Cost control for real estate development projects in China - Part 1: Literature review

The background and purpose, and the current situation of the cost control theory of real estate development project are disscussed in the paper. Problems of cost control for real estate development projects in China are analyzed and summarized. According to the real estate development project cost control problems and related factors, a cost control index system of real estate development enterprise, and a cost control factors index system of real estate projects are constructed respectively. Cost control in the five stages of a real estate development project is introduced and summarized respectively. The five stages include: the investment decision-making, planning and design stage, the bidding phase, project implementation stage, and rental or sale.

The application of modem cost management in real estate enterprise

This paper will be on the real estate development enterprise cost analysis and cost forecast, decision-making, plan, control, analysis and feedback were described, as well as how to use value engineering to enterprise value chain each link cost allocation, ut also to the enterprise strategy analysis and research, as well as cost management and strategic interaction analysis. Finally, it has a cost of real estate development enterprises case analysis and research. The author believes that the article will be on the real estate development enterprise management have some practical significance.

Full-Process Cost Control of Real Estate Development Enterprises

In the present paper, cost control existing in stages of decision making, drawing design, construction bidding, construction, completion settlement, product sales of real estate development are analyzed and solutions for cost control in each stage are provided.

改进型目标作业成本法在房地产行业中的应用研究

在城镇化速度放缓,居民负债率不断增高的背景下,我国房地产行业面临众多挑战。优秀的成本管控方法能有效解决成本控制能力弱、成本预算准确度低等问题,帮助房地产商在有限的市场份额中赢得竞争,实现长远发展。本文首先分析了房地产行业当前的发展现状,然后对比分析了目标成本法和作业成本法并介绍了大数据技术在成本管控方面的价值,接着提出了基于大数据技术的改进型目标作业成本法应用于房地产建设过程的成本控制,并着重分析了大数据技术对成本管控的作用。最后,从规范目标作业成本管理流程、加强人员理论培训、完善绩效考核体系、优化成本管控系统四个方面提出了成本管控的建议与方法。

IMPACT OF OPERATING COSTS ON INVESTMENT STRATEGIES IN NEW TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION WITH A FURTHER NEW TECHNOLOGY ANTICIPATED

The adoption of new technologies often represents a crucial component of firms＇ investment decisions. This paper studies a dynamic duopoly model in which two firms compete in adoption of current technology with a further new technology anticipated. Here it is assumed that the operating costs are not zero which has more explanatory power of the real world. There exist three kinds of equilibria that may occur in adoption of current technology, which mainly depends on the level of operating costs and the first-move advantage. It shows that the faster technological substitution or innovation encourages the leader to invest earlier while induces the follower to invest later. Furthermore,like the investment costs,with the increase of operating costs the follower tends to invest later while the leader tends to invest earlier ,the investment thresholds are more sensitive to the change of operating costs than that of investment costs.

Development and Field Evaluation of a Low-Cost Wireless Sensor Network System for Hydrological Monitoring of a Small Agricultural Watershed

Hydrological monitoring and real-time access to data are valuable for hydrological research and water resources management. In the recent decades, rapid developments in digital technology, micro-electromechanical systems, low power micro-sensing technologies and improved industrial manufacturing processes have resulted in retrieving real-time data through Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) systems. In this study, a remotely operated low-cost and robust WSN system was developed to monitor and collect real-time hydrologic data from a small agricultural watershed in harsh weather conditions and upland rolling topography of Southern Ontario, Canada. The WSN system was assembled using off-the-shelf hardware components, and an open source operating system was used to minimize the cost. The developed system was rigorously tested in the laboratory and the field and found to be accurate and reliable for monitoring climatic and hydrologic parameters. The soil moisture and runoff data for 7 springs, 19 summer, and 19 fall season rainfall events over the period of more than two years were successfully collected in a small experimental agricultural watershed situated near Elora, Ontario, Canada. The developed WSN system can be readily extended for the purpose of most hydrological monitoring applications, although it was explicitly tailored for a project focused on mapping the Variable Source Areas (VSAs) in a small agricultural watershed.

Method for Estimating of Construction Cost of a Building Based on Previous Experiences

In a real estate project, the estimated cost of construction and the revenues generally represent together the most important values of its feasibility study. When a decision of undertaking a project is made, often there are few definitions of what is about to be constructed, and frequently not enough to ensure the accuracy of the estimated costs. Considering a global tendency on reducing margins of return over the real estate markets, slight variations of the construction cost can jeopardize the success of the whole real estate enterprise and even the financial stability of the builder or of the developer. This article aims at presenting a method of estimating the building construction costs applicable at the stage of feasibility studies, being able to provide acceptable errors.

压力还是监督:机构投资者调研与企业金融化

基于2013—2021年深交所A股上市公司面板数据,从监督效应和压力效应两种竞争视角,考察机构投资者调研对企业金融化的影响。结果表明,机构投资者调研对企业金融化具有正向影响。划分金融资产配置结构后发现,机构投资者调研能够促进企业配置“蓄水池”类金融资产,抑制企业配置“投资替代”类金融资产,这说明机构投资者调研对企业金融资产配置具有监督效应。进一步研究发现,融资约束较低、代理成本较高的企业,机构投资者调研对其金融资产配置的监督效应更强;机构投资者调研对金融资产配置的监督效应有助于提高企业全要素生产率。研究结果对有关部门完善投资者关系管理,借助市场手段改善“脱实向虚”问题提供了可行依据。

数字经济和实体经济融合对企业全要素生产率的影响

文章以中国A股2011—2021年上市公司为研究对象,实证检验了数字经济和实体经济融合对企业全要素生产率的影响。结果表明,数字经济和实体经济融合显著正向影响企业全要素生产率,数字化转型和交易成本发挥着中介效应。进一步分析表明,数字经济和实体经济融合对企业全要素生产率的积极影响在东部地区、制造业、高人力资本以及大企业中更为明显。地方政府可通过实施差异化的发展战略加深数实融合;同时应重视企业数字化转型升级,为中小企业发展提供政策倾斜和资金支持。

Reactive Power and FACTS Cost Models’ Impact on Nodal Pricing in Hybrid Electricity Markets

In a competitive environment reactive power management is an essential service provided by independent system operator taking into account the voltage security and transmission losses. The system operator adopts a transparent and non-dis-criminatory procedure to procure the reactive power supply for optimal deployment in the system. Since generators’ are the main source of reactive power generation and the cost of the reactive power should be considered for their noticeable impact on both real and reactive power marginal prices. In this paper, a method based on marginal cost theory is presented for locational marginal prices calculation for real and reactive power considering different reactive power cost models of generators’ reactive support. With the presence of FACTS controllers in the system for more flexible operation, their impact on nodal prices can not be ignored for wheeling cost determination and has also to be considered taking their cost function into account. The results have been obtained for hybrid electricity market model and results have also been computed for pool model for comparison. Mixed Integer Non-linear programming (MINLP) approach has been formulated for solving the complex problem with MATLAB and GAMS interfacing. The proposed approach has been tested on IEEE 24-bus Reliability Test System (RTS).

行政审批改革对房地产市场的影响效应探究——基于行政审批中心设立的准自然实验

本文通过基于行政审批中心设立的准自然实验,探讨了行政审批制度改革对城市房地产市场的影响效应。以设立行政审批中心作为行政审批制度改革的代理变量,通过实证分析发现:行政审批改革对城市房地产市场供求两端均具有显著影响,具体表现为对城市房地产供给和需求均具有正向促进作用,但存在差异。本研究对于理解行政审批改革对房地产市场的影响效应具有重要意义,为改善营商环境提供依据,也为政策制定者和房地产市场参与者提供了有价值的参考。

基于实时电价的电动汽车智能充电路径引导策略

随着电动汽车占比逐步增加,大量电动汽车在空间、时间上的随机性使得其分布极不均衡,无序充电造成电动汽车用户充电费用较高、电网负荷峰谷差加大。为此,提出一种基于实时电价的电动汽车智能充电路径引导策略。基于电动汽车智能信息交互系统,以电动汽车行驶时间、排队时间、充电时间、充电费用以及能耗费用的综合成本最小为目标,通过实时电价更新策略引导电动汽车至最优快充站。算例仿真结果表明,所提策略能实现空间上的有序快充,改善区域负荷的均衡度,减少各个充电站的拥挤度,并且有效降低了电动汽车用户的综合成本。

基于老化成本实时次梯度的异构储能系统功率分配策略

随着锂离子电池的商业化推广和混合储能技术的发展,规模化储能系统可能存在异构特性。组成异构储能系统的储能单元之间存在差异,对储能系统内部功率分配提出更高的要求。为降低异构储能系统运行过程中的老化成本,首先,给出基于循环的老化模型用于计算不同储能单元老化成本;然后,提出一种无差在线雨流计数法实现功率与循环映射关系的实时更新,并使用链式法则得到储能系统老化成本关于充放电功率的实时次梯度,基于次梯度计算功率分配权重;最后,提出一种基于分配权重的功率迭代分配算法,考虑储能单元的功率边界和荷电状态边界。对分期建设的储能系统参与二次调频的场景进行仿真,结果表明,所提策略相比常用的两种功率分配方法(基于最大功率和基于剩余能量的分配策略)能够分别降低8.08%和10.34%的老化成本。

房地产开发项目全成本管理的实践与经验总结

由于房地产开发项目涉及设计、建设、销售等多个环节,成本控制在各环节中扮演着重要的角色。因此,当我们进一步研究如何在复杂的环境中进行有效管理时,全成本管理作为一种创新的管理理念及其实践方法,应用在房地产开发项目中具有很大的实际价值。论文通过深入调研和大量数据分析,总结了中国房地产开发项目全成本管理的实际发生过程和经验教训。实践表明,全成本管理不仅可以提高房地产开发项目的经济效益,还可以提升项目的社会效益,具有很大的推广价值。通过本研究,为房地产企业提供全成本管理的理论与实践参考,有助于实现更高的工作效率和经济效益。

大规模太赫兹相控阵技术的瓶颈与进展

大规模相控阵系统是太赫兹无线传输技术走向灵活应用的核心与关键之一。本文介绍了大规模太赫兹相控阵技术的发展瓶颈与研究进展,重点介绍了采用瓦片式拼接的方案,将16个CMOS芯片通过金丝键合互联,构成了最大规模64阵元(8×8)的太赫兹相控阵发射机。通过平衡式直流供电网络和“前向辐射+背部散热”的架构实现良好的直流供给和热量处理,保证阵列的工作性能。峰值等效全向辐射功率(Effective isotropic radiation power,EIRP)可达35 dBm,本振信号泄漏抑制度和镜频信号抑制度均大于35 dB,水平和垂直方向均实现±60°的波束覆盖。本文还推出了国际上最远距离52 m的太赫兹相控阵实时无线通信链路,系统传输速率达1.6 Gbit/s。

地产项目全过程成本风险及应对策略

由于房地产项目资金投入大、涉及专业领域多,一旦出现成本风险失控问题,容易产生资金、进度、销售等方面的连锁反应,不利于房地产企业的可持续发展。为有效管控房地产项目成本风险,本文从房地产企业经营管理角度,分析房地产项目前期、设计、招标、施工、结算等阶段的具体成本风险,并制定有针对性的应对策略。

经济视角下直播电商对实体商业的影响机理研究

随着直播电商的日益普及,直播电商为生产厂商带来了极大的市场拓展空间,同时也为消费者带来了更为便捷和高效的购物体验。因此,越来越多的消费者逐渐从实体店消费转向线上购物。商业起源于商品交换,从生产、交换、消费视角解析,运用数理推导说明直播电商技术的出现,推动了产品交易成本的降低,进而促使产品的均衡价格下降,供给和消费的均衡数量增加,有利于促进商业效率的提高。在直播电商对实体商业的替代效应作用下,消费者到实体店消费的交易量减少致使实体商业的需求萎缩,这是在技术推动下不可逆转的产业结构调整的演变过程。面对直播电商带来的挑战,实体商业应积极应对,转变经营理念,主动适应新的商业模式,更好地为顾客提供线上线下融合的产品与服务,推动商业产业实现新发展。

制度性交易成本对区域创新的影响研究

经济发展进入新常态后,数字经济快速发展,实体经济受到严重冲击。2012年,我国首次提出“创新驱动发展战略”后,科技创新在国家发展和经济振兴中的重要地位逐渐得到肯定。本文选取2008—2020年30个省份的面板数据,运用随机效应和固定效应对模型进行基准回归,结果显示制度性交易成本水平上升会对区域创新带来一定程度的负面影响。在改变度量方式、删除政策实施当年观测值与对数据进行缩尾的稳健性检验后,这一结论仍然成立。异质性检验得到制度性交易成本对东、中、西与东北地区的创新影响存在差异性。经济转型关键期应着力降低制度性交易成本水平,刺激创新主体更积极、更主动的投入研发创新工作,以提高我国创新研发能力。

证券市场内幕交易的治理难题与对策

近年来,我国证券市场内幕交易案件呈现数量持续增长、行为主体多元化、行为方式复杂化、内幕交易成交额越来越大等趋势。为了应对这些问题,从中国裁判文书网选取了2013—2022年的内幕交易案件数据,并进行了深入分析。研究发现,内幕交易治理面临诸多困境,包括交易隐蔽性强、行为人反侦查意识强、证券账户实名制未得到严格执行、外部监管具有局限性、内部管理不到位等。为了强化内幕交易治理,提出相应对策:完善内幕交易法律法规体系、加强内幕交易内部与外部监管、利用大数据等技术对交易进行动态监控、加强证券账户管理等。

房地产开发的项目管理和成本控制策略

分析了房地产开发项目管理与成本控制之间的关系,指出二者既各有侧重,又紧密关联,研究了当前房地产开发项目在项目管理与成本控制中存在的项目计划与决策不合理、风险预测与管理不到位、实施阶段成本控制不严格等问题,并从项目计划制订、供应链管理、市场调研与经济性比对、设计与施工等方面阐述了房地产开发项目管理要点与成本控制策略。