Design and validation of real-time dynamic spectrum management in OFDM-based HNPLC systems

Time-varying frequency selective attenuation and colored noises are unfavorable characteristics of power line communication(PLC) channels of the low voltage networks.To overcome these disadvantages,a novel real-time dynamic spectrum management(DSM) algorithm in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)-based high-speed narrow-band power line communication(HNPLC) systems is proposed,and the corresponding FPGA circuit is designed and realized.Performance of the proposed DSM is validated with a large amount of network experiments under practical PLC circumstance.As the noise in each narrow subcarrier is approximately Gaussian,the proposed DSM adopts the BER/SER expression formulized via the AWGN channel to provide a handy and universal strategy for power allocation.The real-time requirement is guaranteed by choosing subcarriers in group and employing the same modulation scheme within each transmission.These measures are suitable for any modulation scheme no matter the system criterion is to maximize data rate or minimize power/BER.Algorithm design and hardware implementation of the proposed DSM are given with some flexible and efficient conversions.The DSM circuit is carried out with Xilinx KC705.Simulation and practical experiments validate that the proposed real-time DSM significantly improves system performance.

REAL-TIME LICENSING MANAGEMENT OF SECURE MULTIMEDIA CONTENT DELIVE RY

Media Commerce is now becoming a new trend which results fr om faster development of network bandwidth and high availability of multimedia t echnologies, how to protect media content from being used in a right-violated w ay is one of most important issues to take into account. In this paper, a novel and efficient authorization and authentication Digital Rights Management (DRM) s chema is proposed firstly for secure multimedia delivery, then based on the sche ma, a real-time digital signature algorithm built on Elliptic Curve Cryptograph y (ECC) is adopted for fast authentication and verification of licensing managem ent, thus secure multimedia delivery via TCP/RTP can efficiently work with real -time transaction response and high Quality of Service (QoS) . Performance eval uations manifest the proposed schema is secure, available for real-time media s tream authentication and authorization without much effected of QoS. The propose d schema is not only available for Client/Server media service but can be easily extended to P2P and broadcasting network for trusted rights management.

Congestion Management Strategies of Real-Time Market

The high penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) will significantly challenge the power system operation and control due to their stochastic, intermittent, and fluctuation characteristics. This enhances the difficulty of congestion management of power systems in cross-border electricity market among different regions. For handling this, the Real-Time Market is proposed for balancing capacity trading against congestions. Several strategies for Real-Time Market dealing with congestions are proposed. The strategy of two-stage crossborder markets in Day-ahead, Intra-day and Real Time Market are introduced with the congestion constraints complied. Pre-Contingency strategy is proposed as the advance preparation for the future congestion, and In-Day redispatch is used for regulation. Accordingly, the requirements on facilities considering telemetry and remote control in a fast manner are discussed at last.

PhishGuard: Integrating Fine-Tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) into Password Management

In the digital age, phishing attacks have been a persistent security threat leveraged by traditional password management systems that are not able to verify the authenticity of websites. This paper presents an approach to embedding sophisticated phishing detection within a password manager’s framework, called PhishGuard. PhishGuard uses a Large Language Model (LLM), specifically a fine-tuned BERT algorithm that works in real time, where URLs fed by the user in the credentials are analyzed and authenticated. This approach enhances user security with its provision of real-time protection from phishing attempts. Through rigorous testing, this paper illustrates how PhishGuard has scored well in tests that measure accuracy, precision, recall, and false positive rates.

Cyber Resilience through Real-Time Threat Analysis in Information Security

This paper examines how cybersecurity is developing and how it relates to more conventional information security. Although information security and cyber security are sometimes used synonymously, this study contends that they are not the same. The concept of cyber security is explored, which goes beyond protecting information resources to include a wider variety of assets, including people [1]. Protecting information assets is the main goal of traditional information security, with consideration to the human element and how people fit into the security process. On the other hand, cyber security adds a new level of complexity, as people might unintentionally contribute to or become targets of cyberattacks. This aspect presents moral questions since it is becoming more widely accepted that society has a duty to protect weaker members of society, including children [1]. The study emphasizes how important cyber security is on a larger scale, with many countries creating plans and laws to counteract cyberattacks. Nevertheless, a lot of these sources frequently neglect to define the differences or the relationship between information security and cyber security [1]. The paper focus on differentiating between cybersecurity and information security on a larger scale. The study also highlights other areas of cybersecurity which includes defending people, social norms, and vital infrastructure from threats that arise from online in addition to information and technology protection. It contends that ethical issues and the human factor are becoming more and more important in protecting assets in the digital age, and that cyber security is a paradigm shift in this regard [1].

Effects of N Management on Yield and N Uptake of Rice in Central China

Efficient N fertilizer management is critical for the economic production of rice and the long-term protection of environmental quality. A field experiment was designed to study the effects of N fertilizer management practices on grain yield and N uptake office. The experiment was laid out in the randomized complete block design with four replications in Central China during 2008 and 2009. Five N treatments denoted as No, NIsoA, N15oB, N24OA, and N24oB, respectively, were studied. NO represented no N application and served as a control, N15OA and N15oB indicated the total N application of 150 kg N ha-I but with two different application schedules （A and B） across the early stage of rice growth. Schedule A was applied as follows： 40% basal, 30% at 10 d after transplanting （DAT） and 30% at 36 DAT （nearly at the panicle initiation stage）, while schedule B was as follows： 30% at basal, 20% at 10 DAT, and 50% at 36 DAT. Similarly, N240A and N240B indicated the total N application of 240 kg N ha-1 with schedules A and B as described above. To quantify N uptake from fertilizer and soil, a 15N experiment was also conducted within the main experimental field, with micro-plots. Grain yields were significantly increased as N rates increased from 0 to 240 kg N ha-1. At the same rate, splitting N application as schedule B significantly increased the grain yield, spikelets per panicle, percentage of ripened grain, and 1 000-grain weight, compared with the N application according to schedule A. Mean rice recovery of N fertilizer by ~SN tracing method ranged from 25.39% at N24oA to 34.89% at NIsoB, however, N fertilizer residual rate in the soil ranged from 12.40% at N240A to 16.61% at N^s0w About 31.5 and 28.5% of total uptake of ~SN derived from basal fertilizer was absorbed at panicle initiation and heading stages, respectively. However, 65.6-92.5% of total uptake of 15N derived from topdressing fertilizer was absorbed at the heading stage. Based on yield and nitrogen recovery efficiency, splitting N application according to schedule B at the rate of 240 kg N ha-1 will be more profitable among the tested five N treatments in Central China.

DISRUPTION MANAGEMENT FOR SUPPLY CHAIN COORDINATION WITH EXPONENTIAL DEMAND FUNCTION

The coordination problem of a supply chain comprising one supplier and one retailer under market demand disruption is studied in this article. A novel exponential demand function is adopted, and the penalty cost is introduced explicitly to capture the deviation production cost caused by the market demand disruption. The optimal strategies are obtained for different disruption scale under the centralized mode. For the decentralized mode, it is proved that the supply chain can be fully coordinated by adjusting the price discount policy appropriately when disruption occurs. Furthermore, the authors point out that similar results can be established for more general demand functions that represent different market circumstances if certain assumptions are satisfied.

Effects of Nitrogen Management on the Yield of Winter Wheat in Cold Area of Northeastern China

A plot experiment including four treatments, CK （N 105 kg ha-1 as urea, including a basal N application of 35 kg ha-I and a topdressing N 70 kg ha-1 at turned green stage） and optimized N management （OPT1, OPT2 and OPT3, applied two-thirds, one-third and two-fifths N at jointing stage, respectively, total N 60 kg ha-l）, was conducted to evaluate the effects of nitrogen management on growth and N uptake of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum）, Dongnong 1, which is the first highly cold tolerant winter wheat in China. Index of population quality, N uptake and yield were determined. The ear-bearing tiller rate was increased by above 12%, and the leaf area index, biomass and N uptake were significantly decreased （P〈O.05） at jointing stage. OPT treatments increased the grain to leaf area ratio at heading stage, the dry matter weight and N uptake after heading by 14.3-27.9%, 11.6-28.7% and 118.1-161.8 %, respectively. The yield of the OPT treatments was increased by 14.2-37.5% compared with CK, and there was a significant difference （P〈0.05） between CK and OPT1 treatments. Harvest index and N partial factor productivity （PFP, kg grain yield per kg N applied） was clearly enhanced from 0.4 and 35.6 kg, respectively for CK to an average of 0.48 （P〈0.05） and 77.6 kg （P〈0.05） in the OPT treatments. These results indicated that the optimized N management increased the harvest index, yield and N use efficiency by decreasing the N application rate and postponing N application time, improved wheat population quality, controlled excessive growth in the vegetative stages and increased dry matter and N accumulation rates after heading.

Effects of Site-Specific Nitrogen Management on Yield and Dry Matter Accumulation of Rice from Cold Areas of Northeastern China

The effects of yield increase and mechanism of site-specific nitrogen management （SSNM） in five rice varieties from cold areas of northeastern China were studied. Plot experiment for critical SPAD value and experiments of two fertilization methods, SSNM and farmer＇s fertilization practice （FFP） were conducted to study their effects on the quality and dry matter accumulation of rice population, as well as N uptake. Compared with FFP, SSNM significantly decreased the average N rate by 33.8%, significantly increased average ear-bearing tiller rate and LAI for grain-filling stage by 12.3% and 14.1-27.6%, correspondingly, improved dry matter weight and N uptake after heading period by 4.3-29.1% and 11.8-55.1% （P 〈 0.05）, and heightened recovery efficiency and agronomic efficiency by 38.5-133.4% （P 〈 0.05） and 39.8-194.3% （P 〈 0.05）, respectively, as well as increased the average yield by 9.8% in 2004 and 2005. The results indicated that the accumulation rate of dry matter and N increased the rice yield and N use efficiency, because of improving rice population quality and increasing LAI after heading period.

Short Response of Spring Wheat to Tillage, Residue Management and Split Nitrogen Application in a Rice-Wheat System

A ifeld experiment was conducted to study the impact of tillage, crop residue management and nitrogen （N） splitting on spring wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） yield over 2 yr （2010-2012） in a rice （Oryza sativa L.）-wheat system in northwestern Pakistan. The experiment was conducted as split plot arranged in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments comprised six tillage and residue managements：zero tillage straw retained （ZTsr）, zero tillage straw burnt （ZTsb）, reduced tillage straw incorporated （RTsi）, reduced tillage straw burnt （RTsb）, conventional tillage straw incorporated （CTsi）, and conventional tillage straw burnt （CTsb） as main plots and N （200 kg ha-1） was applied as split form viz., control （no nitrogen＆no splitting, N0S0）;2 splits of total N, half at sowing and half at the 1st irrigation （i.e., 20 d after sowing （DAS）） （NS1）;3 splits of total N, 1/3 at sowing, 1/3 at the 1st irrigation, and 1/3 at the 2nd irrigation （NS2）;4 splits of total N, 1/4 at sowing, 1/4 at the 1st irrigation, 1/4 at the 2nd irrigation （45 DAS）, and 1/4 at the 3rd irrigation （70 DAS） （NS3）;and 4 splits of total N, 1/4 at the 1st irrigation, 1/4 at the 2nd irrigation, 1/4 at the 3rd irrigation, and 1/4 at the 4th irrigation （95DAS） （NS4） as sub plots. The results showed that the most pikes m-2, grains/spike, 1 000-grain weight, grain yield, and N use efifciency （NUE） were obtained at zero tillage, straw retained and 4 splits application of total N （i.e., at sowing 20, 45 and 70 d after sowing）. The results indicated that ZTsr with application of 200 kg N ha-1 in 4 equal splits viz. at sowing 20, 45 and 70 d after sowing is an appropriate strategy that enhanced wheat yield （7 436-7 634 kg ha-1） and N efifciency （28.6-29.5 kg kg-1） in rice-wheat system.

Long-Term Impact of Soil Management on Microbial Biomass C, N and P in Rice-Based Cropping System

A 12-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different tillage methods and fertil- ization systems on microbial biomass C, N and P of a gray fluvo-aguic soil in rice-based cropping system. Five fertilization treatments were designed under conventional tillage (CT) or no tillage (NT) system: no fertilizer (CK); chemical fertilizer only (CF); combining chemical fertilizer with pig manure (PM); combining chemical fertilizer with crop straw (CS) and fallow (F). The results showed that biomass C, N and P were enriched in the surface layer of no-tilled soil, whereas they distributed relatively evenly in the tilled soil, which might result from enrichment of crop residue, organic manure and mineral fertilizer, and surficial development of root systems under NT. Under the cultivation system, NT had slightly greater biomass C, N and P at 0～5 cm depth, significantly less biomass C, N and P at 5～15 cm depth, less microbial biomass C, N and equivalent biomass P at 15 ～30 cm depth as compared to CT, indicating that tillage was beneficial for the multiplica tion of organisms in the plowed layer of soil. Under the fallow system, biomass C, N and P in the surface layer were significantly greater for NT than CT while their differences between the two tillage methods were negligible in the deeper layers. In the surface layer, biomass C, N and P in the soils amended with organic manure combined with mineral fertilizers were significantly greater than those of the treatments only with mineral fertilizers and the control. Soils without fertilizer had the least biomass nutrient contents among the five fertilization treatments. Obviously, the long-term application of organic manure could maintain the higher activity of microorganisms in soils. The amounts of biomass C, N and P in the fallowed soils varied with the tillage methods; they were much greater under NT than under CT, especially in the surface layer, suggesting that the frequent plowing could decrease the content of organic matter in the surface layer of the fallowed soil.

Improving nitrogen management for zero-tillage rice in China

Zero-tillage has become increasingly attractive in rice production in China.This study was conducted to determine the feasibility of two possible improved N management practices with fewer N applications in zero-tillage rice:(1)two split applications of urea at75 kg N ha^(-1)at mid-tillering and 45 kg N ha^(-1)at panicle initiation(U_(120–2)),and(2)a single application of cross-linked polyacrylamide-coated urea(a slow-release fertilizer)at midtillering at a rate of 150 kg N ha^(-1)(PCU_(150–1)).Three field experiments were conducted to compare grain yield and N-use efficiency among several N treatments:a zero-N control(CK),U_(120–2),PCU_(150–1),a single application of urea at mid-tillering at a rate of 150 kg N ha^(-1)(U_(150–1)),and a commonly recommended N management practice for conventional tillage rice(three split applications of urea with 75 kg N ha^(-1)as basal,30 kg N ha^(-1)at mid-tillering,and 45 kg N ha^(-1)at panicle initiation)(U_(150–3)).Treatments with N application(U_(120–2),PCU_(150–1),U_(150–1),and U_(150–3))produced 1.08–3.16 t ha^(-1)higher grain yields than CK.Grain yields under both U_(120–2)and PCU_(150–1)were comparable to that in U_(150–3).Recovery efficiency of N(RE_N),agronomic N-use efficiency(AE_N)and partial factor productivity of applied N(PFP_N)were increased under U_(120–2)and were similar under PCU_(150–1)to those under U_(150–3).U_(150–1)showed lower grain yield,RE_N,AE_N,and PFP_Nthan U_(150–3).These results suggest that U_(150–3)can be replaced with U_(120–2)to achieve both an increase in N-use efficiency and a reduction in number of N applications and or by PCU_(150–1)to achieve a maximum reduction in number of N applications in zero-tillage rice production in China.

ENERGY MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR PARALLEL HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Energy management strategy (EMS) is the core of the real-time controlalgorithm of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). A novel EMS using the logic threshold approach withincorporation of a stand-by optimization algorithm is proposed. The aim of it is to minimize theengine fuel consumption and maintain the battery state of charge (SOC) in its operation range, whilesatisfying the vehicle performance and drivability requirements. The hybrid powertrain bench testis carried out to collect data of the engine, motor and battery pack, which are used in the EMS tocontrol the powertrain. Computer simulation model of the HEV is established in the MATLAB/Simulinkenvironment according to the bench test results. Simulation results are presented for behaviors ofthe engine, motor and battery. The proposed EMS is implemented for a real parallel hybrid carcontrol system and validated by vehicle field tests.

Reliability Management for Information System

An integrated intelligent management is presented to help organizations manage many heterogeneous resources in their information system. A general architecture of management for information system reliability is proposed, and the architecture from two aspects, process model and hierarchical model, described. Data mining techniques are used in data analysis. A data analysis system applicable to real-time data analysis is developed by improved data mining on the critical processes. The framework of the integrated management for information system reliability based on real-time data mining is illustrated, and the development of integrated and intelligent management of information system discussed.

Development of a real-time RT-PCR method for the detection of newly emerged highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza viruses

In 2013, a human influenza outbreak caused by a novel H7N9 virus occurred in China. Recently, the H7N9 virus acquired multiple basic amino acids at its hemagglutinin（HA） cleavage site, leading to the emergence of a highly pathogenic virus. The development of an effective diagnostic method is imperative for the prevention and control of highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza. Here, we designed and synthesized three pairs of primers based on the nucleotide sequence at the HA cleavage site of the newly emerged highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza virus. One of the primer pairs and the corresponding probe displayed a high level of amplification efficiency on which a real-time RT-PCR method was established. Amplification using this method resulted in a fluorescent signal for only the highly pathogenic H7N9 virus, and not for any of the H1–H15 subtype reference strains, thus demonstrating high specificity. The method detected as low as 39.1 copies of HA-positive plasmid and exhibited similar sensitivity to the virus isolation method using embryonated chicken eggs. Importantly, the real-time RT-PCR method exhibited 100% consistency with the virus isolation method in the diagnosis of field samples. Collectively, our data demonstrate that this real-time RT-PCR assay is a rapid, sensitive and specific method, and the application will greatly aid the surveillance, prevention, and control of highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza viruses.

Safety-assured,real-time neural active fault management for resilient microgrids integration

Federated-learning-based active fault management(AFM)is devised to achieve real-time safety assurance for microgrids and the main grid during faults.AFM was originally formulated as a distributed optimization problem.Here,federated learning is used to train each microgrid’s network with training data achieved from distributed optimization.The main contribution of this work is to replace the optimization-based AFM control algorithm with a learning-based AFM control algorithm.The replacement transfers computation from online to offline.With this replacement,the control algorithm can meet real-time requirements for a system with dozens of microgrids.By contrast,distributed-optimization-based fault management can output reference values fast enough for a system with several microgrids.More microgrids,however,lead to more computation time with optimization-based method.Distributed-optimization-based fault management would fail real-time requirements for a system with dozens of microgrids.Controller hardware-in-the-loop real-time simulations demonstrate that learning-based AFM can output reference values within 10 ms irrespective of the number of microgrids.

Real-time Design Constraints in Implementing Active Vibration Control Algorithms

Although computer architectures incorporate fast processing hardware resources, high performance real-time implementation of a complex control algorithm requires an efficient design and software coding of the algorithm so as to exploit special features of the hardware and avoid associated architecture shortcomings. This paper presents an investigation into the analysis and design mechanisms that will lead to reduction in the execution time in implementing real-time control algorithms. The proposed mechanisms are exemplified by means of one algorithm, which demonstrates their applicability to real-time applications. An active vibration control （AVC） algorithm for a flexible beam system simulated using the finite difference （FD） method is considered to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. A comparative performance evaluation of the proposed design mechanisms is presented and discussed through a set of experiments.

Hairy Vetch and Triticale Cover Crops for N Management in Soils

Over-application of fertilizer to cropland adversely affects both environmental and agricultural ecosystems. This study examined whether planting a legume-based winter cover crop mix offsets fertilizer application via natural nitrogen inputs. The influence of the cover crop mixture on available nutrients was also assessed. Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) and winter triticale (×triticosecale) cover crops were planted in fall and terminated in May. Soil fertility data was collected before and after planting the winter cover crop to determine the effect on fixing nitrogen and soil phosphorus, potassium and organic matter levels. Increases of soil ammonium were observed in plots with cover crop treatments. A triticale-hairy vetch cover crop mix was successful at scavenging P for future crops and appears to hold promise for long-term soil fertility benefits.

Lens-Oppositional Wild Geese Optimization Based Clustering Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks Assists Real Time Disaster Management

Recently,wireless sensor networks(WSNs)find their applicability in several real-time applications such as disaster management,military,surveillance,healthcare,etc.The utilization of WSNs in the disaster monitoring process has gained significant attention among research communities and governments.Real-time monitoring of disaster areas using WSN is a challenging process due to the energy-limited sensor nodes.Therefore,the clustering process can be utilized to improve the energy utilization of the nodes and thereby improve the overall functioning of the network.In this aspect,this study proposes a novel Lens-Oppositional Wild Goose Optimization based Energy Aware Clustering(LOWGO-EAC)scheme for WSN-assisted real-time disaster management.The major intention of the LOWGO-EAC scheme is to perform effective data collection and transmission processes in disaster regions.To achieve this,the LOWGOEAC technique derives a novel LOWGO algorithm by the integration of the lens oppositional-based learning(LOBL)concept with the traditional WGO algorithm to improve the convergence rate.In addition,the LOWGO-EAC technique derives a fitness function involving three input parameters like residual energy(RE),distance to the base station(BS)(DBS),and node degree(ND).The proposed LOWGO-EAC technique can accomplish improved energy efficiency and lifetime of WSNs in real-time disaster management scenarios.The experimental validation of the LOWGO-EAC model is carried out and the comparative study reported the enhanced performance of the LOWGO-EAC model over the recent approaches.

Prospect of energy management system for large steel enterprise

The energy management system(EMS),which acts as the heart of the energy management center of a steel enterprise,is a large computer system focused on the concentrative monitor and control of the production and utilization of energy.Although Chinese steel industry was well developed in the latest decade, so far the levels of the comprehensive energy consumption per ton steel among Chinese steel enterprises are remarkably distinct,and the average value of the comprehensive energy consumption per ton steel of them has still been much higher than the value of those in developed countries.This bad situation,in the opinion of the author,partially results from the poor ability for most Chinese steel enterprises to manage the production and utilization of energy.National policies associated to energy-saving and ejection-decreasing call for steel enterprises to build the EMS;and more and more steel enterprises themselves also desire to achieve EMS projects so that they can optimize their energy production and utilization.Baosteel,the largest and most advanced steel enterprise in China,has got plenty of experience in the EMS due to its incessant practice for more than 30 years in the design,construction,application,and revampment of its EMS.In the present article,the features of an advanced EMS is described and discussed based on the design practice of the EMS of Baosteel Zhanjiang Project.An advanced EMS should be an optimized and integrated system,which possesses of the characteristic of high managing efficiency,enough openness in expansion,friendly interfaces, and simple structure.Furthermore,it could support many-sided applications,e.g.,energy related data mineing,energy network combination and co-supply,application of geographic information technology,and other technical researched on energy-saving aspects.It is known that some energy-related indexes of Baosteel have stood on a high level better than those of some worldwide famous steel enterprises.Moreover,it goes without saying that the indexes of Baosteel Zhanjiang will be better than those of present Baosteel.Therefore, one can easily expect that the new EMS of Baosteel Zhanjiang will be much more advanced,which will be more helpful to fulfil systematiclly saving of energy,to elevate the efficiency of energy utilization,to lower the comprehensive energy consumption per ton steel.