DISPATCHING REAL-TIME MODEL OF COMPUTER-CONTROLLED TRUCK

In order to recover ore as much as possible, a computer-controlled truck real-time dispatching model is conducted under the conditions of Qidashan lron Mine. It can not only acquire the optimization of shovel and truck operation, but also satisfy requirements of blending ores.The simulation results indicate the effectiveness of the model developed.

Real-time Risk-averse Dispatch of an Integrated Electricity and Natural Gas System via Condi-tional Value-at-risk-based Lookup-table Ap-proximate Dynamic Programming

The real-time risk-averse dispatch problem of an integrated electricity and natural gas system(IEGS)is studied in this paper.It is formulated as a real-time conditional value-at-risk(CVaR)-based risk-averse dis-patch model in the Markov decision process framework.Because of its stochasticity,nonconvexity and nonlinearity,the model is difficult to analyze by traditional algorithms in an acceptable time.To address this non-deterministic polynomial-hard problem,a CVaR-based lookup-table approximate dynamic programming(CVaR-ADP)algo-rithm is proposed,and the risk-averse dispatch problem is decoupled into a series of tractable subproblems.The line pack is used as the state variable to describe the impact of one period’s decision on the future.This facilitates the reduction of load shedding and wind power curtailment.Through the proposed method,real-time decisions can be made according to the current information,while the value functions can be used to overview the whole opti-mization horizon to balance the current cost and future risk loss.Numerical simulations indicate that the pro-posed method can effectively measure and control the risk costs in extreme scenarios.Moreover,the decisions can be made within 10 s,which meets the requirement of the real-time dispatch of an IEGS.Index Terms—Integrated electricity and natural gas system,approximate dynamic programming,real-time dispatch,risk-averse,conditional value-at-risk.

TRUCK DISPATCHING CRITERIA AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Along with the development of automatical truck dispatching in open pits, it is important to es-tablish general-gurpose criteria for truck dispatching optimization. The existing dispatching criteria are briefly introduced and optimal dispatching criteria for different haulage systems are recommended. Obvious economic results have been obtained from case studies applying the recommended dispatching criteria.

基于奖惩阶梯型碳价机制的能源枢纽低碳优化策略

为进一步降低碳排放水平以及源-荷不确定性对系统运行的影响,文中提出一种基于奖惩阶梯型碳价机制和分布式模型预测控制(distributed model predictive control,DMPC)的能源枢纽(energy hub,EH)日前-日内-实时多时间尺度低碳优化调度策略。引入奖惩阶梯型碳价计算方法,构建EH日前低碳优化调度模型,并制定基于DMPC的日内滚动和实时调整的反馈闭环优化策略,降低源-荷预测误差,提高传统模型预测控制(model predictive control,MPC)的求解效率。在日内阶段,构建以阶梯型碳成本、运行成本和储能调整惩罚成本之和最小为目标的日内滚动优化模型;在实时阶段,分解整体优化问题,建立基于DMPC的多智能体实时调整模型。算例结果表明,文中所提策略能够有效提升系统经济效益,降低源-荷不确定性,实现EH的低碳经济、稳定可靠运行。

A retroactive approach to microgrid real-time scheduling in quest of perfect dispatch solution

As an emerging paradigm in distributed power systems,microgrids provide promising solutions to local renewable energy generation and load demand satisfaction.However,the intermittency of renewables and temporal uncertainty in electrical load create great challenges to energy scheduling,especially for small-scale microgrids.Instead of deploying stochastic models to cope with such challenges,this paper presents a retroactive approach to real-time energy scheduling,which is prediction-independent and computationally efficient.Extensive case studies were conducted using 3-year-long real-life system data,and the results of simulations show that the cost difference between the proposed retroactive approach and perfect dispatch is less than 11%on average,which suggests better performance than model predictive control with the cost difference at 30%compared to the perfect dispatch.

Two-stage Correction Strategy-based Real-time Dispatch for Economic Operation of Microgrids

Given the different energy rates of multiple types of power generation units,different operation plans affect the economy of microgrids.Limited by load and power generation forecasting technologies,the economic superiority of day-ahead plans is unable to be fully utilized because of the fluctuation of loads and power sources.In this regard,a two-stage correction strategy-based real-time dispatch method for the economic operation of microgrids is proposed.Based on the optimal day-ahead economic operation plan,unbalanced power is validly allocated in two stages in terms of power increment and current power,which maintains the economy of the day-ahead plan.Further,for operating point offset during real-time correction,a rolling dispatch method is introduced to dynamically update the system operation plan.Finally,the results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Dynamic-decision-based Real-time Dispatch for Reducing Constraint Violations

This paper proposes a dynamic-decision-based realtime dispatch method to coordinate the economic objective with multiple types of security dispatch objectives while reducing constraint violations in the process of adjusting the system operation point to the optimum.In each decision moment,the following tasks are executed in turn:①locally linearizing the system model at the current operation point with the online model identification by using measurements;②narrowing down the gaps between unsatisfied security requirements and their security thresholds in order of priority;③minimizing the generation cost;④minimizing the security indicators within their security thresholds.Compared with the existing real-time dispatch strategies,the proposed method can adjust the deviations caused by unpredictable power flow fluctuations,avoid dispatch bias caused by model parameter errors,and reduce the constraint violations in the dispatch decision process.The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified with the IEEE 39-bus system.

Segmented Real-time Dispatch Model and Stochastic Robust Optimization for Power-gas Integrated Systems with Wind Power Uncertainty

This paper develops a segmented real-time dispatch model for power-gas integrated systems(PGISs), where power-to-gas(P2G) devices and traditional automatic generation control units are cooperated to manage wind power uncertainty. To improve the economics of the real-time dispatch in regard to the current high operation cost of P2Gs, the wind power uncertainty set is divided into several segments, and a segmented linear decision rule is developed, which assigns adjustment tasks differently when wind power uncertainty falls into different segments. Thus, the P2G operation with high costs can be reduced in real-time adjustment. Besides, a novel segmented stochastic robust optimization is proposed to improve the efficiency and robustness of PGIS dispatch under wind power uncertainty, which minimizes the expected cost under the empirical wind power distribution and builds up the security constraints based on the robust optimization. The expected cost is formulated using a Nataf conversion-based multi-point estimate method, and the optimal number of estimate points is determined through sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, a difference-ofconvex optimization with a partial relaxation rule is developed to solve the non-convex dispatch problem in a sequential optimization framework. Numerical simulations in two testing cases validate the effectiveness of the proposed model and solving method.

Coupling real-time simulation of power supply,trains and dispatching for urban rail transit

In order to study the interaction among the traction power supply,the train group and the operation dispatching of urban rail transit,a coupling simulation system of power supply system,trains and dispatching management is constructed.In order to solve the problems of different timescales and difficult cooperation operation for related subsystems,a multi-bus distributed real-time network architecture based on hierarchical management of communication data is established,and simulation management software is developed to facilitate the free expansion of the simulation system.Meanwhile,the track line,train operation and other large timescale subsystems are realized by the pure digital simulation.And the time-sensitive subsystems,such as train traction system,braking system,auxiliary power supply system and network system etc.,are built by the semi-physical simulation.In this article,the system structure and the main implementation principle of each simulation subsystem are given in detail,and the system is tested and verified at the end.The results show that the simulation system can meet the expected requirements.

高比例可再生能源电网功率平衡的实时调度临界时间尺度研究

为了有效发挥实时调度的功率平衡作用,须明晰高比例可再生能源电网实时调度环节应遵守的功率平衡约束,须以功率平衡约束为前提确定实时调度时间尺度。实时调度功率平衡功能的两个约束条件:功率消纳能力以短期调度确定的消纳备用为约束;实时调度时间尺度以自动发电控制(automatic generation control,AGC)的功率调节范围为约束。基于递进衔接的调度控制体系,采用不确定度函数描述间歇式电源发电功率不确定性统计规律,进而提出了高比例可再生能源电网实时调度临界时间尺度的解析公式。解析式给出了实时调度临界时间尺度与间歇式电源功率不确定性、运行占比和AGC功率调节范围三个因素的函数关系,解决了高比例可再生能源电网实时调度时间尺度的量化选取问题。分析和数值计算表明,任何高比例可再生能源电网都对应一个与之适应的实时调度临界时间尺度,都能有效地实现电网的功率平衡目标。

计及源荷不确定性的多时间尺度滚动调度计划模型与方法

考虑风电和负荷预测偏差随时间尺度变化的规律以及分时电价条件下负荷响应偏差,综合表述系统运行的不确定性因素及其影响,提出了一种基于偏差预控的负荷调度模式。为实现风电、慢机、快机以及价格型和激励型需求响应在不同时间尺度上逐级协调优化的潜力,构建了“日前-日内-实时”多时间尺度滚动调度计划模型。算例结果验证了决策模型与求解的有效性,并进一步分析了不确定性因素对调度计划的影响以及多时间尺度经济运行域滚动决策的效果。提高不确定因素的预测精度以提升系统整体运行水平的同时,应充分考虑不确定性偏差随时间尺度的变化规律和不同类型资源的互补特征。在系统可靠运行的前提下,可根据系统运行不确定因素的偏差大小同步滚动生成不同时间尺度的经济运行域,进一步增强系统运行的经济性。

微电网能量管理系统站控层设计

采用BECKHOFF公司的软PLC,通过Ether CAT总线采集风机、光伏、负荷和储能的各路节点信息,站控层对采集的数据进行分析处理发布调度指令,基于多时间尺度策略实现能量管理功能,提高微电网经济性和可控性,同时开发了能量管理系统界面作为远程访问层,提供数据维护、数据分析,展示能量管理效果。

直流网光伏系统多时间尺度调度算法

随着光伏渗透率的增加,从电网经济性和稳定性的角度考量,调度光伏的需求也愈发强烈。然而,传统电网调度都是基于可用容量固定的发电设备,对于光伏的调度则需要考虑实际可用容量不确定性变化带来的影响。目前的调度算法都是将光伏可用容量的不确定性量化为概率函数或可放缩的变量处理,或是用训练后的模型自适应光伏波动,无法实现对光伏功率偏差的准确响应。因此,提出了一种多时间尺度的光伏调度算法,在长时间尺度上,用集中式算法根据最优潮流模型求解网损最小和平均电压最小的光伏调度策略;在短时间尺度上,用分布式一致性算法实现功率偏差在各光伏电源之间的平均分担,以备用功率补足功率偏差。给出了集中式算法的潮流模型及其基于二阶锥松弛的凸优化模型,以及分布式算法的实现原理和伪代码。最后,在标准IEEE-5节点和IEEE-14节点系统上进行了功能验证。