A Real-time Lithological Identification Method based on SMOTE-Tomek and ICSA Optimization

In petroleum engineering,real-time lithology identification is very important for reservoir evaluation,drilling decisions and petroleum geological exploration.A lithology identification method while drilling based on machine learning and mud logging data is studied in this paper.This method can effectively utilize downhole parameters collected in real-time during drilling,to identify lithology in real-time and provide a reference for optimization of drilling parameters.Given the imbalance of lithology samples,the synthetic minority over-sampling technique(SMOTE)and Tomek link were used to balance the sample number of five lithologies.Meanwhile,this paper introduces Tent map,random opposition-based learning and dynamic perceived probability to the original crow search algorithm(CSA),and establishes an improved crow search algorithm(ICSA).In this paper,ICSA is used to optimize the hyperparameter combination of random forest(RF),extremely random trees(ET),extreme gradient boosting(XGB),and light gradient boosting machine(LGBM)models.In addition,this study combines the recognition advantages of the four models.The accuracy of lithology identification by the weighted average probability model reaches 0.877.The study of this paper realizes high-precision real-time lithology identification method,which can provide lithology reference for the drilling process.

The Effect of the Sinking of Isotope Grains in Water Injection Profile Logging

In the process of oil field exploitation, radioactive isotope tracer water injection profile logging is a main method to determine the water-intake capacity of the target intervals. For those general water injection wells, whose perforated intervals are beyond the tubing shoe, the sinking speed of isotope grains is related to the density and salinity of the injection water and the tubing dimension. We studied the motion of the isotope grains in the water injection wells by both theoretical calculation and field experiment. The result shows that if the water injection quantity is over 20 m＆3/d, and the density of the isotope grains, whose diameter is 100-600 μm, is 1.06 g/cm^3, then the logging technique for this kind of water injection wells will be appropriate. Whether water injection profile logging is successful in the well, whose perforated intervals are beyond the tubing shoe, depends on the sinking speed of the tracer grains.

Study of real-time LWD data visual interpretation and geo-steering technology

LWD（logging while drilling） data has been used to explore complex subtle reservoirs by realtime visual interpretation and geo-steering.The method comprises of computer communication,well log data processing,formation recognition,reservoir modeling and model updating in real time.We studied the key technologies related to real-time LWD data visual interpretation and geo-steering and developed computer software with Chinese intellectual property rights covering the following important aspects： 1） real-time computer communication of well site LWD data;2） visualization of geological model and borehole information;3） real-time interpretation of LWD data;4） real-time geological model updating and geo-steering technology.We use field application examples to demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed technologies.

The progress of technology and application of isotopic neutron-source well logging in China

Isotopic neutron-source logging plays a great role in oil field exploration and development.Several isotopic neutron logging methods which detect gamma ray and neutron are summarized.It's introduced that the isotopic neutron logging tool import,independently develop,numerical simulate,data process and apply in China.Therefore,the prospect of neutron logging technology in future was pointed out.

An Efficient Crash Recovery Technique for Real-Time Main Memory Database

This paper presents an efficient recovery scheme suitable for real-time mainmemory database. In the recovery scheme, log records are stored in non-volatile RAM which is dividedinto four different partitions based on transaction types. Similarly, a main memory database isdivided into four partitions based data types. When the using ratio of log store area exceeds thethreshold value, checkpoint procedure is triggered. During executing checkpoint procedure, someuseless log records are deleted. During restart recovery after a crash, partition reloading policyis adopted to assure that critical data are reloaded and restored in advance, so that the databasesystem can be brought up before the entire database is reloaded into main memory. Therefore downtime is obvionsly reduced. Simulation experiments show our recovery scheme obviously improves thesystem performance, and does a favor to meet the dtadlints of real-time transactions.

A dynamic crash recovery scheme for distributed real-time database systems

Recovery performance in the event of failures is very important for distributed real-time database systems. This paper presents a time-cognizant logging-based crash recovery scheme （TCLCRS） that aims at distributed real-time databases, which adopts a main memory database as its ground support. In our scheme, each site maintains a real-time log for local transactions and the subtransactions, which execute at the site, and execte local checkpointing independently. Log records are stored in non-volatile high- speed store, which is divided into four different partitions based on transaction classes. During restart recovery after a site crash, partitioned crash recovery strategy is adopted to ensure that the site can be brought up before the entire local secondary database is reloaded in main memory. The partitioned crash recovery strategy not only guarantees the internal consistency to be recovered, but also guarantee the temporal consistency and recovery of the sates of physical world influenced by uncommitted transactions. Combined with two- phase commit protocol, TCLCRS can guarantee failure atomicity of distributed real-time transactions.

油田监测用密度可控同位素示踪微球的制备及应用

制备了用于油田监测的同位素示踪微球,分析了微球的形貌、抗压强度、热性能、耐溶剂性和加工性能,揭示了微球与同位素产率及加工性能的构效关系,提出了示踪微球密度计算方法。结果表明:示踪微球表面形貌主要为致密和松散两种,抗压强度的影响因素主要为黏合剂种类与加料方式;采用不同黏合剂制备的微球耐溶剂性差别较大,采用酚醛胺和聚酰胺制备的示踪微球抗压强度较高,耐热性较好;采用炭粉为原料获得的同位素产率较高;微球密度的调控可以通过一个经验系数来计算。

多组分碳同位素录井在天然气勘探中的应用——以琼东南盆地BD21地区为例

为了了解琼东南盆地深海油气田天然气的成藏特征,对琼东南盆地天然气井进行了连续多组分碳同位素测量。通过对一口重点井连续碳同位素剖面测量及与周边井重点层段碳同位素值对比分析,探讨了该井天然气的成因类型与气源。结果表明:研究区三亚组一段以上为干气,以生物气和亚生物气为主,三亚组二段之下为湿气,为热成因气,主要是伴生气;BD21-1区块天然气存在两种来源,即始新统高熟油型气和特殊成因的低熟崖城组来源气。研究表明,多组分碳同位素录井技术可用于研究天然气的成因类型、气源及成熟度。

影响同位素吸水剖面原始曲线质量的主控因素分析

同位素吸水剖面在油田开发中扮演着重要的角色,对于优化油田开发策略、保持油田稳定生产和提高开采效率等都具有重要的作用,对于油田或者区块的注水井开发状况及开发形势进行综合评价,从而为油田的进一步开发和生产提供决策依据。针对同位素测井工艺现状,从测井速度、管柱、井内异物、注水压力、扰动现象等方面对原始曲线进行深入研究,着重分析了同位素吸水剖面测井解释过程中的疑点和难点,提高了对资料的认识程度,能很好指导解释实践。

录井现场碳同位素自动进样系统的研制与应用

碳同位素录井可用于研究地下油气中碳同位素的组成和分布,进行油气成熟度判定和甜点识别。当前主要使用同位素质谱和同位素光谱进行手动注样的离线检测,由于其时效低、精度无法得到保障,不能满足实时录井需求。为此开发出一套自动进样系统,能够实时在线进行地层气甲烷、乙烷和丙烷碳同位素检测。该系统可与综合录井仪进行通信,将读取的实时地层气测数据传至碳同位素分析仪,依据气测浓度进行匹配稀释操作,配合后端碳同位素分析仪的色谱控制和光谱检测单元,完成全自动实时碳同位素测量,从而提高现场碳同位素录井分析速度和测量精度,降低现场人员劳动强度,为油气显示识别和地质断层识别提供有效的技术支撑。

河北省宣化东部煤系地层综合气含气性评价

通过对河北省宣化东部施工的ZY 1井的地层岩性发育特征、气测录井、含气量测定以及等温吸附试验、气体组分及甲烷碳同位素测试数据分析,对该区煤系地层综合气含气性进行评价,最终证实:该区青白口系下马岭组、中-下侏罗统下花园组地层中发育多段垂向空间叠置特征明显的暗色泥页岩、煤、致密砂岩沉积地层;气测录井发现气测异常层8层,均存在于下花园组地层中;含气量测定数据显示泥页岩层总含气量介于1.10~8.30 m^(3)/t之间,平均值3.60 m^(3)/t,煤层总含气量介于2.78~14.80 m^(3)/t之间,平均值7.17 m^(3)/t;等温吸附实验显示泥页岩兰氏体积介于3.33~6.49 cm^(3)/g之间,平均值4.78 cm^(3)/g,煤层兰氏体积介于12.29~21.67 cm^(3)/g之间,平均值17.75 cm^(3)/g;气体化学组分以甲烷为主,平均值91.27%。通过分析气体甲烷碳同位素测试数据认为,该区气成因复杂,热成因、生物成因、次生热成因均存在。综合分析,该区具有较大的煤系地层综合气资源勘探潜力。

Isologger气体同位素录井仪

虽然近年来国内外逐渐重视稳定碳同位素地球化学分析在油气勘探开发现场的应用,但是国内在用的气体同位素录井仪无法在录井过程中提供甲烷同位素数据以外的其他烷烃同位素数据,这样就不能根据碳稳定同位素"反序"特征进行页岩气"甜点"预测及相关地质分析。为了推动国内气体同位素录井仪器研发进展,介绍了英国CSS(Compact Science Systems)公司研发的、能够在线分析C1-C5同位素数据的Isologger气体同位素录井仪的结构组成、原理及性能特点;其由稳定同位素比率质谱仪(IRMS)、气相色谱和燃烧炉组合单元组成。重点分析了利用该同位素录井仪提供的碳稳定同位素数据进行页岩气"甜点"预测的甲、乙烷同位素组成的"反序"特征法和用于天然气、页岩气及天然气水合物成因分析的伯纳德图板法;提出气体同位素录井的取样方法、参数检测数量、软件解释及仪器稳定性应作为国内研发的重点。

Isologger钻井液同位素录井仪组成及应用

钻井液气体同位素录井（MOIL）是一门新兴的录井技术。国内传统的同位素分析通常为离线分析，时间成本和资金成本较高；而中法渤海地质服务公司在同位素录井服务中使用的Geoisotope在线同位素录井仪虽然实现了同位素数据的在线测量，但仅能提供甲烷的同位素数据，并且尺寸较大，数据易受外界因素影响。英国CSS公司研制的Isologger钻井液同位素录井仪，采用了稳定同位素比率质谱仪（Isotope—ratio mass spectrometry，简称“IRMS”），该设备具有体积小、测量精度高、受外界影响较小的特点；合理地引入了气相色谱分离单元，使得Isologger能够通过在线分析得出C1-C5的同位素数据，丰富了采集的同位素数据信息。该仪器以多组分的同位素数据为基础，可在现场进行井下油气层分析、烃类成熟度分析等工作，极大地提高了录井工作的指导地位。同位素录井在深海、非常规油气层、高温高压含硫地层等区域有着很好的应用前景。

CIFLOG平台下开发的吉林同位素测井处理解释模块

为了提升中国测井技术水平,摆脱对国外测井软件的依赖,提高自主创新能力,国家油气重大专项将新一代测井软件CIFLog确立为首先研发的十大关键技术装备中唯一的大型软件装备。项目组采用国际最前端编程手段,实现了众多先进数据处理和解释评价方法的优势集成和创新发展,开发出拥有完全自主知识产权的新一代测井软件CIFLog。吸水面积模块是利用java编写的,挂接到CIFLog平台上,实现了注入剖面的全部算法和功能。

同位素录井在油气勘探开发中的应用——以Geolog科威特同位素录井项目为例

科威特Burgan油田侏罗纪深井高温高压高含硫,导致钻井、测井和测试作业难以实施。为对储集层油气进行精确解释评价,Geolog公司在科威特油田引入了同位素录井服务,通过GeoIsotopes设备在线获取碳同位素资料,并结合甲烷碳同位素比值标准解释图板、Bernard图板、Schoell分类交叉图、Chung图及Whiticar图板对该油田深井的油气类型、来源、运移、成熟度进行分析,为该油田复杂井的油气解释评价提供了重要的数据支持。

油田测井中同位素示踪技术的应用

为有效克服传统技术的局限性,提高油田测井精度,结合某油田的实际情况,提出了一种特殊同位素示踪技术,选择了几个典型油井进行定向油田测井。实验结果表明,该技术的引入可进一步提高油井注入剖面数据质量和精度,为后续油田开发调整提供有利的动态监测依据。

同心双管注入剖面测井技术在长庆油田的应用

同心双管分层注水工艺已成为长庆油田高效注水的手段之一,但特殊的双层管柱结构给注入剖面测井带来诸多困难。为解决同心双层管柱结构注入剖面测试方法的实施难题,围绕管柱结构特点开展方法适应性分析。通过改进部分测试工艺,开展了同位素示踪技术、噪声测井技术、井温测井技术在同心双管中的注入剖面测井研究,并在井温测井中使用了分布式光纤温度测井新技术进行试验探索。测井结果表明,同位素示踪注入剖面测井技术、噪声注入剖面测井技术、井温注入剖面测井技术可以对同心双管注入情况进行有效评价,但测试效果受诸多因素的影响,而分布式光纤温度测井技术具备较好的应用前景。

黔北正安地区五峰组–龙马溪组页岩气随钻C同位素特征及地质意义

C同位素分析已应用于钻探现场,可以实时连续监测随钻泥浆气及岩屑罐顶气C同位素值的变化情况,分析页岩气富集规律与勘探潜力。黔北正安地区3个平台(Ay1、Ay2、Ay4)随钻泥浆气与岩屑罐顶气的C同位素结果显示,泥浆气纵向上从石牛栏组至五峰组的C同位素总体由重变轻,C同位素倒转主要出现在龙马溪组,C同位素从S_(1)l^(4)→S_(1)l^(2)→O3w先变重后变轻,S_(1)l^(2)的C同位素倒转程度明显。根据岩屑罐顶气C同位素分馏特征将五峰组–新滩组划分为5段,第2、3段C同位素分馏程度均匀且较高(2.51‰~4.59‰,平均3.60‰),放气量及气测值具有相应的响应特征;第2段(S_(1)l^(1)~S_(1)l^(2))中上部响应特征更明显,具备良好的孔隙度及含气性。龙马溪组δ^(13)C_(1)主要分布在−36‰~−32‰之间,平均−33.47‰,δ^(13)C_(2)主要分布在−38‰~−34‰之间,平均−35.58‰,δ_(13)C_(1)和δ^(13)C_(2)的倒转主要开始于S_(1)l^(3),龙马溪组页岩气主要由原油裂解气贡献。各平台间湿度存在差异(Ay1平台>Ay2平台>Ay4平台),反映了不同构造位置热演化程度的差异,五峰组–龙马溪组的热演化程度高于威远地区,低于焦石坝及长宁地区,与富顺–永川、南川地区相近。通过C同位素分馏特征、放气量及孔隙压力指数结合储层评价相关参数,对Ay1-X井五峰组–龙马溪组纵向上甜点划分3类,进一步确定了龙马溪组最优甜点段为龙马溪组底部3.2 m,具有岩屑罐顶气C同位素重、分馏程度高、生烃能力强、总含气量高、可压裂性好、有机孔发育、空隙压力指数大等特点,为黔北正安地区五峰组–龙马溪组箱体选择提供了理论依据。

碳同位素录井技术在胜利油区页岩油评价中的应用——以渤南洼陷YYP 1井为例

页岩油目前已成为国内外油气勘探开发的重要领域,为了探索碳同位素录井新技术在页岩油评价中的作用,选取渤南洼陷页岩油井YYP 1井开展碳同位素录井工作。基于系统的碳同位素录井数据,详细分析了沿井身轨迹的碳同位素变化特征及其代表的地质意义,利用钻井液气碳同位素研究了页岩油气的成因及成熟度等油气地球化学问题,通过不同时间序列下岩屑罐顶气碳同位素分馏变化特征,及与钻井液气碳同位素之间的分馏特征,结合气测变化对页岩油“甜点”类型进行评价,为压裂分段分簇方案的制定提供有力的技术支撑。

大庆油田注入剖面测井技术研究进展

针对大庆油田持续开发给注水剖面测井带来的新问题,采用新工艺制造了适用于低注入量井的注入剖面测井;开发了5参数组合测井仪,用管内流量、静态井温、流动井温与放射性同位素示踪资料综合解释,提高了资料的准确性和可靠性;新研制的高可靠性脉冲氧活化测井仪和新开发的示踪相关流量测井技术能基本满足对注聚合物井进行注入剖面测井的需要。大庆油田现已规模应用了注入剖面测井新技术,并总结出了优选应用方法。