A measurement method for distinguishing the real contact area of rough surfaces of transparent solids using improved Otsu technique

An experimental method of measuring the real contact area of transparent blocks based on the principle of total internal reflection is presented, intending to support the investigation of friction characteristics, heat conduction, and energy dissipation at the contact interface. A laser sheet illuminates the contact interface, and the transmitted laser sheet is projected onto a screen. Then the contact information is acquired from the screen by a camera. An improved Otsu method is proposed to process the data of experimental images. It can compute the threshold of the overall image and filter out all the pixels one by one. Through analyzing the experimental results, we describe the relationship between the real contact area and the positive pressure during a continuous loading process, at different loading rates, with the polymethyl methacrylate（PMMA）material. A hysteresis phenomenon in the relationship between the real contact area and the positive pressure is found and explained.

Relationship between the real contact area and contact force in pre-sliding regime

The pre-sliding regime is typically neglected in the dynamic modelling of mechanical systems. However, the change in contact state caused by static friction may decrease positional accuracy and control precision. To investigate the relationship between contact status and contact force in pre-sliding friction, an optical experimental method is presented in this paper.With this method, the real contact state at the interface of a transparent material can be observed based on the total reflection principle of light by using an image processing technique. A novel setup, which includes a pair of rectangular trapezoidal blocks, is proposed to solve the challenging issue of accurately applying different tangential and normal forces to the contact interface. The improved Otsu＇s method is used for measurement. Through an experimental study performed on polymethyl methacrylate（PMMA）, the quantity of contact asperities is proven to be the dominant factor that affects the real contact area. The relationship between the real contact area and the contact force in the pre-sliding regime is studied, and the distribution of static friction at the contact interface is qualitatively discussed. New phenomena in which the real contact area expands along with increasing static friction are identified. The aforementioned relationship is approximately linear at the contact interface under a constant normal pressure, and the distribution of friction stress decreases from the leading edge to the trailing edge.

An experimental method for quantitative analysis of real contact area based on the total reflection optical principle

The simulation of real contact area between materials is foundationally important for the contact mechanics of mechanical structures. The Greenwood and Williamson(GW) model and the Majumdar(MB) model are the basic models in this field, which are widely accepted and proven to be valid in many experiments and engineering. Although the contact models have evolved considerably in recent years, the verifications of the models are most based on the indirect methods such as electrical conductivity and contact stiffness, because of the lack of effective methods to directly measure the variation of contact surface. In this paper, the total reflection(TR) method is introduced into the verification of contact models.An experiment system based on TR method is constructed to measure the real contact area of two PMMA specimens. The comparison analysis between the results of experiment and models suggests that the experiment result has the same trend with simulation, the MB model has better agreement with the experimental result because this method can take into account the variation of radius and the merging of asperities, while the GW model has a huge deviation because of the dependence on resolution and the lack of considering the variation of radius and asperity's merging process. Taking the interaction of asperities into account could give a better result that is closer to the experiment. Our results and analysis prove that the experimental methods in this paper could be used as a more direct and valid method to quantitatively measure the real contact area and to verify the contact models.

Evolution of real contact area during stick-slip movement observed by total reflection method

We build an experiment system based on total reflection(TR) method to observe the evolution of real contact area of polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) in the continual stick-slip movement. The bilateral friction is adopted to overcome the bending moment in the lateral friction movement. Besides some classical phenomena of stick-slip movement such as periodical slow increase of frictional force in sticking phase and a sudden drop when slipping, a special phenomenon that the contact area increases with the tangential force is observed, which was called junction growth by Tabor in 1959.Image processing methods are developed to observe the variation of the junction area. The results show that the center of the strongest contact region will keep sticking under the tangential force until the whole slipping, the strongest point undergoes three stages in one cycle, which are named as sticking stage, fretting stage, and cracking stage, respectively. The combined analysis reveals a physical process of stick-slip movement: the tangential force causes the increase of the real contact area, which reduces the pressure between the contact spots and finally leads to the slipping. Once slipping occurs,the real contact area drops to the original level resulting in the pressure increase to the original level, which makes the sticking happen again.

Relationship between the real contact behavior and tribological characteristics of cotton fabric

The tribological characteristics of cotton fibers play an important role in engineering and materials science,and real contact behavior is a significant aspect in the friction behavior of cotton fibers.In this study,the tribological characteristics of cotton fibers and their relationship with the real contact behavior are investigated through reciprocating linear tribotesting and real contact analysis.Results show that the friction coefficient decreases with a general increase in load or velocity,and the load and velocity exhibit a co‐influence on the friction coefficient.The dynamic change in the real contact area is recorded clearly during the experiments and corresponds to the fluctuations observed in the friction coefficient.Moreover,the friction coefficient is positively correlated with the real contact area based on a quantitative analysis of the evolution of friction behavior and the real contact area at different loads and velocities.This correlation is evident at low velocities and medium load.

A Study on Law of Change of Real Contact Area of Friction during Transition Process

Mechanism of frictional vibration and the difference of kinctic-static friction is an open question. Research shows that the change of real area of contact during transition process of friction results in the phenomena mentioned above. In substance, the F-Vr, descent and F-T ascent characters are caused by A-Vr, and A-T characters respectively. Based on ultrasonic experiment the mechanism of the phenomena is explained and the frictional formulas using the parameter-real area of contact are given in this article.

基于毫米波雷达的心房颤动检测

提出一种基于毫米波雷达的非接触式实时心房颤动检测技术。首先使用60 GHz的PCR毫米波雷达持续采集目标对象的胸部回波信号,然后通过I-Q解调生成I-Q信号,接着基于有效点相位趋势评估法提取信号相位信息并获得微动信号,再经过数字滤波提取呼吸信号和心动信号,通过特征提取获得心脏运动特征,最后基于时域房颤波特征判断房颤发生情况。本研究的创新性主要体现在:为提取更精确的信号相位信息,提出有效点相位趋势评估法;为实现实时房颤检测,提出时域房颤判别方法。实验结果表明本研究的心房颤动检测系统对临床患者的房颤检测准确率达99.2%。

Thermal contact conductance at continuous roll-casting interface

The effects of surface roughness, strain rate, friction coefficient and pressure on real contact area were analyzed based on the research of Stupkiewicz. The real contact area model taking account of the effect of friction and deformation of material was obtained. The model of contact conductance at the rolling interface was obtained by integrating the specific feature of heat transfer through the interface of continuous roll-casting. The results indicate that the real contact area increases obviously when the material is under yield, and the real contact area varies inversely with surface roughness, whereas it varies exponentially with friction coefficient, strain rate and pressure, and the power factor depends on strain rate.

Experimental analysis of interface contact behavior using a novel image processing method

The spatial and temporal evolution of real contact area of contact interface with loads is a challenge.It is generally believed that there is a positive linear correlation between real contact area and normal load.However,with the development of measuring instruments and methods,some scholars have found that the growth rate of real contact area will slow down with the increase of normal load under certain conditions,such as large-scale interface contact with small roughness surface,which is called the nonlinear phenomenon of real contact area.At present,there is no unified conclusion on the explanation of this phenomenon.We set up an experimental apparatus based on the total reflection principle to verify this phenomenon and analyze its mechanism.An image processing method is proposed,which can be used to quantitative analysis micro contact behaviors on macro contact phenomenon.The weighted superposition method is used to identify micro contact spots,to calculate the real contact area,and the color superimposed image is used to identify micro contact behaviors.Based on this method,the spatiotemporal evolution mechanism of real contact area nonlinear phenomena is quantitatively analyzed.Furthermore,the influence of nonlinear phenomenon of real contact area on the whole loading and unloading process is analyzed experimentally.It is found that the effects of fluid between contact interface,normal load amplitude and initial contact state on contact behavior cannot be ignored in large-scale interface contact with small roughness surface.

实时温度和磨粒条件下氟橡胶密封圈摩擦磨损特性研究

橡胶密封件的磨损失效严重影响了其使用寿命,而井下钻进时地层温度导致的密封件力学性能衰减和岩屑侵入导致的材料磨损失效都是加剧橡胶密封件失效的重要因素。为探讨氟橡胶(FKM)密封件在实时温度环境和磨粒条件共同作用下的磨损失效机制,通过模拟井下实际工况,研究实时温度对氟橡胶密封件力学性能的影响,开展实时温度下氟橡胶密封件与SS304钢配副的磨粒磨损实验,探究橡胶力学性能变化导致温度和磨粒条件下FKM/SS304配副接触形式转变的原因,并分析氟橡胶密封件磨损机制变化以及对摩擦因数、磨损量以及配副表面磨损形貌等的影响。结果表明:氟橡胶硬度、弹性模量等力学性能指标在实时温度升高至60℃时发生明显衰退,力学性能的衰退使密封副之间的接触形式由三体接触转变为二体接触;橡胶表面磨损形貌由60℃之前的三体磨损导致的凹坑转变为二体磨损时的表面材料剥离,金属表面磨损形貌也由犁沟为主转变为划痕损伤;橡胶磨屑形貌也因磨损机制变化逐渐转变成条状磨屑。研究结果为井下钻进机具密封件材料的选择及性能优化提供依据。

基于3D打印技术的医用压缩袜压力测量用柔性假肢的开发

医用压缩袜在进行压力测试时,需要将产品套于木制标准腿模上。然而木制腿模因其表面硬度与人体皮肤差异巨大,所测量的压力值并不能代表真实人体所受到的压力值。文章旨在采用3D打印技术开发一种更符合人体皮肤的柔性假肢,并利用接触压力测量仪测量医用压缩袜分别在真实人体下肢、柔性假肢和木制腿模上的压力分布。通过对比测量结果,发现医用压缩袜在木制腿模上会产生较真实人体更大的压力,而柔性假肢的压力分布更符合真实人体。此外,引入Spearman相关检验,发现柔性假肢的压力测量结果与真实人体的相关系数达到0.860,而木制腿模的压力测量结果与真实人体的相关系数仅为0.516。研究表明,开发的3D打印柔性假肢可更加精确地评估医用压缩袜的压力等级,并能进一步用于医用压缩袜的标准测试。

基于物联网非接触变形测试技术的高边坡安全监测研究

为了解决边坡监测时效性差和预警处理不及时等问题,采用物联网非接触变形测试技术建立了一套实时监测系统,以提供可靠的监测数据,用于研究边坡变形规律及预测和预报高边坡的不稳定性。该实时监测系统已成功应用于某高速公路高边坡变形监测中,利用物联网技术,将传感器和监测设备布置在高边坡上,与中央数据处理中心相连接,通过这种方式可实时获取边坡变形数据,并将其传输到中央数据处理中心进行分析处理。

基于前馈补偿的轮腿式机动平台姿态自适应控制

在通过复杂路面障碍时,轮腿式机动平台的轮端负载较大,且地面对轮胎的外力会突然变化,会显著降低机身姿态的控制精度,并容易导致轮胎脱离地面失稳等问题。为提高平台的地形适应能力和稳定性,提出一种基于前馈补偿的平台姿态自适应控制策略。构建平台的逆运动学模型和动力学模型,考虑轮-地接触点垂向支撑力和纵向驱动力实现轮-地接触状态的实时估计,结合腿部高度观测器和轮-地接触状态估计器获得腿部垂向补偿高度,兼顾平台车轮运动稳定性和姿态自适应控制精度。考虑平台机身动量和角动量,利用二次规划算法优化的轮端虚拟驱动力求解前馈补偿力矩,以实现平台的运动精确控制。仿真结果表明,该方法可以有效提高轮腿式机动平台在崎岖路面环境下的姿态自适应控制精度和轮胎驱动稳定性,为在复杂工况下轮腿式机动平台执行侦察等任务奠定基础。

危重症病区医务人员手卫生依从性现状调查

目的了解危重症病区医务人员手卫生执行情况,为改进和提高手卫生质量提供依据,从而避免交叉感染。方法2022年2月28日—3月30日通过调查表调查135名医务人员手卫生执行情况,调查结果由“问卷星”在线问卷平台进行录入。其中污染区手卫生依从性通过视频实时调查获得。结果医务人员手卫生依从率为90.91%,手卫生正确率为96.58%。且随着人员岗位及职称、手卫生时机、区域不同而不同,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001);但不同职称的医生和护士的手卫生依从率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论危重症病区的医务人员手卫生依从性因不同的区域、人员职称和岗位、手卫生时机的不同而不同,医院应针对依从率较低人群、环节及区域采取干预措施,提高医务人员手卫生依从性,从而避免院内感染的发生。

Design and Implementation of a Real Time Wireless Monitor System for Urinary Incontinence

Urinary incontinence is the most common health problem in aged people. Leaving incontinence events unmanaged will make a negative influence on the aged and the patient both mentally and physically. This paper presents a design and implementation of a real time wireless monitor system for urinary incontinence, which has been applied in two nursing homes in Beijing and Shanghai. We collect real time moisture information by using non-contact humidity sensor designed and manufactured by us. When urinary incontinence, the sensor will send alert to mobile device via Bluetooth. If got the alert, the mobile device will send the alert to relatives of the aged or disabled people and cloud computing platform, through which we can make this information managed and displayed and the paramedic can be informed about the alarm. This paper gives a brief introduction to the framework of this system, the design of the non-contact sensor, the transmission of wireless data and the results of tests.

Experimental investigation of junction growth of rough contacts using X-ray computed tomography

The real contact area(RCA)of randomly rough contacts has received a great deal of attention because it correlates strongly with friction,lubrication,sealing,and conductivity.Simulations have revealed that the RCA associated with deterministic normal squeezing loads increases when tangential loads are also applied,in a phenomenon called junction growth.However,experimental investigations of the junction growth of randomly rough contacts are rare.Here,we used X-ray computed tomography(CT)to measure junction growth when two aluminum alloy surfaces were in contact.A high-resolution experimental setup was used to apply loads and observe contact behaviors at a resolution of 4μm.The RCA and average contact gaps were computed using a three-dimensional(3D)geometric model constructed from gray CT images using the Otsu thresholding method.The results showed that the RCA increased as the normal load increased.The RCA increased by 22.67%after a tangential load was applied(junction growth),and the average gap decreased by 14.01%after a tangential load was applied.Thus,X-ray CT accurately measured the junction growth as a novel quantitative method.

提升路面抗滑性能预测效能的包络轮廓计算方法

为提升路面抗滑性能预测效能,对胎-路接触包络轮廓计算法Indentor法中的控制参数S进行修正.用光面橡胶片替代橡胶胎面,用三维扫描结合3D打印复制出具有路面形貌特性的44个试件,用多功能试验机和自主设计的夹具提供荷载;根据嵌入深度指标接近性原则,在不同接触条件下,以留色法测试结果标定控制参数S,探讨标定前后S对路面纹理-抗滑性能的影响.结果表明:橡胶硬度为HSA55,荷载为0.18、0.35、0.53、0.71 MPa时,S分别取20、30、45、55 mm^(2)可使Indentor法与留色法所得嵌入深度接近;而橡胶硬度为HSA68,荷载为0.53 MPa时,S取25 mm^(2)可使2种方法结果相当.以留色法标定Indentor法中参数S后,应用包络轮廓可显著提升路面纹理与抗滑性能间的关联.

3D线激光检测封装陶瓷平面度研究

使用线扫描激光可以得到工件样品的点云数据描述工件的三维空间信息,通过对工件的三维空间信息的处理可以用来测量工件的平面度与尺寸。通过随机采样一致性(RANSAC,Random Sample Consensus)点云分割算法,提取出陶瓷的主平面。而后为了尽可能消除点云平面与工艺基准面的不重合,计算并提取出拟合平面的单位法向量,随后利用罗德里格斯公式求得法向量旋转至垂直与视觉平台的旋转矩阵,实现点云倾斜度矫正。而平面度的评定则采用最小区域评定法,同时与其他测量手段进行对比。

基于电涡流传感器的钢轨形变实时监测系统设计

针对传统的接触式钢轨受力状态监测成本高、实时性差、影响列车行驶等问题,设计了一种非接触式钢轨状态实时监测系统。系统具有云端实时监测列车行驶过程中钢轨竖直方向和水平方向形变量和受力状态的功能。该系统由电涡流传感器采集列车经过时钢轨竖直方向和水平方向形变量,通过STM32系列主控芯片对数据进行处理,结合NB-IoT网络信号覆盖极广、可穿透地下等优点,采用MQTT轻量级物联网传输协议,构建了云端数据可视化界面,实现对列车运行时钢轨状态的实时监测,实验结果表明,该系统具有实时在线监测、低功耗、非接触、运行稳定等特点,满足设计的实际需求。

基于接触式压脚的机器人制孔垂直度优化研究

针对传统非接触式法向校正技术在弱刚性薄壁上的不足,在接触式压脚结构的基础上对传统法向校正方案进行了研究,提出一种仅适用于接触式压脚结构的两点校正算法,同时设计了一套基于激光跟踪仪的法向测量系统标定方法。针对弱刚性薄壁受到压脚单向压紧力产生回退对制孔位置精度的影响,提出一种工具中心点(Tool center point, TCP)变位补偿技术,该技术利用激光位移传感器监测壁板回退量,在法向校正前动态调整TCP位置,实现对壁板回退量的实时补偿。搭建试验平台并通过制孔试验验证了接触式法向校正技术与TCP变位补偿技术可有效保证孔的垂直度与孔位精度,实现孔垂直度误差小于0.25°,孔位偏差小于0.4 mm。