Real-Time Detection and Instance Segmentation of Strawberry in Unstructured Environment

The real-time detection and instance segmentation of strawberries constitute fundamental components in the development of strawberry harvesting robots.Real-time identification of strawberries in an unstructured envi-ronment is a challenging task.Current instance segmentation algorithms for strawberries suffer from issues such as poor real-time performance and low accuracy.To this end,the present study proposes an Efficient YOLACT(E-YOLACT)algorithm for strawberry detection and segmentation based on the YOLACT framework.The key enhancements of the E-YOLACT encompass the development of a lightweight attention mechanism,pyramid squeeze shuffle attention(PSSA),for efficient feature extraction.Additionally,an attention-guided context-feature pyramid network(AC-FPN)is employed instead of FPN to optimize the architecture’s performance.Furthermore,a feature-enhanced model(FEM)is introduced to enhance the prediction head’s capabilities,while efficient fast non-maximum suppression(EF-NMS)is devised to improve non-maximum suppression.The experimental results demonstrate that the E-YOLACT achieves a Box-mAP and Mask-mAP of 77.9 and 76.6,respectively,on the custom dataset.Moreover,it exhibits an impressive category accuracy of 93.5%.Notably,the E-YOLACT also demonstrates a remarkable real-time detection capability with a speed of 34.8 FPS.The method proposed in this article presents an efficient approach for the vision system of a strawberry-picking robot.

Real-Time Object Detection and Face Recognition Application for the Visually Impaired

The advancement of navigation systems for the visually impaired has significantly enhanced their mobility by mitigating the risk of encountering obstacles and guiding them along safe,navigable routes.Traditional approaches primarily focus on broad applications such as wayfinding,obstacle detection,and fall prevention.However,there is a notable discrepancy in applying these technologies to more specific scenarios,like identifying distinct food crop types or recognizing faces.This study proposes a real-time application designed for visually impaired individuals,aiming to bridge this research-application gap.It introduces a system capable of detecting 20 different food crop types and recognizing faces with impressive accuracies of 83.27%and 95.64%,respectively.These results represent a significant contribution to the field of assistive technologies,providing visually impaired users with detailed and relevant information about their surroundings,thereby enhancing their mobility and ensuring their safety.Additionally,it addresses the vital aspects of social engagements,acknowledging the challenges faced by visually impaired individuals in recognizing acquaintances without auditory or tactile signals,and highlights recent developments in prototype systems aimed at assisting with face recognition tasks.This comprehensive approach not only promises enhanced navigational aids but also aims to enrich the social well-being and safety of visually impaired communities.

Analyzing the Impact of Scene Transitions on Indoor Camera Localization through Scene Change Detection in Real-Time

Real-time indoor camera localization is a significant problem in indoor robot navigation and surveillance systems.The scene can change during the image sequence and plays a vital role in the localization performance of robotic applications in terms of accuracy and speed.This research proposed a real-time indoor camera localization system based on a recurrent neural network that detects scene change during the image sequence.An annotated image dataset trains the proposed system and predicts the camera pose in real-time.The system mainly improved the localization performance of indoor cameras by more accurately predicting the camera pose.It also recognizes the scene changes during the sequence and evaluates the effects of these changes.This system achieved high accuracy and real-time performance.The scene change detection process was performed using visual rhythm and the proposed recurrent deep architecture,which performed camera pose prediction and scene change impact evaluation.Overall,this study proposed a novel real-time localization system for indoor cameras that detects scene changes and shows how they affect localization performance.

Real-time image processing and display in object size detection based on VC++

Real-time detection for object size has now become a hot topic in the testing field and image processing is the core algorithm. This paper focuses on the processing and display of the collected dynamic images to achieve a real-time image pro- cessing for the moving objects. Firstly, the median filtering, gain calibration, image segmentation, image binarization, cor- ner detection and edge fitting are employed to process the images of the moving objects to make the image close to the real object. Then, the processed images are simultaneously displayed on a real-time basis to make it easier to analyze, understand and identify them, and thus it reduces the computation complexity. Finally, human-computer interaction （HCI）-friendly in- terface based on VC ＋＋ is designed to accomplish the digital logic transform, image processing and real-time display of the objects. The experiment shows that the proposed algorithm and software design have better real-time performance and accu- racy which can meet the industrial needs.

A CNN-Based Single-Stage Occlusion Real-Time Target Detection Method

Aiming at the problem of low accuracy of traditional target detection methods for target detection in endoscopes in substation environments, a CNN-based real-time detection method for masked targets is proposed. The method adopts the overall design of backbone network, detection network and algorithmic parameter optimisation method, completes the model training on the self-constructed occlusion target dataset, and adopts the multi-scale perception method for target detection. The HNM algorithm is used to screen positive and negative samples during the training process, and the NMS algorithm is used to post-process the prediction results during the detection process to improve the detection efficiency. After experimental validation, the obtained model has the multi-class average predicted value (mAP) of the dataset. It has general advantages over traditional target detection methods. The detection time of a single target on FDDB dataset is 39 ms, which can meet the need of real-time target detection. In addition, the project team has successfully deployed the method into substations and put it into use in many places in Beijing, which is important for achieving the anomaly of occlusion target detection.

Real-Time Detection of Cracks on Concrete Bridge Decks Using Deep Learning in the Frequency Domain

This paper presents a vision-based crack detection approach for concrete bridge decks using an integrated one-dimensional convolutional neural network(1D-CNN)and long short-term memory(LSTM)method in the image frequency domain.The so-called 1D-CNN-LSTM algorithm is trained using thousands of images of cracked and non-cracked concrete bridge decks.In order to improve the training efficiency,images are first transformed into the frequency domain during a preprocessing phase.The algorithm is then calibrated using the flattened frequency data.LSTM is used to improve the performance of the developed network for long sequence data.The accuracy of the developed model is 99.05%,98.9%,and 99.25%,respectively,for training,validation,and testing data.An implementation framework is further developed for future application of the trained model for large-scale images.The proposed 1D-CNN-LSTM method exhibits superior performance in comparison with existing deep learning methods in terms of accuracy and computation time.The fast implementation of the 1D-CNN-LSTM algorithm makes it a promising tool for real-time crack detection.

A fast and adaptive method for automatic weld defect detection in various real-time X-ray imaging systems

A first and effective method is proposed to detect weld deject adaptively in various Dypes of real-time X-ray images obtained in different conditions. After weld extraction and noise reduction, a proper template of median filter is used to estimate the weld background. After the weld background is subtracted from the original image, an adaptite threshold segmentation algorithm is proposed to obtain the binary image, and then the morphological close and open operation, labeling algorithm and fids＇e alarm eliminating algorithm are applied to pracess the binary image to obtain the defect, ct detection result. At last, a fast realization procedure jbr proposed method is developed. The proposed method is tested in real-time X-ray image,s obtairted in different X-ray imaging sutems. Experiment results show that the proposed method is effective to detect low contrast weld dejects with few .false alarms and is adaptive to various types of real-time X-ray imaging systems.

Real-time Fluorescence PCR Method for Detection of Burkholderia glumae from Rice

Burkholderia glumae causing seedling rot and grain rot of rice was listed as a plant quarantine disease of China in 2007. It＇s quite necessary to set up effective detection methods for the pathogen to manage further dispersal of this disease. The present study combined the real-time PCR method with classical PCR to increase the detecting efficiency, and to develop an accurate, rapid and sensitive method to detect the pathogen in the seed quarantine for effective management of the disease. The results showed that all the tested strains of B. glumae produced about 139 bp specific fragments by the real-time PCR and the general PCR methods, while others showed negative PCR result. The bacteria could be detected at the concentrations of 1×10^4 CFU/mL by general PCR method and at the concentrations below 100 CFU/mL by real-time fluorescence PCR method. B. glumae could be detected when the inoculated and healthy seeds were mixed with a proportion of 1：100.

Comparison of ligase detection reaction and real-time PCR for detection of low abundant YMDD mutants in patients with chronic hepatitis B

AIM: To compare the ligase detection reaction (LDR) and real-time PCR for detection of low abundant YMDD mutants in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection.METHODS: Mixtures of plasmids and serum samples from 52 chronic hepatitis B patients with low abundant lamivudine-resistant mutations were tested with LDR and real-time PCR. Time required and reagent cost for both assays were evaluated.RESULTS: Real-time PCR detected 100, 50, 10, 1 and 0.1% of YIDD plasmid, whereas LDR detected 100, 50, 10, 1, 0.1, and 0.01% of YIDD plasmid, in mixtures with YMDD plasmid of 106 copies/mL. Among the 52 clinical serum samples, completely concordant results were obtained for all samples by both assays, and 39 YIDD, 9 YVDD, and 4 YIDD/YVDD were detected. Cost and time required for LDR and real-time PCR are 60/80 CNY (8/10.7 US dollars) and 4.5/2.5 h, respectively.CONCLUSION: LDR and real-time PCR are both sensitive and inexpensive methods for monitoring low abundant YMDD mutants during lamivudine therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B. LDR is more sensitive and less expensive, while real-time PCR is more rapid.

A real-time PCR targeted to the upstream regions of HlyB for specific detection of Edwardsiella tarda

Edwardsiella tarda has become one of the most important emerging pathogens in aquaculture industry. Therefore, a rapid, reproducible, and sensitive method for detection and quantification of this pathogen is needed urgently. To achieve this purpose, we developed a TaqMan-based real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification orE. tarda. The assay targets the hemolysin activator HlyB domain protein of E. tarda. Our optimized TaqMan assay is capable of detecting as little as 40 fg of genomic DNA per reaction. A standard curve was generated from the threshold cycle values （y） against log10 （E. tarda genomic DNA concentration） as x. The intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variation （CV） values were less than 2.06% and 1.05% respectively, indicating that the assay had good reproducibility. This method is highly specific to E. tarda strains, as it shows no cross-reactivity to Edwardsiella ictaluri, a member of the same genus, or to nine other fish-pathogenic bacteria species belonging to three other genera. This sensitive and specific real-time PCR assay provides a valuable tool for diagnostic quantitation of E. tarda in clinical samples.

Development and validation of a TaqMan^(TM) fluorescent quantitative real-time PCR assay for the rapid detection of Edwardsiella tarda

Edwardsiella tarda is one of the most important emerging pathogens in tile global aquaculture industries. As such, an accurate diagnosis and quantitative analytical methods are urgently needed for this bacterium. In this study, primers and a TaqMan probe specific to the conservative sequences of the 16S rRNA gene of E. tarda were designed. The concentration of primers and TaqMan probe were optimized to 200 nmol/L and 120 nmol/L, respectively. The detection sensitivity of the FQ- PCR assay was determined to be as low as five copies of the target sequence per reaction using the pGEM-16S rDNA recombinant plasmid as a template, which was 100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR. A standard curve by plotting the threshold cycle values （y） against the common logarithmic copies （logl0n~ as x; n~ is copy number） of pGEM-16S rDNA was generated. The results of intra- and inter-assay variability tests demonstrate that the established FQ-PCR method was highly reproducible. The assay was specific for E. tarda as it showed that there was no cross-reactivity to eight additional bacterial pathogen strains in aquaculture. Thus, the FQ-PCR assay has the potential for diagnostic purposes and for other applications, especially for the rapid detection and quantification of low-grade E. tarda infections.

Real-time RT-PCR Assay for the detection of Tahyna Virus

A real-time RT-PCR （RT-qPCR） assay for the detection of Tahyna virus was developed to monitor Tahyna virus infection in field-collected vector mosquito samples. The targets selected for the assay were S segment sequences encoding the nucleocapsid protein from the Tahyna virus. Primers and probes were selected in conserved regions by aligning genetic sequences from various Tahyna virus strains available from GenBank. The sensitivity of the RT-qPCR approach was compared to that of a standard plaque assay in BHK cells. RT-qPCR assay can detect 4.8 PFU of titrated Tahyna virus. Assay specificities were determined by testing a battery of arboviruses, including representative strains of Tahyna virus and other arthropod-borne viruses from China. Seven strains of Tahyna virus were confirmed as positive; the other seven species of arboviruses could not be detected by RT-qPCR. Additionally, the assay was used to detect Tahyna viral RNA in pooled mosquito samples. The RT-qPCR assay detected Tahyna virus in a sensitive, specific, and rapid manner; these findings support the use of the assay in viral surveillance.

Real-time RT-PCR Assay for the Detection of Culex flavivirus

Based on the Culex flavivirus (CxFV) E gene sequences in GenBank, CxFV-specific primers and probes were designed for real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The specificity test revealed that CxFV could be detected using RT-qPCR with the specific CxFV primers and probes; other species of arboviruses were not detected. The stability test demonstrated a coefficient of variation of <1.5%. A quantitative standard curve for CxFV RT-qPCR was established. Quantitative standard curve analysis revealed that the lower detection limit of the RT-qPCR system is 100 copies/mu L. Moreover, RT-qPCR was used to detect CxFV viral RNA in mosquito pool samples. In conclusion, we established a real-time RT-PCR assay for CxFV detection, and this assay is more sensitive and efficient than general RT-PCR. This technology may be used to monitor changes in the environmental virus levels.

AN INTELLIGENT METHOD FOR REAL-TIME DETECTION OF DDOS ATTACK BASED ON FUZZY LOGIC

The paper puts forward a variance-time plots method based on slide-window mechanism tocalculate the Hurst parameter to detect Distribute Denial of Service(DDoS)attack in real time.Basedon fuzzy logic technology that can adjust itself dynamically under the fuzzy rules,an intelligent DDoSjudgment mechanism is designed.This new method calculates the Hurst parameter quickly and detectsDDoS attack in real time.Through comparing the detecting technologies based on statistics andfeature-packet respectively under different experiments,it is found that the new method can identifythe change of the Hurst parameter resulting from DDoS attack traffic with different intensities,andintelligently judge DDoS attack self-adaptively in real time.

LDA-ID:An LDA-Based Framework for Real-Time Network Intrusion Detection

Network intrusion poses a severe threat to the Internet.However,existing intrusion detection models cannot effectively distinguish different intrusions with high-degree feature overlap.In addition,efficient real-time detection is an urgent problem.To address the two above problems,we propose a Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic model-based framework for real-time network Intrusion Detection(LDA-ID),consisting of static and online LDA-ID.The problem of feature overlap is transformed into static LDA-ID topic number optimization and topic selection.Thus,the detection is based on the latent topic features.To achieve efficient real-time detection,we design an online computing mode for static LDA-ID,in which a parameter iteration method based on momentum is proposed to balance the contribution of prior knowledge and new information.Furthermore,we design two matching mechanisms to accommodate the static and online LDA-ID,respectively.Experimental results on the public NSL-KDD and UNSW-NB15 datasets show that our framework gets higher accuracy than the others.

Development of real-time PCR method for rapid detection and quantification of Heterosigma akashiwo

To rapidly detect the harmful algae H.akashiwo qualitatively and quantitatively, sequences of the 18S rDNA deduced from H.akashiwo were used for designing species-specific primers, and a RFQ-PCR (Real-time Fluorescent Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction) method was developed for quantitative detection of H.akashiwo. Primer H.akashiwo and TaqMan probe were designed, and the specificity of primer was checked with PCR. A calibration curve was constructed with cycle threshold value against visual counted cell number. And the value of the curve was tested with other H.akashiwo samples, which were assayed with both the RFQ-PCR method and visual count under microscope.

Real-Time Front Vehicle Detection Algorithm Based on Local Feature Tracking Method

This paper proposes an algorithm that extracts features of back side of the vehicle and detects the front vehicle in real-time by local feature tracking of vehicle in the continuous images.The features in back side of the vehicle are vertical and horizontal edges,shadow and symmetry.By comparing local features using the fixed window size,the features in the continuous images are tracked.A robust and fast Haarlike mask is used for detecting vertical and horizontal edges,and shadow is extracted by histogram equalization,and the sliding window method is used to compare both side templates of the detected candidates for extracting symmetry.The features for tracking are vertical edges,and histogram is used to compare location of the peak and magnitude of the edges.The method using local feature tracking in the continuous images is more robust for detecting vehicle than the method using single image,and the proposed algorithm is evaluated by continuous images obtained on the expressway and downtown.And it can be performed on real-time through applying it to the embedded system.

Portable FBAR based E-nose for cold chain real-time bananas shelf time detection

Being cheap,nondestructive,and easy to use,gas sensors play important roles in the food industry.However,most gas sensors are suitable more for laboratory-quality fast testing rather than for cold-chain continuous and cumulative testing.Also,an ideal electronic nose(E-nose)in a cold chain should be stable to its surroundings and remain highly accurate and portable.In this work,a portable film bulk acoustic resonator(FBAR)-based E-nose was built for real-time measurement of banana shelf time.The sensor chamber to contain the portable circuit of the E-nose is as small as a smartphone,and by introducing an air-tight FBAR as a reference,the E-nose can avoid most of the drift caused by surroundings.With the help of porous layer by layer(LBL)coating of the FBAR,the sensitivity of the E-nose is 5 ppm to ethylene and 0.5 ppm to isoamyl acetate and isoamyl butyrate,while the detection range is large enough to cover a relative humidity of 0.8.In this regard,the E-nose can easily discriminate between yellow bananas with green necks and entirely yellow bananas while allowing the bananas to maintain their biological activities in their normal storage state,thereby showing the possibility of real-time shelf time detection.This portable FBAR-based E-nose has a large testing scale,high sensitivity,good humidity tolerance,and low frequency drift to its surroundings,thereby meeting the needs of cold-chain usage.

Stream-computing of High Accuracy On-board Real-time Cloud Detection for High Resolution Optical Satellite Imagery

This paper focuses on the time efficiency for machine vision and intelligent photogrammetry, especially high accuracy on-board real-time cloud detection method. With the development of technology, the data acquisition ability is growing continuously and the volume of raw data is increasing explosively. Meanwhile, because of the higher requirement of data accuracy, the computation load is also becoming heavier. This situation makes time efficiency extremely important. Moreover, the cloud cover rate of optical satellite imagery is up to approximately 50%, which is seriously restricting the applications of on-board intelligent photogrammetry services. To meet the on-board cloud detection requirements and offer valid input data to subsequent processing, this paper presents a stream-computing of high accuracy on-board real-time cloud detection solution which follows the “bottom-up” understanding strategy of machine vision and uses multiple embedded GPU with significant potential to be applied on-board. Without external memory, the data parallel pipeline system based on multiple processing modules of this solution could afford the “stream-in, processing, stream-out” real-time stream computing. In experiments, images of GF-2 satellite are used to validate the accuracy and performance of this approach, and the experimental results show that this solution could not only bring up cloud detection accuracy, but also match the on-board real-time processing requirements.

Development of Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Vibrio vulnificus Based on Hemolysin (vvhA) Coding System

Objective To establish a TaqMan real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR to detect Vibrio vulnificus based on the hemolysin gene （vvhA） coding cytolysin. Methods Primers and probes in the conserved region of the vvhA gene sequence were designed for the TaqMan real-time PCR to detect 100 bp amplicon from V. vulnificus DNA. Recombinant plasmid pMD19-vvhA100 was constructed and used as a positive control during the detection. Minimal amplification cycles （Ct value） and fluorescence intensity enhancement （ARn value） were used as observing indexes to optimize the reaction conditions of TaqMan real-time PCR. The TaqMan assay for the detection of Vbirio vulnificus was evaluated in pure culture, mice tissue which artificially contaminated Vibrio vulnificus and clinical samples. Results The established TaqMan real-time PCR showed positive results only for Vibrio vulnificus DNA and pMD19-vvhA100. The standard curve was plotted and the minimum level of the vvhA target from the recombinant plasmid DNA was 103 copies with a Ct value of 37.94±0.19, as the equivalent of 0.01 ng purified genomic DNA of Vibrio vulnificus. The results detected by TaqMan PCR were positive for the 16 clinical samples and all the specimens of peripheral blood and subcutaneous tissue of mice which were infected with Vibrio vulnificus. Conclusion TaqMan real-time PCR is a rapid, effective, and quantitative tool to detect Vibro vulnificus, and can be used in clinical laboratory diagnosis of septicemia and wound infection caused by Vibrio vulnificus.