Efficient Harmonic Analysis Technique for Prediction of IGS Real-Time Satellite Clock Corrections

Real-time satellite orbit and clock corrections obtained from the broadcast ephemerides can be improved using IGS real-time service (RTS) products. Recent research showed that applying such corrections for broadcast ephemerides can significantly improve the RMS of the estimated coordinates. However, unintentional streaming interruption may happen for many reasons such as software or hardware failure. Streaming interruption, if happened, will cause sudden degradation of the obtained solution if only the broadcast ephemerides are used. A better solution can be obtained in real-time if the predicted part of the ultra-rapid products is used. In this paper, Harmonic analysis technique is used to predict the IGS RTS corrections using historical broadcasted data. It is shown that using the predicted clock corrections improves the RMS of the estimated coordinates by about 72%, 58%, and 72% in latitude, longitude, and height directions, respectively and reduces the 2D and 3D errors by about 80% compared with the predicted part of the IGS ultra-rapid clock corrections.

Proposal for a realtime Einstein-synchronization-defined satellite virtual clock

Realization of high performance satellite onboard clock is vital for various positioning, navigation, and timing applications. For further improvement of the synchronization-based satellite time and frequency references, we propose a geosynchronous(GEO) satellite virtual clock concept based on ground–satellite synchronization and present a beacon transponder structure for its implementation(scheduled for launch in 2025), which does not require atomic clocks to be mounted on the satellite. Its high performance relies only on minor modifications to the existing transponder structure of GEO satellites. We carefully model the carrier phase link and analyze the factors causing link asymmetry within the special relativity. Considering that performance of such synchronization-based satellite clocks is primarily limited by the link's random phase noise, which cannot be adequately modeled, we design a closed-loop experiment based on commercial GEO satellites for pre-evaluation. This experiment aims at extracting the zero-means random part of the ground-satellite Ku-band carrier phase via a feedback loop. Ultimately, we obtain a 1σ value of 0.633 ps(two-way link), following the Gaussian distribution. From this result, we conclude that the proposed real-time Einstein-synchronization-defined satellite virtual clock can achieve picosecond-level replication of onboard time and frequency.

Developing an Innovative High-precision Approach to Predict Medium-term and Long-term Satellite Clock Bias

A new prediction method based on the nonlinear autoregressive model is proposed to improve the accuracy of medium-term and long-term predictions of Satellite Clock Bias(SCB).Forecast experiments for three time periods were implemented based on the precision SCB published on the International GNSS Server(IGS)server.The results show that the medium-term and long-term prediction accuracy of the proposed approach is significantly better compared to other traditional models,with the training time being much shorter than the wavelet neural network model.

The Design of I/O Subsystem in Satellite Real-Time Microkernel Operating System

One of the most important features of modern minor satellites is to realize autonomous moving. The performance of the satellite autonomous computer operating system acting as the control center is utmost important. The recent trend in operating system development is adopting microkernel architecture which holds such advantages as microminiaturization, modularity, portability and extendibility. The performance of I/O subsystem is currently receiving considerable research attention. Object-orientation offers an approach to application development in which software system can be constructed by composing and refining the pre-designed plug-compatible software components.It also starts with some basic notions fairly well accepted in computer science, namely encapsulation and reuse. In this paper, a new object-oriented real-time I/O subsystem model has been designed.In this model, the traditional I/O subsystem framework is discarded and a stream mechanism based on the object-oriented concept is introduced. In addition, the I/O requests are classified according to their time emergency to obtain real-time performance. So, this model meets such satelliteperformance requirements as reliability, flexibility, portability and real-time performance.

Disintegration of uncertainties associated with real-time multi-satellite precipitation products in diverse topographic and climatic area in Pakistan

Satellite-based Precipitation Estimates(SPEs)have gained importance due to enhanced spatial and temporal resolution,particularly in Indus basin,where raingauge network has fewer observation stations and drainage area is laying in many countries.Formulation of SPEs is based on indirect mechanism,therefore,assessment and correction of associated uncertainties is required.In the present study,disintegration of uncertainties associated with four prominent real time SPEs,IMERG,TMPA,CMORPH and PERSIANN has been conducted at grid level,regional scale,and summarized in terms of regions as well as whole study area basis.The bias has been disintegrated into hit,missed,false biases,and Root Mean Square Error(RMSE)into systematic and random errors.A comparison among gauge-and satellite-based precipitation estimates at annual scale,showed promising result,encouraging use of real time SPEs in the study area.On grid basis,at daily scale,from box plots,the median values of total bias(-0.5 to 0.5 mm)of the used SPEs were also encouraging although some under/over estimations were noted in terms of hit bias(-0.15 to 0.05 mm/day).Relatively higher values of missed(0.3 to 0.5 mm/day)and false(0.5 to 0.7 mm/day)biases were observed.The detected average daily RMSE,systematic errors,and random errors were also comparatively higher.Regional-scale spatial distribution of uncertainties revealed lower values of uncertainties in plain areas,depicting the better performance of satellite-based products in these areas.However,in areas of high altitude(>4000 m),due to complex topography and climatic conditions(orographic precipitation and glaciated peaks)higher values of biases and errors were observed.Topographic barriers and point scale gauge data could also be a cause of poor performance of SPEs in these areas,where precipitation is more on ridges and less in valleys where gauge stations are usually located.Precipitation system’s size and intensity can also be a reason of higher biases,because Microwave Imager underestimate precipitation in small systems(<200 km^(2))and overestimate in large systems(>2000 km^(2)).At present,use of bias correction techniques at daily time scale is compulsory to utilize real time SPEs in estimation of floods in the study area.Inter comparison of satellite products indicated that IMERG gave better results than the others with the lowest values of systematic errors,missed and false biases.

IPC Mechanisms in Satellite Real-Time Microkernel Operating System

One of the most important features of modem minor satellites is to realize autonomous moving. The perfomance of the satellite autonomous computer operating system acting as the control center is of utrnost importance. The recent trend in operating system development is adopting microkernel architecture that holds such advantages as microminiaturization, modularity, portability and extendibility. IPC is the key of microkernel design. Message-based IPC mechanism is generally used in existing microkernel Operating system. It is of consistency, safety and reliability.However, it can not provide efficient support for real-time applications in satellite systems and it only applies to loose coupling multi-processor architecture. In this paper, an improvement solution for existing message-based IPC is proposed at first to obtain real-time performance. Then a new IPC mechanism is designed. It particulary applies to shared memory tight coupling multi-processor architecture.

A New Generation of Intelligent Mapping and Remote Sensing Scientific Test Satellite Luojia-301

With the continuous improvement of the performance and the increasing variety of optical mapping and remote sensing satellites,they have become an important support for obtaining global accurate surveying and mapping remote sensing information.At present,optical mapping and remote sensing satellites already have sub-meter spatial resolution capabilities,but there is a serious lag problem in mapping and remote sensing information services.It is urgent to develop intelligent mapping and remote sensing satellites to promote the transformation and upgrading to real-time intelligent services.Firstly,based on the three imaging systems of the optical mapping and remote sensing satellites and their realization methods and application characteristics,this paper analyzes the applicable system of the intelligent mapping and remote sensing satellites.Further,according to the application requirements of real-time,intelligence,and popularization,puts forward the design concept of integrated intelligent remote sensing satellite integrating communication,navigation,and remote sensing and focuses on the service mode and integrated function composition of intelligent remote sensing satellite.Then expounds on the performance and characteristics of the Luojia-301 satellite,a new generation of intelligent surveying and mapping remote sensing scientific test satellite.And finally summarizes and prospects the development and mission of intelligent mapping remote sensing satellites.Luojia-301 satellite integrates remote sensing and communication functions.It explores an efficient and intelligent service mode of mapping and remote sensing information from data acquisition to the application terminal and provides a real service verification platform for on-orbit processing and real-time transmission of remote sensing data based on space-ground internet,which is of great significance to the construction of China’s spatial information network.

Satellite Clock Error and Orbital Solution Error Estimation for Precise Navigation Applications

Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that provides a three-dimensional user position (x,y,z), velocity and time anywhere on or above the earth surface. The satellite-based position accuracy is affected by several factors such as satellite clock error, propagation path delays and receiver noise due to which the GPS does not meet the requirements of critical navigation applications such as missile navigation and category I/II/III aircraft landings. This paper emphasizes on modelling the satellite clock error and orbital solution (satellite position) error considering the signal emission time. The transmission time sent by each satellite in broadcast ephemerides is not accurate. This has to be corrected in order to obtain correct satellite position and in turn a precise receiver position. Signal transmission time or broadcast time from satellite antenna phase center is computed at the receiver using several parameters such as signal reception time, propagation time, pseudorange observed and satellite clock error correction parameters. This corrected time of transmission and broadcast orbital parameters are used for estimation of the orbital solution. The estimated orbital solution was validated with the precise ephemerides which are estimated by Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), USA. The errors are estimated for a typical day data collected on 11th March 2011 from dual frequency GPS receiver located at Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Andhra University College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam (17.73°N/83.319°E).

Simple real-time high-sensitivity heterodyne coherent optical transceiver at intraplane satellite communication

In this paper,we demonstrate a high-sensitivity and real-time heterodyne coherent optical transceiver for intraplane satellite communication,without digital-to-analog converter(DAC)devices and an optical phase lock loop(OPLL).Based on the scheme,a real-time sensitivity of-49 dBm is achieved at 5 Gbps QPSK.Because DAC is not needed at the transmitter,as well as OPLL at the receiver,this reduces the system cost.Furthermore,the least required Rx ADC bit-width is also discussed.Through theoretical analysis and experimental results,our cost-effective transceiver satisfies the scenario and could be a promising component for future application.

Review of satellite disciplined clock system

Satellite disciplined clock system(SDCS)composed of satellite timing receiver and local frequency synthesis is widely applied for its high accuracy and low cost.This paper provides a review of SDCS.Key technologies such as phase difference measurement,pulse noise process and frequency calibration are surveyed in detail.Disciplined clock model based on PI controller is built and disciplined process is analyzed.The methods of realizing the disciplined clock circuit are classified and summarized.A prototype based on FPGA is proposed.At last development trend of SDCS is discussed.

Satellite Autonomous Integrity Monitoring of BDS and Onboard Performance Evaluation

With the development of satellite navigation technology,the user demands for the integrity of Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)have increased more and more.A ground-based monitoring system can hardly report an alarm message to GNSS users during the valid alarming period due to the satellite-Earth propagation delay.It is beneficial to monitor abnormal events and report the corresponding alarms from orbit.Adopting this approach,which is an important feature for future GNSS integrity monitoring,the time needed to provide an alarm is shorter and the system integrity capability is strengthened.The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System(BDS)new generation satellites have the capabilities of satellite autonomous integrity monitoring(SAIM).This paper presents the technical scheme of SAIM,and proposes the integrity monitoring method of both navigation signals and the clocks onboard.The proposed method was verified through the onboard test on the BDS satellites.In addition,we analyzed the integrity telemetry data from the new generation of BDS satellite,including signal delay,power,carrier phase measurement,correlation peak,consistency of pseudo-code and carrier phase,clock phase and frequency step.The analysis results indicated that the quality of the data on orbit met the requirements,and SAIM could monitor effectively any abnormal change of satellite clocks and navigation signal,generate rapidly an alarm message,and transmit it to the user.The alarm time was less than 6 s through the message,and 2 s through non-standard code(NSC).Finally,we present future opportunities for improving the SAIM technology of BDS.

Application and improvement of wavelet packet de-noising in satellite transponder

The satellite transponder is a widely used module in satellite missions, and the most concerned issue is to reduce the noise of the transferred signal. Otherwise, the telemetry signal will be polluted by the noise contained in the transferred signal, and the additional power will be consumed. Therefore, a method based on wavelet packet de-noising （WPD） is introduced. Compared with other techniques, there are two features making WPD more suit- able to be applied to satellite transponders： one is the capability to deal with time-varying signals without any priori information of the input signals; the other is the capability to reduce the noise in band, even if the noise overlaps with signals in the frequency domain, which provides a great de-noising performance especially for wideband signals. Besides, an oscillation detector and an av- eraging filter are added to decrease the partial oscillation caused by the thresholding process of WPD. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can reduce more noises and make less distortions of the signals than other techniques. In addition, up to 12 dB additional power consumption can be reduced at -10 dB signal-to-noise ratio （SNR）.

FY-4 Meteorological Satellite

FY-4 is the second generation of Chinese geostationary satellite for quantitative remote sensing meteorological application. The detection efficiency, spectral bands, spatial and time resolution have been greatly improved with respect to those of first generation, as well as the radiometric calibration and sensitivity. The combination of multichannel detection and vertical sounding was first realized on FY-4, because both the Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager(AGRI) and Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder(GIIRS) are on the same spacecraft. The main performance of the payloads including AGRI, GIIRS and Lightning Mapping Imager, and the spacecraft bus are presented, the performance being equivalent to the level of the third generation meteorological satellites in Europe and USA. The acquiring methods of remote sensing data including multichannel and high precision quantitative observing, imaging collection of the ground and cloud, vertical observation of atmospheric temperature and moisture, lightning imaging observation and space environment detection are shown. Several innovative technologies including high accuracy rotation angle detection and scanning control, high precision calibration, micro vibration suppression, unified reference of platform and payload and on-orbit measurement, real-time image navigation and registration on-orbit were applied in FY-4.

基于鲁棒双参数指数平滑法的BDS卫星钟差预报

为提高北斗(BDS)卫星钟差预报精度与稳定性,基于BDS卫星钟工作原理与数据特征,提出了一种基于鲁棒双参数指数平滑法的BDS卫星钟差预报方法。将双参数指数平滑法引入BDS钟差预报,并通过鲁棒化建模与优化初始值选取方式提升了双参数指数平滑法的抗差与适应能力,减小了数据异常干扰对钟差预报性能的影响。与常用的多项式模型、谱分析模型、灰色预测模型及超快速钟差预报产品进行对比分析,结果表明:所提方法适用于不同BDS轨道与类型的卫星钟差预报,取得了良好的预报精度与稳定性,其对BDS卫星钟的6h平均预报精度分别提升了40.3%、31.7%、63.6%和36.6%,预报稳定性分别提升了43.8%、38.9%、65.4%和33.1%。

高动态跳频信号时钟同步设计与实现

由于跳频信号各跳之间的符号速率和符号数量不一致,特别是低速跳只含少量符号,导致时钟误差提取困难。针对高动态下的跳频信号时钟同步难题,提出基于频偏估计的钟偏反馈调整方法。该方法通过同步序列进行频率估计和钟偏估计,并结合反馈方法调整钟偏和时钟跟踪,实现了高精度时钟同步。仿真结果表明:该方法适应飞行速度7.9 km/s、加速度0.2 km/s2的超高动态,定时同步性能优越,定时精度满足高速跳频信号解调要求,且解调损失小于0.1 dB。

面向导航增强的低轨卫星钟差确定及预报方法研究

低轨导航增强是未来导航发展的重要趋势,而高精度低轨卫星钟差是实现低轨导航增强的必要条件。基于Sentinel-6A卫星,对低轨卫星钟差特性进行了分析,给出了钟差确定方法及影响因素,介绍了顾及钟差特性的低轨卫星钟差预报方法。实验表明,低轨卫星钟差含有多个周期项,给低轨卫星建模和预报带来了困难。与使用运动学定轨模型相比,基于简化动力学的定轨模型可显著提升低轨卫星钟差精度;当基于运动学模型确定低轨卫星钟差时,相较于使用GPS单系统数据,多GNSS观测数据可提升低轨卫星钟差精度。研究表明,基于GPS和Galileo观测的Sen-tinel-6A卫星钟差精度相较于GPS单系统钟差精度改善了36%,同时,所使用的GNSS产品精度与低轨卫星钟差精度密切相关。利用顾及卫星钟差特性的低轨卫星钟差预报方法,当预报时长小于1min,低轨卫星钟差预报精度(预报与解算值之差的RMSE)在0.1ns之内,当预报时长小于5min,预报精度在0.3ns之内,随着预报时长的增长,预报精度显著下降。

线性插值在改善GPS共视时间比对性能中的应用

为了解决GPS共视(CV)时间比对精密度随着基线增长而降低以及在超长基线情况下无法进行共视时间比对计算的问题,利用国际标准GNSS共视归算后星地钟差线性化特性对其进行插值,从而增加可用卫星数量,最后对不同卫星的共视结果进行加权计算,以提高长基线情况下GPS共视时间比对的性能,减少基线长度对共视时间比对的限制。选取中国科学院国家授时中心(NTSC)、韩国计量科学研究院(KRISS)、德国技术物理研究院(PTB)三个守时实验室一个月的星地钟差为数据样本,以300 s为时间间隔对单个卫星的星地钟差数据进行线性插值,随后将所有卫星相同时间的时间比对结果进行等权加权平均,从而获得最终共视时间比对结果。结果表明:NTSC-PTB、KRISS-PTB两条时间比对链路线性插值共视时间比对与GPS精密单点定位时间比对(PPP)结果互差后结果的均方根误差(RMS)分别为0.53 ns、0.8 ns,相比于传统共视,分别提升了48%、54%。

中国空间站的微波星地时频比对技术及其初步试验验证和分析

高精度时频比对是现代科学技术的核心需求之一.然而,现有的技术受限于比对系统测量水平和链路系统误差处理算法,严重限制了时间比对性能的提升.针对这些问题,本研究搭建了基于中国空间站的高精度星地微波时频比对系统,并提出了一种基于双向测量的空间站-地面时频比对技术(三频模式),包括了对各项链路系统误差精细化建模新方法.通过对不同星地时频比对场景的仿真模拟发现,在配置高精度原子钟(10^(−15)~10^(−17))进行星地时频比对的场景下,经过本文算法优化后的比对长期性能仍可达与原本星地时钟相近的性能.利用中国空间站所搭载的氢钟与地面氢钟进行初步比对试验结果表明,在300 s可视弧段内的空间站-地面时间比对精度可达到10.77 ps,相应的ADEV(Allan DEViation)达到9.9921×10^(−14)@100 s,与仿真模拟结果大致吻合.本研究可为精密时频同步技术提供了新的理论依据和技术参考.

相对论体系下卫星原时及星间钟差机理建模

面向新一代导航卫星对高精度自主时间基准的需求,针对皮秒级星间钟差机理不清晰问题,在广义相对论体系下提出一种卫星原时以及星间皮秒钟差模型,该模型可基于卫星状态计算星载原子钟相对参考时钟的偏差以及星间钟差。首先从地心参考坐标系的度规张量出发,利用广义相对论建立了卫星的运动模型;然后,根据时空间隔的不变性,提出考虑地球非球形J2摄动项的卫星原时模型,并进一步给出了包含J2项修正的星间钟差模型。最后以北斗卫星导航系统和GPS为研究对象对建立的模型进行了仿真分析,为新一代导航系统的时间校准和同步提供了一种可行的建模方法。仿真结果表明,卫星原时模型与星间钟差模型的精度都在皮秒量级,能够准确地计算星载原子钟在引力场中的原时偏差以及星间钟差。

多基准终端星站钟差融合方法对比分析

随着科技的发展,国民经济、国防建设等行业对高精度时间的要求越来越高。目前通过标准时间复现系统可以实现2 ns以内的授时精度,但是仍然不能满足一些高精度时间频率用户的需求。当前使用的单一基准站在实际观测中会产生随机误差从而影响复现结果,为了将随机误差降到最小,提出了4种基于多基准终端的钟差数据融合方法,用于提高系统中标准时间的复现精度。通过对这4种方法进行分析研究,发现通过将各个基准终端GPS(global positioning system)和BDS(Beidou navigation satellite system)的星站钟差数据分开进行3σ剔除粗差后,再进行加权平均的方法,复现效果最优,可以有效解决只用单一基准终端数据所造成的复现精度低的问题,通过测试分析,相较使用单一基准终端,使用多基准终端的复现精度可由2 ns提升至0.35 ns。