Using fuzzy neural networks for RMB/USD real exchange rate forecasting

In order to aim at improving the forecasting performance of the RMB/USD exchange rate, this paper proposes a new architecture of fuzzy neural networks based on fuzzy logic, and the method of point differential, which guarantees not only the direction of weight correction, but also the needed precision for the BP algorithm. In applying genetic algorithms for optimal performance, this approach, in the forecasting of the RMB/USD real exchange rate from 1994 to 2000, obviously outperforms typical BP Neural Networks and exhibits a higher capacity in regard to nonlinear, time-variablility, and illegibility of the exchange rate.

Influence of RMB exchange rate fluctuation on urban-rural income from the perspective of transmission asymmetry

Based on time series data of RMB exchange rate and urban-rural income, this paper makes an empirical study for the influence of RMB exchange rate fluctuation on urban-rural income by utilizing rolling regression model through direct and indirect transmission mechanisms. According to the results, the transmission effect of RMB exchange rate fluctuation on urban-rural income has features of incompleteness and asymmetry. Moreover, RMB appreciation will help to reduce the urban-rural income gap. Therefore, this paper suggests that the Chinese economy should accelerate the course of transforming mode, adjusting structure and promoting development under the new normal. Meanwhile, reform of RMB exchange rate mechanism should be promoted, living standard of residents must be improved, and the urban-rural income gap should be reduced.

Do the RMB exchange rate and global commodity prices have asymmetric or symmetric effects on China’s stock prices?

With the rapid expansion of the RMB exchange rate’s floating range,the effects of the RMB exchange rate and global commodity price changes on China’s stock prices are likely to increase.This study uses both auto regressive distributed lag(ARDL)and nonlinear ARDL(NARDL)approaches to explore the symmetric and asymmetric effects of the RMB exchange rate and global commodity prices on China’s stock prices.Our findings show that without considering the critical variable of global commodity prices,there is no cointegration relationship between the RMB exchange rate and China’s stock prices,and the coefficient of the RMB exchange rate is not statistically significant.However,when we introduce global commodity prices into the NARDL model,the result shows that the RMB exchange rate has a negative effect on China’s stock prices,that there indeed exists a long-run cointegration relationship among the RMB exchange rate,global commodity prices,and stock prices in the NARDL model,and that global commodity price changes have an asymmetric effect on China’s stock prices in the long run.Specifically,China’s stock prices are more sensitive to increases than decreases in global commodity prices.Thus,increases in global commodity prices cause China’s stock prices to decline sharply.In contrast,the same magnitude of decline in global commodity prices induces a smaller increase in China’s stock prices.

人民币实际有效汇率变动与我国对“一带一路”国家OFDI的实证研究

通过构建包含汇率、出口和OFDI三种因素的一般均衡理论模型,分析汇率变动对出口和OFDI的影响。理论分析表明,本国货币升值将抑制其出口,但是将促进其对外直接投资。同时采用考虑转口贸易因素的贸易权重法构建“一带一路”人民币实际有效汇率,以反映人民币在区域层面的币值变动。在此基础之上,使用时变参数的向量自回归模型实证分析沿线国家的人民币汇率变动对出口和OFDI的影响,并与总体进行对比。实证结果与理论分析相反,文章从人民币真实币值被高估、比较优势和疫情冲击对中国出口的叠加影响三个方面解释了人民币升值对出口的促进作用,同时从汇率预期和汇率波动两个方面解释了人民币升值对OFDI的抑制作用。此外,还对比分析了总体与沿线国家出口与OFDI的相互影响。最后给出文章的结论及建议。

“一带一路”背景下人民币跨境流通的OFDI效率提升效应

人民币跨境流通是中国跨国企业对外直接投资的载体,其流通水平对投资效率的影响机制值得研究。本文基准回归结果显示,人民币跨境流通能够提升中国对“一带一路”沿线国家的OFDI效率。进一步研究表明,人民币跨境流通对“一带一路”倡议提出后的中国OFDI效率有显著正向促进作用,对“一带”沿线国家、高制度质量国家和高经济发展水平国家的中国OFDI效率均有显著的正向影响;人民币跨境流通对中国OFDI效率影响的汇率传导机制成立,表现为负向弱化作用。中国应当强化与“一带一路”沿线国家金融服务基础设施建设合作,推动投融资便利化,加强制度合作,提升投资效率。

Structural Evolution of RMB Exchange Rate Reform: Historical Review, Experience and Prospect

The Renminbi(RMB)exchange rate regime reform has gone through three stages roughly once every decade since 1994.It is a structural evolution through the unification of dual exchange rates,increased fluctuations and central parity rate reform in response to the dynamic macro environment in China and abroad.This paper unpacks leading and supporting reforms for each stage and reviews the effects.The reform has developed historical experience in adopting progressive strategies,avoiding sharp exchange rate fluctuations in the near term,maintaining appropriate capital controls,and guaranteeing the reform through domestic structural reforms.Achieving a free-floating exchange rate will be the ultimate goal,but it will not be made easily in the short run.During the transitional period,it is recommended that an annual target zone for RMB's effective exchange rate be arranged for the CFETS currency basket,along with necessary capital controls.

Capital flows, economic growth and the real effective exchange rate: Evidence from China

This paper examines the Granger causal relationship between capital flows and economic growth in China over the period 1998Q1–2019Q2,allowing for real effective exchange rate(REER)effects.As parameter instability tests indicate structural changes,we use bootstrap rolling window causality tests,which suggest that the causal nexus between capital flows and GDP growth is time-varying.We find that the causal links between foreign direct investments(FDIs)and GDP growth are hardly affected by the REER,whereas the REER plays a more important role in affecting the causal connections between portfolio investments and other investments and GDP growth.Our results suggest that cumulative portfolio inflows and cumulative other investment inflows harm GDP growth,whereas cumulative portfolio outflows and cumula-tive other investment outflows positively affect GDP growth.

人民币汇率变动与企业创新的“质”与“量”——基于产业链溢出效应

本文利用2000~2014年的中国工业企业数据库、海关贸易数据库、企业专利数据库以及2007年中国投入产出表,基于产业链视角验证了人民币升值对制造业企业创新的影响。研究结果表明,人民币升值能显著提高企业创新能力,并且产业链在其中发挥着异质性效果:企业会因其所处产业链位置表现出创新“量”与“质”的差异。人民币升值对上游企业创新质量的促进作用更强,而对创新数量的影响并不明显。机制分析发现:人民币升值带来的进口中间品增加会在产业链中形成行业间技术溢出效应以及行业内竞争效应,均对企业创新模式产生重要影响;上游企业在全产业链中表现出“质量引领效应”。本研究为企业在“双循环”发展格局下利用行业生产网络效应提高自身创新提供建设性方向。

全球经济政策不确定性、人民币汇率与中国经济波动——基于非对称视角的理论与实证分析

随着全球经济一体化的加深,全球经济政策不确定性和人民币汇率对中国经济波动产生越来越大的影响。基于非对称影响的视角,构建一个融入全球经济政策不确定性、人民币汇率和经济波动的Mundell-Fleming模型,从理论上分析各要素的非对称影响机制。实证结果表明:短期内人民币升值对物价水平的抑制效应大于贬值对物价水平的促进效应,长期内人民币升值对经济增长的抑制效应大于贬值对经济增长的促进效应;此外,无论在短期还是长期,全球经济政策不确定性降低对物价水平和经济增长的促进作用都大于经济政策不确定性上升的抑制效应。以上结果均通过稳健性检验。因此,央行需要加强对汇率与全球经济政策不确定性对物价水平和经济增长的非对称效应的关注,以实现中国经济的平稳运行。

经济自由与实际汇率升值:来自102个经济体的经验证据

巴拉萨-萨缪尔森理论是实际汇率决定的经典理论。该理论及其大部分拓展研究都建立在市场完全竞争的假定条件下。然而这一假定与现实存在明显的差异。基于1996—2019年102个经济体的面板数据,实证考察经济自由对实际汇率升值的影响。基准回归结果表明,经济自由程度的增加会导致实际汇率升值。稳健性检验与内生性检验后结果依然成立。机制分析表明,经济自由程度的提高可以通过可贸易品部门的生产率渠道推动实际汇率升值。党的二十大报告指出,中国将稳步推动高标准市场体系的构建,要完善市场经济基础制度和扩大规则、规制、管理、标准等制度型开放。研究为宏观经济研究者与政策制定者理解制度因素(自由经济制度)与实际汇率变动间的关系提供了经验证据。

人民币实际有效汇率对江苏省OFDI影响的实证分析

在"走出去"政策的指引下,对外直接投资已成为江苏企业发展越来越普遍的选择,而人民币汇率的变动对于对外直接投资的影响尤为突出。以2005—2015年度为样本区间,通过构建VAR模型考察人民币实际有效汇率对江苏省OFDI的影响效应。实证结果表明:人民币实际有效汇率与江苏省对外直接投资之间存在着长期的均衡关系,不论短期还是长期,人民币升值都会对江苏省OFDI的流出产生显著的正向影响,短期影响较大,长期影响逐渐减弱。

Real Effective Exchange Rate and Regional Economic Growth in China： Evidence from Provincial Data

Using data for the period 2000-2011, we construct province-level real effective exchange rate （REER） indices for China and test the effect of REER depreciation on regional economic growth in a generalized method of moments regression framework. Our results show that REER depreciation, in general, promotes regional economic growth, through increasing net exports and lowering FDI costs. After dividing the full sample into coastal and inland subsamples, we find that REER depreciation influences economic growth in inland areas but not in coastal areas. This is due to the fact that the inland areas have more surplus labor or other resources to expand their production capacity when REER depreciation leads to increased worm demand. Furthermore, compared to inland areas, processing-and-assembly trade comprises a larger share of trade in the coastal areas, where traders import more raw materials and intermediate goods to process and assemble goods. When the exchange rate depreciates, the costs of imported materials and immediate goods increase. In this case, the benefits from REER depreciation in coastal areas are offset to some extent and are thus lower than in inland areas.

Industry-specific Real Effective Exchange Rate for China:2000-2009

This paper measures the industry-specific real effective exchange rate （REER） for China by matching domestic and foreign industry-level price and trade data series. We find that after 2005 the REER appreciates more in the ＂chemical, plastics, rubber and fuels industry＂ and the ＂＇machinery and equipment industry,＂ but remains roughly constant or even depreciates in other industries. The nominal exchange rate generally accounts for over 50 percent of the aggregate real effective exchange rate JTuetuations, but this conclusion does not apply to three of nine industries. We apply the industry-specific REER to re-examine the relationship between the exchange rate and trade, and find that the industry-specific REER index performs better than the traditional aggregate REER index. We recommend that the Chinese Government officially adopt industry-specific exchange rates instead of using the aggregate effective exchange rates to evaluate the competitiveness of Chinese industries in the international market.

The Political Cause of the Movement of RMB Exchange Rate： A Research Based on the Spillover Effects of US Political Cycle

Movement of the renminbi （RMB） exchange rate is not only affected by economic factors, but also by political factors home and aboard. This paper analyzes the transmission mechanism of political cycles on the RMB exchange rate first, and then sets up a ＂political cycle spillover effect model＂ followed by an empirical analysis. We find that： （1） the US political cycle has a direct effect on the RMB exchange rate in the short run, which is mainly transmitted by capital flows and China＇s exchange rate policy control; （2） the RMB exchange rate changes periodically in accordance with the US presidential election and midterm election cycle, with the appreciation ratio significantly lower in the first year of the election cycle, while significantly higher in the year after the midterm election; （3） The effect of the political cycle will not be affected by which party holds power, though it will be affected if the president and parliament are ruled by the same party. This paper not only extends the research of the influencing factors of the RMB exchange rate to the political field, but also sets up a use theoretical model to analyze the impact of political issues on the RMB exchange rate, providing a new perspective to fully understand the external environment of RMB exchange rate reform.

房地产繁荣、金融发展与人民币实际汇率

金融发展可抑制因资本流入或国外汇款所引发的本币实际升值,那么金融发展是否能够抑制房地产业繁荣对人民币实际汇率的升值性影响?本文发现,金融发展在房地产投资对实际汇率的影响中的作用是动态、非单向的,经历了一个从抑制到助长的过程,即在房地产扩张初期,金融部门规模亦较小的情况下,它能抑制房地产投资对实际汇率产生的升值影响,但在后期,则与房地产投资一起推动了人民币实际升值。

重大突发事件冲击下产业出口竞争力的波动研究

本文以新冠疫情为例,基于全球价值链视角,从地域范围、冲击程度、持续时间等方面考察重大突发事件冲击下,代表性经济体各产业以实际有效汇率衡量的出口竞争力波动情况。实证结果表明:新冠疫情冲击总体上降低了相关经济体的产业实际有效汇率,并产生显著的产业链间大范围溢出效应。时间维度上,表现为由最初的以直接影响占主导逐渐转变为以通过产业链间接影响占主导;空间维度上,使用主要国际货币的美国、欧元区国家和日本的产业实际有效汇率显著下降。在35个经济体中,只有我国受到的由其他经济体疫情冲击引发的传导影响大于本国疫情冲击引发的影响,而美国受到的影响大部分来自于本国疫情的直接冲击。56个产业所受影响也具有差异性,运输与物流、建筑业、食品、能源、工业金属制造、医药产品制造业受冲击程度位于前列。研究结论为我国应对重大突发事件、优化产业结构布局、引领产业链提升等方面提供决策支持。

新发展格局下我国大豆进口市场分析

采用2009—2021年我国进口主要大豆来源国的年份进口数据,运用双向固定效应模型,主要从人民币汇率波动和大豆进口依存度变化情况分析对我国大豆进口的影响。结果表明当人民币对大豆有高依赖性进口来源国家升值时,从该国进口大豆会产生正向影响,人民币升值越多,从该国家进口额越大。因此应稳定汇率水平,同时提升大豆的自给能力,确保我国大豆供应的稳定。

人民币汇率对碳排放量的影响分析--基于外贸发展水平的中介效应

全球变暖已成为影响全人类的主要气候问题,通过调控汇率助力“双碳”目标的实现是解决这一问题的重要手段。基于2005—2019年我国省际面板数据,采用中介效应模型实证检验人民币汇率对碳排放量的影响机制及外贸发展水平在其中的中介效应。研究结果表明:(1)人民币汇率的上升可以显著减少碳排放量;(2)存在“人民币汇率—外贸发展水平—碳排放量”的中介效应机制,汇率抬升可以经由降低进出口总额来减少碳排放量;(3)产品和贸易结构的差异使上述效应存在南北省份的区域异质性,进出口总额在北方省份仍表现为汇率影响碳排放的中介渠道,但南方地区该中介效应则不显著。