Expression profiles of penaeidin from Fenneropenaeus chinensis in response to WSSV and vibrio infection by real-time PCR

Penaeidin from Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) has proved to be one of the most important antimicrobial peptides in the bodies of animals. The relative quantitative real-time PCR method is developed to study through time, the mRNA expression profile of penaeidin in the muscle and haemocyte tissue of Chinese shrimp infected with vibrio (Vibrio anguillarum) and WSSV (white spot syndrome virus). Research results showed that the same pathogens infection experiments produced similar gene expression profile in different tissues while different expression profiles appeared in the same tissues infected by different exterior pathogens. In vibrio infection experiments, a 'U' like expression profile resulted. Expression levels of penaeidin increased and surpassed the non-stimulated level, indicating that penaeidin from Chinese shrimp has noticeable antimicrobial activities. In WSSV infection experiments, the expression profile appeared as an inverse 'U' with the expression of penaeidin gradually decreasing to below baseline level after 24 h. The expression of antimicrobial peptides gene in mRNA level in response to virus infection in shrimp showed that international mechanisms of virus to haemocytes and microbial to haemocytes are completely different. Decline of penaeidins expression levels may be due to haemocytes being destroyed by WSSV or that the virus can inhibit the expression of penaeidins by yet undiscovered modes. The expression profiles of penaeidin in response to exterior pathogen and the difference of expression profiles between vibrio and WSSV infection provided some clues to further understanding the complex innate immune mechanism in shrimp.

Evaluating the quality consistency of compound Liangmianzhen buccal tablets during accessories replacement by HPLC/UV related with its active profiling and UV dissolution profiles

Compound Liangmianzhen buccal tablet is a drug that exhibits notable effect on cough and diphtheria.Since the accessory has been changed,along with the difficulties in traditional Chinese drug-evaluation,it is imperative to set up a reliable method to evaluate the drug and ensure the quality consistency.First,the content of the Compound Liangmianzhen buccal tablets reflected by fingerprints were evaluated by the comprehensive linearly quantified fingerprint method and systematic quantified fingerprint method,in which thirteen fingerprint peaks was selected and gallic acid was chosen as the reference peak.The results of the two methods showed all batches in grades 1–3 of above good level with the qualitative similarities of Sl and Sm above 0.90,and the quantitative ones of Pl%and Pm%from 80%–120%,indicating all samples far qualified.Second,the measurement of antioxidant effect based on DPPH free radical clearance test has demonstrated the consistency between the old prescription group and the new ones and further dug up the major antioxidant compositions.Third,dissolution profiles at 190 to 400 nm that evaluate the curative effect consistency were evaluated by f2 and the correlation of the dissolution curve.In conclusion,the combination of 3 kinds of analysis methods can comprehensively assess the quality of the traditional Chinese drug and be served as a routine procedure to evaluate the herbal medicine consistency.

Identification of circulating miRNA biomarkers based on global quantitative real-time PCR profiling

MicroRNAs （miRNAs） are small noncoding RNAs （18-25 nucleotides） that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of miRNAs in the blood circulation. Deregulation of miRNAs i n serum or plasma has been associated with many diseases including cancers and cardiovascular diseases, suggesting the possible use of miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers. However, the detection of the small amount of miRNAs found in serum or plasma requires a method with high sensitivity and accuracy. Therefore, the current study describes polymerase chain reaction （PCR）-based methods for measuring circulating miRNAs. Briefly, the procedure involves four major steps： （1） sample collection and preparation; （2） global miRNAs profiling using quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR）; （3） data normalization and analysis; and （4） selection and validation of miRNA biomarkers. In conclusion, qRT-PCR is a promising method for profiling of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers.

HIGH RESOLUTION,REAL-TIME LINE-FIELD FOURIER-DOMAIN INTERFEROMETRY

To increase the application potential in manufacturing process,such as monitoring the processing performance,the profile measurement should be provided in real-time display and with high resolution simultaneously.We propose a line-field Fourier-domain interferometric method(LFI),which combines the line-field microscope with spectral interferometer,for the surface cross-sectional profile measurement with no scan needed.The white light and objectives are employed to offer high axial and lateral resolution,respectively.In our system setup,the measurement could be implemented in real-time display of 10 frame/s,and the resolutions of the LFI system in X;Y,and Z directions are~8μm,~3.2μm,and~1.4μm,respectively.As a demonstration,the cross-sectional profiles of a microfluidic chip are tested.The graphics processing unit is also used to accelerate the reconstruction algorithm to achieve the real-time display of the cross-sectional profiles.

15个厂家布洛芬缓释胶囊仿制药与参比制剂溶出曲线的比较

目的通过比较15个厂家生产的布洛芬缓释胶囊与参比制剂的体外溶出曲线,为其质量一致性评价提供参考。方法以pH1.0盐酸溶液、pH4.0醋酸盐缓冲液、pH6.0磷酸盐缓冲液和pH7.2磷酸盐缓冲液分别作为溶出介质,体积为900 ml,采用篮法,转速为30 r/min,进行释放度考察,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定布洛芬的含量,并计算累积溶出量,绘制溶出曲线,采用差异因子(f_(1))和相似因子(f_(2))法评价溶出曲线的相似性。结果厂家A在pH1.0盐酸溶液和pH4.0醋酸盐缓冲液介质中,与参比制剂相比,f_(1)>15,溶出曲线有差异。其他14个厂家与参比制剂在4种溶出介质中,f_(1)均<15且f_(2)均>50,溶出曲线相似,溶出行为一致。结论厂家A仿制制剂与原研地产化参比制剂在非药典溶出度检查项目规定的溶出介质中存在溶出行为不完全一致的情况,可能与其处方及生产工艺有关,仍需结合具体的生物等效性试验以及其他药学指标进行一致性的全面评估。

达格列净片的制备及体内外评价

目的为达格列净仿制药的研发提供参考。方法制备达格列净片自制制剂,考察自制制剂的崩解时限、溶出曲线。分别选择30名健康受试者开展空腹及餐后生物等效性试验,比较自制制剂与参比制剂的体内药代动力学参数[最大血药浓度(Cmax)、血药浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC0-t和AUC0-∞)],计算上述参数的几何均数比(T/R)的90%置信区间(90%CI),判定2种制剂在人体内是否生物等效。结果自制制剂与参比制剂在4种溶出介质中的溶出量相当,15 min内溶出量均大于85%。空腹和餐后状态下,自制制剂与参比制剂的Cmax,AUC0-t,AUC0-∞的T/R(90%CI)相似,且均在80.00%~125.00%等效区间内。结论达格列净片自制制剂与参比制剂的体内外溶出行为一致,具有生物等效性,可用于大规模生产。

依托考昔片自研制剂处方优选及体外溶出度评价

目的优选依托考昔片自研制剂处方,并评价其体外溶出度。方法以依托考昔片参比制剂(商品名Arcoxia,规格为每片120 mg)为开发目标,采用高效液相色谱法测定制剂中依托考昔含量,计算溶出度,并绘制溶出曲线。以在4种不同介质(pH 1.0盐酸溶液、pH 4.5醋酸盐溶液、pH 6.8磷酸盐溶液、水)中的溶出曲线相似因子(f2)值为评价标准,优选处方中原料药粒径及微晶纤维素SH-101、无水磷酸氢钙、硬脂酸镁(外加)的用量。结果优选pH 4.5醋酸盐溶液为溶出介质。依托考昔片最佳处方为原料药粒径>10~<50μm,微晶纤维素SH-101、无水磷酸氢钙、硬脂酸镁(外加)用量分别为每片125 mg、140 mg、3 mg。最终拟订处方自研制剂以pH4.5醋酸盐溶液、pH 6.8磷酸盐溶液和水为溶出介质的f2值分别为79,68,78,在pH 1.0盐酸溶液中参比制剂和自研制剂15 min的溶出度≥85%。结论确定的依托考昔片自研制剂处方与参比制剂的体外溶出曲线基本一致,可为其生物等效性研究提供参考。

高效液相色谱法测定地氯雷他定口溶膜的溶出度和溶出曲线

目的采用高效液相色谱法测定地氯雷他定口溶膜的溶出度和溶出曲线。方法色谱柱:Agilent C8柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,3.5μm);流动相:乙腈-0.003 mol·L^(-1)的十二烷基硫酸钠水溶液(47∶53);流速1.5 mL·min^(-1);检测波长280 nm;进样量10μL;柱温35℃。采用桨法以0.1 mol·L^(-1)盐酸溶液、pH 4.0醋酸盐缓冲液、0.2 mol·L^(-1)氯化钠水溶液、pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液为溶出介质。结果地氯雷他定在0.6~6.7μg·mL^(-1)与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,回收率在100.0%~100.5%,RSD小于2.0%。地氯雷他定口溶膜在0.1 mol·L^(-1)盐酸溶液和pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液中累计溶出度均在85%以上,并且有较好的均一性。结论该方法简单快速、准确度高且重现性好,可实现快速测定地氯雷他定口溶膜的溶出度和溶出曲线,满足大批量样品质量控制需求。

沙库巴曲缬沙坦钠片体外溶出方法的建立及评价

目的 建立沙库巴曲缬沙坦钠片体外溶出测定方法,并对仿制制剂与参比制剂进行溶出曲线相似性的评价。方法 溶出度试验采用桨法,转速50 r·min^(-1);以0.1 mol·L^(-1)盐酸溶液、pH4.5醋酸盐缓冲液、pH6.8磷酸盐缓冲液、水各900mL为溶出介质;采用高效液相色谱法测定溶出量。结果 建立的体外溶出测定方法专属性、线性、准确度、重复性及精密度良好,供试品溶液室温放置48 h稳定;所有制剂样品在pH4.5醋酸盐缓冲液、pH6.8磷酸盐缓冲液及水中均能完全溶出,30min溶出量均>85%;3批仿制制剂与参比制剂溶出曲线的相似因子(f2)在0.1mol·L^(-1)盐酸溶液、pH4.5醋酸盐缓冲液、pH6.8磷酸盐缓冲液及水中分别为66~92、65~72、58~63及72~79。结论 体外不同生理pH溶出介质中,仿制制剂与参比制剂的溶出曲线相似因子(f2)均大于50,溶出曲线均相似,体外溶出行为一致,可为后续体内生物等效评价提供参考。

醋酸阿比特龙仿制制剂与参比制剂溶出曲线相似度研究

目的建立醋酸阿比特龙片溶出度的测定方法,评价醋酸阿比特龙仿制制剂与参比制剂溶出曲线的相似性。方法采用桨法(转速50 r/min),测定醋酸阿比特龙片仿制制剂(B厂家、C厂家、D厂家,共9批)和参比制剂(A厂家,1批)样品在0.25%十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的水、0.25%SDS的pH 2.0盐酸溶液、0.25%SDS的pH 4.5磷酸盐缓冲液、0.25%SDS的pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液4种溶出介质中的溶出度。采用高效液相色谱法测定9批仿制制剂样品的溶出量,色谱柱为Agilent Eclipse Plus C_(18)柱(100 mm×4.6 mm,3.5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(80∶20,V/V),流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温为50℃,检测波长为254 nm,进样量为10μL;计算累积溶出量,绘制溶出曲线,并采用相似因子(f_(2))法评价溶出曲线的相似性。结果与参比制剂比较,9批仿制制剂样品的体外溶出曲线均具有相似性,f_(2)均大于50。结论所建立的方法适用于醋酸阿比特龙片的溶出度测定,可为其质量标准提高和质量一致性评价提供参考。

氨茶碱片仿制药与参比制剂体外溶出一致性评价研究

目的:建立氨茶碱片溶出测定方法,考察10家国产仿制制剂与参比制剂在4种溶出介质中体外溶出曲线的相似性以及10批参比制剂批间、批内的均一性。方法:采用中国药典溶出度测定法第二法,以pH 1.2缓冲液、pH 4.0缓冲液、pH 6.8缓冲液和水900mL为溶出介质,转速为每分钟50转;采用高效液相色谱法测定各个时间点的溶出量,色谱柱为依利特BDS(5μm,4.5×250 mm),流动相为甲醇-0.12%戊烷磺酸钠溶液(20∶80)(用冰醋酸调节pH值至2.9±0.1),检测波长为254 nm,进样体积为20μL。结果:测定方法的线性、精密度、回收率试验均符合要求,10批参比制剂在5 min时的溶出量均在27%~33%范围内,30min时的累积溶出量均达100%,国产仿制制剂5 min时的溶出量均大于50%,30 min时的累积溶出量均达100%。结论:所建立的方法专属性强,准确度高,可用于氨茶碱片体外溶出曲线的测定;10批参比制剂批间、批内均一性良好,10个厂家的国产仿制制剂在4种溶出介质中均有突释,与参比制剂在体外溶出存在差异。

高效液相色谱法测定乙醇对格列吡嗪控释片体外释放行为的影响

目的采用国家药品监督管理局发布的指导原则对不同企业格列吡嗪控释片仿制制剂及其参比制剂的乙醇剂量倾泻情况进行对比研究。方法采用高效液相色谱法测定格列吡嗪控释片仿制制剂及其参比制剂在不同乙醇浓度中的体外释放行为,绘制溶出曲线,采用溶出相对变化率来评价乙醇对药物释放的增速作用,并通过计算相似因子(f2)评价不同制剂体外释放的相似性。结果随着乙醇浓度的升高,在5%、20%乙醇溶液中仿制制剂与参比制剂的体外释放量几乎无变化,在40%乙醇中释放量均出现了一定的升高,但其相似因子f2均未低于50,与无乙醇的盐酸介质释放特性相似,同时仿制制剂体外释放行为与参比制剂相似。结论仿制制剂符合一致性评价质量标准。0%~40%浓度的乙醇对格列吡嗪控释片的体外释放行为无显著性影响,推测制剂中的亲水性辅料及独特的双层渗透泵结构是消除乙醇剂量倾泻影响的关键因素,对格列吡嗪与酒精饮料同服的合理用药与安全风险预测具有一定的参考价值。

马昔腾坦片处方筛选及生物等效性研究

为了在马昔腾坦片原研处方基础上对关键功能性辅料种类或处方占比进行研究,确保自制制剂与参比制剂质量一致,生物等效性试验顺利通过。文章全面剖析原研处方,设计自制处方,确认关键功能性辅料并对其种类或用量进行考察,以溶出曲线作为关键评价指标,对马昔腾坦片辅料进行考察,进行生物等效性研究,考察自制制剂处方与原研制剂疗效一致性。结果表明经过处方筛选优化后制备的自研制剂和参比制剂体体外溶出相似,体内生物等效。

Editor Profiles: Guest Editors of Special Issue on Enhancement of Dissolution and Oral Bioavailability of Poorly Water-soluble Drugs

Dr. Wei Wu is a professor at the Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. His research interest is in the field of oral drug delivery systems and in vivo fate of drug nanocarriers. He and coworkers invented novel water-quenching ACQ fluorescent dyes to probe the in vivo fate of versatile nanoparticles administered via different routes.

Transcription profiling using RNA-Seq demonstrates expression differences in the body walls of juvenile albino and normal sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus

Sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus are one of the most important aquaculture species in China. Their normal body color is black to fi t their surroundings. Wild albinos are rare and hard to breed. To understand the differences between albino and normal(control) sea cucumbers at the transcriptional level, we sequenced the transcriptomes in their body-wall tissues using RNA-Seq high-throughput sequencing. Approximately 4.876 million(M) and 4.884 M 200-nucleotide-long cDNA reads were produced in the cDNA libraries derived from the body walls of albino and control samples, respectively. A total of 9 561(46.89%) putative genes were identifi ed from among the RNA-Seq reads in both libraries. After fi ltering, 837 signifi cantly differentially regulated genes were identifi ed in the albino library compared with in the control library, and 3.6% of the differentially expressed genes(DEGs) were found to have changed those more than fi ve-fold. The expression levels of 10 DEGs were checked by real-time PCR and the results were in full accord with the RNA-Seq expression trends, although the amplitude of the differences in expression levels was lower in all cases. A series of pathways were signifi cantly enriched for the DEGs. These pathways were closely related to phagocytosis, the complement and coagulation cascades, apoptosis-related diseases, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and cell adhesion. The differences in gene expression and enriched pathways between the albino and control sea cucumbers offer control targets for cultivating excellent albino A. japonicus strains in the future.

Profiling and Comparison of Color Body Wall Transcriptome of Normal Juvenile Sea Cucumber(Apostichopus japonicus) and Those Produced by Crossing Albino

Sea cucumber(Apostichopus japonicus) is one of the most important aquaculture animals in China. Usually its normal body color is black that fits its living environment. The juvenile individuals obtained by crossing albino sea cucumber segregated in body color. To document the transcriptome difference between albino associating sea cucumber and the control, we sequenced their transcriptomes with RNA-seq. Approximately, 4.790 million(M) and 4.884 M reads, 200 nt in length, were generated from the body wall of albino associating sea cucumber and the control, respectively, from them, 9550(46.81%) putative genes were identified. In total, 583 genes were found to express differentially between albino associating sea cucumber and the control. Of these differentially expressed genes(DEGs), 4.8% changed more than five-folds. The expression levels of eight DEGs were confirmed with real-time PCR. The changing trend of these DEGs detected with real-time PCR agreed well with that detected with RNA-seq, although the change degree of some DEGs was different. Four significantly enriched pathways were identified for DEGs, which included phagocytosis, Staphylococcus aureus infection, ECM-receptor interaction and focal adhesion. These pathways were helpful for understanding the physiological difference between albino associating sea cucumber and the control.

吲达帕胺片仿制药及其参比制剂溶出曲线比对评价研究

目的对不同厂家吲达帕胺片仿制药及其参比制剂的溶出曲线进行比对研究。方法采用溶出度测定法和高效液相色谱法测定13家企业吲达帕胺片仿制药及其参比制剂在不同p H溶出介质中的溶出量,并绘制溶出曲线,色谱柱为Agilent Poroshell 120 SB-C18,流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸(45∶55∶0.1),流速1 mL·min^(-1),检测波长为240 nm,柱温为40℃,进样量为5μL。溶出采用桨法,溶出介质体积为900 mL,转速为50 r·min^(-1),分别以水、pH 1.2盐酸溶液、pH 4.0醋酸盐缓冲液、pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液为溶出介质,并通过计算相似因子(f_(2))评价溶出曲线的相似性。结果在不同的溶出介质中,仅个别厂家仿制药与参比制剂的溶出曲线基本相似,多数厂家的仿制药与参比制剂相比均不相似。结论不同厂家生产的吲达帕胺片溶出情况有一定差异,建议有关厂家对影响制剂溶出度的辅料及生产工艺等进行改进,以期进一步提高仿制药的质量。

盐酸羟考酮缓释片体外释药特性研究

目的研究盐酸羟考酮缓释片的体外释药特性。方法采用篮法进行溶出试验,分别测定盐酸羟考酮缓释片在pH 1.2氯化钠盐酸溶液、pH 4.5醋酸盐溶液、pH 6.8磷酸盐溶液介质中的溶出度,并作溶出曲线,对体外溶出曲线进行模型拟合,考察其释放动力学及释药机制;采用往复筒法进行溶出试验,对往复筒的关键设置参数进行考察。测定样品在含不同体积分数(0,5%,20%,40%)乙醇pH 1.2盐酸介质的溶出度,并作溶出曲线,评估剂量倾泻风险。结果盐酸羟考酮缓释片的体外释放呈一级动力学,释药机制为溶蚀与扩散相结合;往复频率与溶出速率呈正相关,筛网规格在20~40目之间对溶出行为的影响较小。且乙醇不会导致剂量倾泻。结论本研究中分别建立了篮法及往复筒法测定盐酸羟考酮缓释片体外溶出度,可为体外溶出评价提供更多的评估手段。并建立了体外溶出曲线模型拟合及乙醇剂量倾泻实验方法,为了解该药体外释放规律及行为提供了更多参考。

盐酸达泊西汀片的体外溶出曲线相似性评价

目的采用相似因子(ƒ2)法,考察自制的盐酸达泊西汀片与原研片的体外溶出曲线,并进行体外溶出行为相似性评价。方法采用浆法,转速为50 r/min,介质体积为900 ml,溶出介质分别为pH 1.0盐酸溶液、pH 4.5醋酸盐缓冲液、pH 5.5醋酸盐缓冲液、pH 5.8磷酸盐缓冲液、pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液和水,紫外分光光度法测定累积溶出度,绘制体外溶出曲线,并评价在6种介质中自制片与原研片的溶出曲线相似性。结果自制盐酸达泊西汀片与原研片的ƒ2因子值分别为69.9、67.5、67.9、68.9、68.3、67.0,结果均大于50。结论在6种溶出介质中自制盐酸达泊西汀片的溶出曲线相似。

国产与原研复方缬沙坦氨氯地平片质量对比研究

目的通过测定国产与原研复方缬沙坦氨氯地平片的硬度、崩解时限、溶出度以及体外溶出曲线,评估国产与原研制剂的质量。方法2020年10月至2022年2月,分别测定国产与原研复方缬沙坦氨氯地平片的硬度、崩解时限、溶出度,并采用f2相似因子法比较了两种制剂分别在pH 1.2盐酸溶液、pH 4.5醋酸盐缓冲液和pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液中的溶出相似性。结果国产与原研复方缬沙坦氨氯地平片的硬度略有差异,崩解时限基本一致,在pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液30 min内缬沙坦和氨氯地平的溶出度均达到80%以上;两种制剂在三种溶出介质中的溶出曲线的f2相似因子值均大于80,体外溶出相似性较高。结论国产与原研复方缬沙坦氨氯地平片在三种溶出介质中的溶出相似性较好,可为复方缬沙坦氨氯地平片的质量一致性评价提供参考。