Strategies on Sample Size Determination and Qualitative and Quantitative Traits Integration to Construct Core Collection of Rice (Oryza sativa)

The development of a core collection could enhance the utilization of germplasm collections in crop improvement programs and simplify their management. Selection of an appropriate sampling strategy is an important prerequisite to construct a core collection with appropriate size in order to adequately represent the genetic spectrum and maximally capture the genetic diversity in available crop collections. The present study was initiated to construct nested core collections to determine the appropriate sample size to represent the genetic diversity of rice landrace collection based on 15 quantitative traits and 34 qualitative traits of 2 262 rice accessions. The results showed that 50-225 nested core collections, whose sampling rate was 2.2%-9.9%, were sufficient to maintain the maximum genetic diversity of the initial collections. Of these, 150 accessions （6.6%） could capture the maximal genetic diversity of the initial collection. Three data types, i.e. qualitative traits （QT1）, quantitative traits （QT2） and integrated qualitative and quantitative traits （QTT）, were compared for their efficiency in constructing core collections based on the weighted pair-group average method combined with stepwise clustering and preferred sampling on adjusted Euclidean distances. Every combining scheme constructed eight rice core collections （225, 200, 175, 150, 125, 100, 75 and 50）. The results showed that the QTT data was the best in constructing a core collection as indicated by the genetic diversity of core collections. A core collection constructed only on the information of QT1 could not represent the initial collection effectively. QTT should be used together to construct a productive core collection.

A New High-throughput Real-time PCR Assay for the Screening of Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Broiler Fecal Samples from China

Objective Antimicrobial resistance(AMR)has become a global concern and is especially severe in China.To effectively and reliably provide AMR data,we developed a new high-throughput real-time PCR assay based on microfluidic dynamic technology,and screened multiple AMR genes in broiler fecal samples.Methods A high-throughput real-time PCR system with an new designed integrated fluidic circuit assay were performed AMR gene detection.A total of 273 broiler fecal samples collected from two geographically separated farms were screened AMR genes.Results The new assay with limits of detection ranging from 40.9 to 8,000 copies/reaction.The sensitivity rate,specificity rate,positive predictive value,negative predictive value and correct indices were 99.30%,98.08%,95.31%,99.79%,and 0.9755,respectively.Utilizing this assay,we demonstrate that AMR genes are widely spread,with positive detection rates ranging from 0 to 97.07%in 273 broiler fecal samples.bla CTX-M,bla TEM,mcr-1,fex A,cfr,optr A,and int I1 showed over 80%prevalence.The dissemination of AMR genes was distinct between the two farms.Conclusions We successfully established a new high-throughput real-time PCR assay applicable to AMR gene surveillance from fecal samples.The widespread existence of AMR genes detected in broiler farms highlights the current and severe problem of AMR.

Web-based GIS System for Real-time Field Data Collection Using Personal Mobile Phone

Recently, use of mobile communicational devices in field data collection is increasing such as smart phones and cellular phones due to emergence of embedded Global Position System GPS and Wi-Fi Internet access. Accurate timely and handy field data collection is required for disaster management and emergency quick responses. In this article, we introduce web-based GIS system to collect the field data by personal mobile phone through Post Office Protocol POP3 mail server. The main objective of this work is to demonstrate real-time field data collection method to the students using their mobile phone to collect field data by timely and handy manners, either individual or group survey in local or global scale research.

Samples of the Collection of Old Medicine Raw Materials of the Department of Pharmacognosy of St.Petersburg Chemical Pharmaceutical University,Which Can Be Used in Food

In the world there are many collections of the pharmaceutical trend.In America,the exhibits of this profile are in the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History in Washington,in Europe these are collections of pharmacy museums in Heidelberg(Germany),Krakow and Warsaw(Poland),Basel(Switzerland),Riga(Latvia),and others.Some of them have many thousands of exhibits.There are also separate collections of pharmaceutical items for educational institutions,for example,a collection of old medicinal raw materials in Vigan’s Cabinet,Queen College,Cambridge(Great Britain).All these meetings,however,have long been known and described in detail.Most of them do not have a strict orientation and are presented,along with old medicinal raw materials,as well as tools and appliances,dishes,books,herbaria and various auxiliary items.All the more interesting is the collection indicated in the title of the article,which arose literally from non-existence.She was transferred to the educational institution at its creation,and this year she,like him,turns a hundred years old.It has a strict focus and is represented almost exclusively by medicinal raw materials.Studying the samples of this old collection,as a whole of medical profile,makes it possible to understand that many plants,which initially had only food use,gradually became pharmaceutical objects.Probably,it was the long practice of food use,with the fixing of associated pharmacological effects in the memory,that became the reason for choosing certain types of raw materials as medicinal.Ordinary foods,protein and starchy,began to be perceived as strengthening,mucous—as enveloping and anti-ulcer,some fruits and herbs—as antiscorbutic,sharp—as appetizing and improving the work of the stomach,and so on.

Method of Constructing Core Collection for Malus sieversii in Xinjiang,China Using Molecular Markers

The method for constructing core collection ofMalus sieversii based on molecular marker data was proposed. According to 128 SSR allele of 109 M. sieversii, an allele preferred sampling strategy was used to construct M. sieversii core collection, using the UPGMA （unweighted pair-group average method） cluster method according to Nei ＆ Li, SM, and Jaccard genetic distances, by stepwise clustering, and compared with the random sampling strategy. The number of lost allele and t-test of Nei＇s gene diversity and Shannon＇s information index were used to evaluate the representative core collections. The results showed that compared with the random sampling strategy, allele preferred sampling strategy could construct more representative core collections. SM, difference for construction of M. sieversii core collection. Jaccard, and Nei ＆ Li genetic distances had no significant SRAP （sequence-related amplified polymorphism） data and morphological data showed that allele preferred sampling strategy was a good sampling strategy for constructing core collection of M. sieversii. Allele preferred sampling strategy combined with SM, Jaccard, and Nei ＆ Li genetic distances using stepwise clustering was the suitable method for constructing M. sieversii core collection.

Guidelines for Collection of Biological Samples for Clinical and Forensic Toxicological Analysis

This article aims to review general procedures for sampling of routinely collected as well as on alternative samples that may provide additional information regarding intoxication.These approaches may be applied whenever sample collection for clinical and forensic toxicology is required and should be considered as general guidelines that must be adapted to each specific case.It is expected that this article will help toxicologists and other forensic experts to accomplish their mission,since the toxicological result is first influenced by the quality and quantity of the sample available for analysis.These guidelines were approved by the European Council of Legal Medicine.

Sample Collection,DNA Extraction,and Library Construction Protocols of the Human Microbiome Studies in the International Human Phenome Project

The human microbiome plays a crucial role in human health.In the past decade,advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies and analytical software have significantly improved our knowledge of the human microbiome.However,most studies concerning the human microbiome did not provide repeatable protocols to guide the sample collection,handling,and processing procedures,which impedes obtaining valid and timely microbial taxonomic and functional results.This protocol provides detailed operation methods of human microbial sample collection,DNA extraction,and library construction for both the amplicon sequencing-based measurements of the microbial samples from the human nasal cavity,oral cavity,and skin,as well as the shotgun metagenomic sequencing-based measurements of the human stool samples among adult par-ticipants.This study intends to develop practical procedure standards to improve the reproducibility of microbiota profiling of human samples.

Identification of Colored Dyes that are Resistant to Fading on Exposure to Ethylene Oxide;Use with Indicating FTA™Sample Collection Cards

Regulatory Standards and Forensic Communities are expressing an expectation for HID products to be certified as“DNA‑free.”Recently,“DNA‑free”status was described for HID‑related products using ethylene oxide(EtO);this gas reduces the presence of amplifiable DNA and causes minimal interference to downstream HID‑analytical methods.During sample collection,indicating cards,for example,Indicating FTA™(GE Healthcare Life Sciences,UK),are used to collect and store buccal cell DNA.These cards contain a dye which changes color on application of a colorless sample.Generating“DNA‑free”indicating cards using EtO should not impact the dyes’ability to indicate sample location or the efficacy of the card in downstream HID‑analytical methods.This study was initiated to identify alternative dyes to those currently used with sample indicating collection cards.The most promising,dyes when applied to cellulose papers exhibited a uniform color distribution and excellent sample indicating properties even when mixed with chemicals associated with FTA™.When dyed cellulose papers were exposed to EtO,ultraviolet radiation,elevated temperature,and humidity,negligible fading or discoloration was observed.The presence of these dyes on cellulose papers did not interfere with direct short tandem repeat(STR)profiling.Allelic concordance,first pass success rate,and mean peak heights were comparable to samples applied to Indicating FTA.Biological samples applied to EtO‑treated dyed cellulose papers and stored>1 month produced full STR profiles of sufficient quality to allow submission to DNA databases,confirming negligible interference from EtO treatment.These alternative sample indicating dyes resist EtO‑mediated fading while fulfilling the Forensic Community’s expectation for“DNA‑free”with negligible impact on collection card performance.

载人月球探测科学研究发展概述与趋势分析

月球是具有重要科学价值与战略价值的自然天体,开展载人月球探测,实现中国人首次登陆地外天体,将成为航天强国建设的重要标志。在载人月球探测过程中,可利用月球特殊条件及资源,开展有人参与的科学研究活动,获取月球科学、月基科学和月球资源利用等方面的研究成果。首先回顾了阿波罗计划、阿尔忒弥斯计划、嫦娥工程等月球探测任务,针对其中的科学研究任务实施情况及关键成果进行了总结,并分析了后续载人月球科学任务发展趋势。在此基础上,对人类在开展未来载人月球探测任务过程中重点部署的方向提出了建议,涉及月球样品采集、月球科学探测,以及月球原位资源利用等方面。对载人月球探测科学研究发展趋势的分析及建议,可为未来载人登月相关论证设计提供参考。

炼钢脱硫铁样检测快分系统改造设计与实现方法

为满足炼钢满负荷的生产节奏,中南股份RH炉脱硫铁样检测采用机器人快分系统,解决人工操作铣样、试样信息人工录入、试样结果人工判断以及铣床测温冷却功能、分析系统数据管理功能不足的技术问题。文章从研究现状、实施方案着手,分析了脱硫铁样检测分析控制工艺流程和数据采集结构、发送格式方法,实现了RH炉脱硫铁样快速分析、检测结果及时上传生产制造系统,满足了炼钢生产管理需要。RH炉脱硫铁样检测技术在钢铁冶金行业投入使用,提高制造业智慧制造生产过程中技术运用水平,增强企业竞争力。

基于表型性状分析构建冀北地区马铃薯核心种质

为合理利用和更好保存马铃薯种质资源,本研究以冀北地区保存的502份马铃薯种质资源为材料,调查了26个表型性状,以不同块茎肉色进行分组,设置简单比例、对数比例、平方根比例和多样性比例4种取样方法,5%、10%、15%、20%、25%和30%共6种取样比例,利用2种遗传距离(欧氏距离和马氏距离)和4种聚类方法(类平均法、最长距离法、最短距离法、离差平方和法),探讨最佳取样策略,抽选核心种质。利用遗传多样性特征值、t检验、评价参数和系统聚类等方法对核心种质的表型性状进行评价,以及利用主成分分析对核心种质进行确认。结果表明,平方根比例法能够使核心种质更具代表性,20%为最佳取样比例,欧氏距离优于马氏距离,最优聚类方法为最短距离法,最终抽提出100份马铃薯核心种质,占全部种质的19.92%;核心种质的评价和主成份分析结果表明100份核心种质消除了大部分遗传冗余,保留了所有样本的遗传多样性,具有良好的代表性。本研究为马铃薯种质资源的有效利用和种质创新提供了重要的理论依据和实践基础。

尿液样品量自动检测及收集装置的设计

目的:针对传统尿常规检测存在的问题,设计一种尿液样品量自动检测及收集装置。方法:该装置主要由主控系统、检测系统、提示系统和抓取及移动系统组成。主控系统由2个STM32单片机和复位开关组成;检测系统由称重模块、红外模块以及指示灯组成,其尿液样品量自动检测算法采用Keil5平台开发;提示系统由固定于箱体背板的语音模块实现语音播报;抓取及移动系统由导轨驱动电动机、光电开关以及电动夹爪组成,其中导轨驱动电动机采用86CM型步进电动机。结果:该装置检测尿液样品是否合格的准确率高达99.44%,且能将合格的样品自动快速收集于试管托架中。结论:该装置能够实现对尿液样品量的自动检测和合格样品的自动收集,可以有效提高检测的精准性及检测效率。

基于表型性状的酸枣核心种质构建

为更好地保存和研究酸枣种质,提高利用效率,以211份酸枣种质为试材,基于表型性状数据,在25%取样比例下,对所有种质进行逐步系统聚类,从遗传距离方法、取样方法、聚类方法和取样比例4个方面探讨酸枣核心种质的最佳取样策略。根据最佳取样策略和3种分组取样方法进行分组取样,并与不分组取样进行比较。结果表明:基于25%取样比例,采用优先取样法、欧氏距离法和可变类平均法构建核心种质效果最佳;在最佳构建策略下筛选总体取样比例,结果表明最佳总体取样比例为25%;不分组取样构建的核心种质Pcore的方差差异百分率(VD)、变异系数变化率(VR)和极差符合率(CR)高于分组取样构建的核心种质Core-L,构建效果更好;定性描述性状保留比例、t检验、符合率检验、主成分分析和样品三维分布图表明构建的核心种质能够消除遗传冗余,能够代表原始种质。基于表型性状筛选出的最佳构建策略为“欧氏距离+可变类平均法+优先取样法+25%取样比例”,经过补充完善,最终得到58份核心种质,具有较高的代表性。本研究成功构建了能够代表原始酸枣种质表型遗传多样性的核心种质,有助于科学、有效地收集和保存酸枣种质资源,为深入挖掘和利用酸枣种质资源提供了科学依据,同时也为选育酸枣良种奠定基础。

优质护理服务在门诊采血工作中的应用效果分析

目的:分析优质护理服务在门诊采血工作中的应用效果。方法:选取2022年12月—2023年6月于遵义市第一人民医院门诊采血的500例患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为两组,各250例。对照组实施常规护理,研究组实施优质护理服务。比较两组采血成功率、样本合格率、护患纠纷发生率、穿刺疼痛程度、护理满意度。结果:两组采血成功率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);研究组样本合格率高于对照组,护患纠纷发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组穿刺疼痛程度轻于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。研究组护理总满意度高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论:优质护理服务在门诊采血工作中的应用效果显著,能够提高样本合格率,减少护患纠纷,减轻穿刺疼痛,患者护理满意度高。

基于单片机技术的无人船湿地环境监测系统设计

针对当前湿地环境监测工作耗时耗力、安全系数低、成本高和采样难度大的问题,提出基于STC89C52RC和HC-12的无人船湿地环境监测系统。系统以STC89C52RC单片机为主控单元,使用便携式移动电源供电,通过导线连接由nRF905无线通信模块、HC-12无线通信模块、电机驱动系统、舵机驱动系统、水样采集系统、全球定位系统(global position system,GPS)和水质指标监测系统等构成的湿地环境监测无人船系统硬件部分,通过串口分别连接和烧写使用C#、keil软件制作上位机程序与nRF905单片机驱动程序,实现计算机通过串口通信方式完成单片机之间的无线通信和AT指令集的收发,从而达成计算机远距离实时遥控无人船进行定点水样采集与pH、浊度、温度指标监测的目的。野外实验结果证明,系统运行稳定,且水质指标测定结果精准。

静脉血样真空采集容器抽吸体积检测仪的设计

为解决静脉血样真空采集容器抽吸体积检测时人工操作流程复杂、工作效率低的问题,该研究基于YY/T 0314-2021《一次性使用人体静脉血样采集容器》附录B中真空采集容器的抽吸体积检测方法,设计了一种抽吸体积检测仪。该仪器通过分析容器内的压强,利用比例-微分-积分(PID)闭环控制系统调整容器内的压强至目标值,最后通过穿刺实验测得真空采集容器的抽吸体积。验证实验采用人工操作和抽吸体积检测仪两种方法检测5 ml规格真空采集容器的抽吸体积,结果表明,两种方法的误差<1%,且抽吸体积检测仪的检测时间较人工操作缩短约50%。

地表水水样采集技术分析

地表水水样采集是水质监测的关键环节,直接影响后续水质分析的准确性和可靠性。为确保采样质量,必须了解并合理应用地表水水样采集技术。本文强调了采样过程中的质量控制措施。通过合理选择采样点、采样器具和保存方法,以及严格遵守采样程序,可以确保所采集的水样具有代表性和可比性。这些措施为地表水水质分析提供了可靠的技术基础,有助于准确评估水环境质量,从而为水资源管理和保护提供科学依据。

标准体系在食品采集与粉碎中的构建

样品的采集与粉碎是食品检验的首要环节,为规范样品采集与粉碎环节,提高检测结果的可靠性和准确性,本文通过对“人、机、料、法、环、管”等六因素分析样品采集与粉碎过程对食品检验结果的影响,并通过基础通用、采集与粉碎过程、质量控制等三个标准子体系提出规范样品采集与粉碎的对策,为相关机构提高检验结果的准确性提供参考。

骨代谢生化指标实验规范(2024)

骨是具有新陈代谢的活组织,由骨吸收和骨形成完成骨重建,骨重建也是贯穿生命始终的分子生物学特征,参与和维持骨代谢的生化物质决定骨质量和骨密度,调控骨代谢的内环境及生物活性。骨代谢生化指标分别来源于骨、软骨、软组织、皮肤、肝、肾、小肠、血液及内分泌腺体,可以通过体外实验方法获得骨代谢生化指标的变化,在骨质疏松临床诊断、诊断分型、诊断及鉴别诊断,以及治疗评估、科学研究等,提供了重要的分子生物学依据。为提高诊断质量,推广新技术的应用,应完善实验方法互认、检测结果稳定、数据共识的实验规范。该文对实验方法原理、样本采集保存、检测结果分析及实验的影响因素进行论述,旨在提供应用参考。

食品微生物检验样品的采集与保存

近年来,食品安全问题受到了社会各界的广泛关注,有效预防及降低食品受到微生物污染的可能性,确保食品安全,是当前相关部门及从业人员的工作重点。样品采集与保存是食品微生物检验中的基础工作,对食品微生物检验结果有直接影响。本文分析了食品微生物检验的重要性,结合实际对食品微生物检验样品的采集与保存工作进行深入探讨,并详细论述了检验过程中的注意事项,旨在为我国食品安全检验提供参考。