praseodymium and the degree of fixation of reactive bright blue gadolinium are the biggest, and 22.9% and 7 %are increased with that of reactive bright blue respectively.The spectra of reactive bright blue rare earth and reactive bright blue were studied by UV-VIS.In 200.00 ～ 800.00 nm, reactive bright blue has four absorption peaks, reactive bright blue rare earth has three absorption peaks; in 420.00 ～ 760.00 nm, reactive bright blue has two absorption peaks at 661.50 nm and 625.50 nm, respectively, and λmax is 661.50 nm; reactive bright blue rare earth has one absorption peak at 620.50, 618.00, 622.00, 623.00, 622.50, 619.50, 619.00, 621.00, 624.00, 620.00 nm adding La3+ ,Pr3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Dy3+, Er3+, Lu3+, Y3+respectively.

Effect of functional groups on sludge for biosorption of reactive dyes

The sludge, which was collected from a biological coke wastewater treatment plant, was used as a low-cost adsorbent in the removal of reactive dyes （Methylene Blue （MB） and Reactive Red 4 （RR4）） from aqueous solution. The pH of dye solution played an important role on the dye uptake. With the solution pH increase, the MB uptake increased; whereas the RR4 uptake decreased. The maximum uptake of RR4 by protonated sludge was 73.7 mg/g at pH 1, and the maximum uptake of MB by sludge was 235.3 mg/g at pH 9. Three functional groups, including carboxyl, phosphonate, and amine group, were identified by potentiometric titration, fourier transform infrared （FT-IR） spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. The anionic functional groups, phosphonate and carboxyl group, were identified as the binding sites for the cationic MB. Amine groups were identified to bind RR4. The main mechanism of the reactive dyestuffs adsorption is electrostatic interaction.

Innovation and application of dyes with high fixation

Reactive dyes are the main species for cotton dyeing due to their wide range of hue, satisfactory color fastness and facile application method. Aiming at increasing fixation on cotton fibers, benzimidazolone yellow reactive dyes, sulfonamide red reactive dyes and anthraquinone azo blue reactive dyes are designed. The preparation, characterization and application properties of these dyes with high fixation are introduced in detail. In order to achieve dye fixation to near 100%, macromolecular crosslinking reactive dyes are designed, their dyeing and fixing mechanism are discussed. These novel reactive dyes show promising application prospect in dyeing and printing of cotton fibers.

Salt-free reactive dyeing of betaine-modified cationic cotton fabrics with enhanced dye fixation

Novel cationic cotton fabrics were prepared by an efficient and simple one-step pad–dry–bake pretreatment process with betaine as cationic reagent. Ester bonds formed between cotton fibers and betaine hydrochloride were proved by Fourier transformed infrared attenuated total reflection(FTIR-ATR) spectra. Moreover, the properties of the cationic fabrics, including X-ray Diffraction(XRD), tensile strength and whiteness and yellowness index,were investigated in comparison with that of the untreated ones. The cationic fabrics were applied in salt-free dyeing of C.I. Reactive Red 195, C.I. Reactive Yellow 145 and C.I. Reactive Blue 19. Different dye fixation processes were applied and compared for untreated and cationic cotton. Dye fixation and color fastness properties of the dyes were tested, and the results presented that dye fixation on the cationic fabrics in the absence of salt was improved with satisfactory light fastness property and applicable wash and rub fastnesses.

Adsorption of Reactive Dyes on Activated Carbon Developed from <i>Enteromorpha prolifera</i>

Activated carbon was prepared from Enteromorpha prolifera by zinc chloride activation. The adsorption behaviors of three reactive dyes (Reactive Red 23, Reactive Blue 171 and Reactive Blue 4) onto this biomass activated carbon were investigated in batch systems. The experimental findings showed that the removal efficiencies of three dyes onto activated carbon were maximum at the initial solution pH of 4.5 - 6.0. Thermodynamic studies suggested that adsorption reaction was an endothermic and spontaneous process. Adsorption isotherm of the three dyes obeyed Freundlich isotherm modal. Dye adsorption capacities of activated carbon were 59.88, 71.94 and 131.93 mg·g?1 for RR23, RB171 and RB4 at 27?C, respectively. Second-order kinetic models fitted better to the equilibrium data of three dyes. The adsorption process on activated carbon was mainly controlled by intraparticle diffusion mechanism.

REACTIVE DYES CONTAINING(N-METHYL-β-SULFOETHYLAMINO)ETHYLSULFONYL GROUPS FOR SILK FIBRES

Silk dyeing with several classes of reactive dyes was studied.A class of reactive dyes con-taining(N-methyl-β-sulfoethylamino)ethylsulfonyl groups for silk is presented.A new method forintroducing such a reactive group and a kinetic studies on the reaction mechanism involved are pro-posed.A kinetic isotopic effect on dyeing mechanism with silk is discussed and the optimum dyeingtechniques recommended.Dyeing or printing was carried out in neutral media;brilliant shades,goodfastness,high fixation and excellent storage stability are given.

Preparation and Spectra Properties of Reactive Blue Rare Earth Dyestuffs

Reactive blue rare earth dyestuffs were prepared by using reactive blue and lanthanum oxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, gadolinium oxide, terbium oxide, dysprosium oxide, erbium oxide, lutetium oxide and yttrium oxide respectively for dyeing silk cloth. The degrees of dyeing of reactive blue gadolinium and fixation of reactive blue neodymium were the biggest respectively, were 84.83% and 97.96 respectively, were 24.13% and 8.36% were increased with that of reactive blue respectively. The spectra of reactive blue rare earths and reactive blue were studied by UV-VIS. In 200.00～800.00 nm, the λmax of reactive blue, reactive blue lanthanum, reactive blue praseodymium, reactive blue neodymium, reactive blue samarium, reactive blue europium, reactive blue gadolinium, reactive blue terbium, reactive blue dysprosium, reactive blue erbium, reactive blue lutetium and reactive blue yttrium are 599.00, 600.00, 602.00, 601.00, 600.00, 600.50, 600.50, 601.00, 600.00, 600.50, 599.50 and 600.50 nm respectively. Reactive blue lanthanum, reactive blue praseodymium, reactive blue neodymium, reactive blue samarium, reactive blue europium, reactive blue gadolinium, reactive blue terbium, reactive blue dysprosium, reactive blue erbium, reactive blue lutetium, reactive blue yttrium and reactive blue had almost same color.

Enhanced degradation of reactive dyes using a novel carbon ceramic electrode based on copper nanoparticles and multiwall carbon nanotubes

A novel carbon ceramic electrode consisting of Cu NPs and MWCNT was developed to treat reactive orange 84(RO84) wastewater using ultrasound-assisted electrochemical degradation. The proposed electrode generated more hydroxyl radicals than non-nanoparticle electrodes did. In addition, a new electrochemical sensor was applied to determine residue RO84 in an aqueous medium during discoloration. This sensor is based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with gold nanourchins and graphene oxide and can detect RO84 concentration in the range of 1.0–1200 μmol·L^-1 with the detection limit of 0.03 μmol·L^-1. The degradation effects of the modified electrode on RO84 were evaluated systematically with different initial pH values, time durations, and amounts of Cu NPs and MWCNT. The results suggested that the removal efficiency of RO84 was approximately 83% after120 min of electrolysis in a phosphate buffer with pH 8.0 using a carbon ceramic electrode made with 4.0 wt%Cu NPs and 4.0 wt% MWCNT. The possible mechanism of RO84 degradation was monitored by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and degradation pathways were proposed.

An Instant-Fixation Method for Application of Reactive Cotton Dyeing

A new instant-fixation dyeing process was presented and applied for the dyeing of cotton fabric with bi-functional reactive dyes, in which electrolyte and alkali were added in the dye bath first, and then the pre-prepared dye solution was dropped continuously. The color depth of dyed fabric with this process was much higher than that with conventional process and the dosage of the dyes could be reduced as much as 35% when the dark shades are dyed. Moreover, the dye fixation could be increased by 10% with the similar color depth. This novel dyeing method can be applied to both woven and knitted cotton fabric.

Photocatalytic decolourization of reactive dyes

The photocatalytic degradation of reactive dyes with solar-irradiated TiO2 was investigated in these experiments which showed that: (1)the decolourization efficiency are determined by pH value, catalyst amount and light intensity; (2) the reactive dyes decolourized rapidly (cleavageld be biologically degradated more easily, the toxicity decreased considerably after photodegradation.The results demonstrated that the photocatalytic process would become an efficient and safe method for colour wastewater treatment and would be very useful for explaining the reaction mechanism and decolourising structure-reactivity relationship. of the azo linkage), but the intermediates needed more time to transform to further degradation products, and finally to produce CO2; (3) the main products were identified to be alkanes and alkyl amines which cou

Determining Compatibilities of Reactive Dyes in Pad Dyeing

Compatibilities of reactive dyes were conventionally shown by exhausting curves. But the change of proportion of dyes in padding dyebath was difficult for pad dyeing to be described by these curves. In this paper, a kind of simulation of pad dyeing process was used to determine dyestuff compatibility in pad dyeing for ramie and linen fabrics. Seven reactive dyes were divided into three groups and tested., The group with Cibacron Yellow C - 2R, Red C - R, and Blue C - R showed very good compatibility both for ramie and linen,and the other two groups of dyes gave out correspondingly low compatibilities in the pad dyeing tests. The results of the method for determining the compatibility of dyes displayed good consistency with the actul pad dyeing process.

Trichromatic Combination Foam Dyeing of Cotton Using Reactive Dyes

In order to investigate the optimal foam dyeing process and the compatibility of trichromatic reactive dyes in foam dyeing,varying proportions of ternary mixtures of Remazol Red RGB,Remazol Yellow RGB and Remazol Navy RGB have been used to dye bleached cotton fabric.The results showed that,the optimal dyeing condition in foam dyeing was alkaline agent 15 g/L,stabilizers 0.7g/L,blow ratio 8,and steaming time 1.5 min,respectively.Compared with conventional pad-dyeing,color strength and fixation rate of dyed fabric were higher than those of conventional paddyeing,the dyed fabric had the same washing and rubbing fastness as conventional pad-dyeing and the color shade of dyed fabric was different from that of conventional pad-dyeing.The color triangle,which consisted of 66 dyed fabric samples dyed with trichromatic reactive dyes in different proportions,could provide foundation for computer colorant formulation of the color matching system.

Union Dyeing Behavior on the Blends of Tencel and Shrink-proofing Wool with the Same Reactive Dyestuffs in One Bath

In order to obtain union colour on the blends of Tencel and shrink-proofing wool and improve the efficiency of dyeing process, the dyeing behavior on the blends of Tencel and shrink-proofing wool in the same bath was studied. The Argazol TW reactive dyestuffs were involved in the dyeing process. The parameters under different conditions such as exhaustion, fixation,compatibility as well as soaping fastness were investigated in detail. It is shown that the Argazol TW reactive dyestuffs are suitable for dyeing of blends of Tencel and shrink-proofing wool and good dyeing behavior can be expected.

Comparative Study on Dyeing of Cotton, Modal and Lyocell Fabrics Using Bifunctional and Polyfunctional Reactive Dyes

Polyfunctional reactive dyes have been introduced by the renowned dye manufacturers in the recent years for better exhaustion and fixation performance. This paper deals with evaluation of the dyeing performance of three cellulosic fibres namely cotton, modal and lyocell with polyfunctional (Avitera Cardinal SE) reactive dye in comparison a bifunctional-(Novacron Brilliant Red FN-3GL) reactive dye. The purpose of this study is to achieve a better understanding of exhaustion and fixation behaviour in dyeing of cotton, modal and lyocell fibres using these two types of reactive dyes. The dyeing was carried out at four different shade% (1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%). Besides studying exhaustion (%) and fixation (%) along with K/S values of dyed fabrics, several other quality parameters e.g. bursting strength, pilling resistance and colour fastness to wash were also examined. Finally, the optimum combination among the three types of cellulosic fabrics and two types of reactive dyes was observed. Lyocell fabric and polyfunctional reactive dyes have been found more sustainable.