Numerical simulation and preliminary analysis of typhoon waves during three typhoons in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea

In this study,typhoon waves generated during three typhoons(Damrey(1210),Fung-wong(1416),and Chan-hom(1509))in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea were simulated in a simulating waves nearshore(SWAN)model,and the wind forcing was constructed by combining reanalyzed wind data with a Holland typhoon wind model.Various parameters,such as the Holland fitting parameter(B)and the maximum wind radius?,were investigated in sensitivity experiments in the Holland model that affect the wind field construction.Six different formulations were considered and the parameters determined by comparing the simulated wind results with in-situ wind measurements.The key factors affecting wave growth and dissipation processes from deep to shallow waters were studied,including wind input,whitecapping,and bottom friction.Comparison with in-situ wave measurements suggested that the KOMEN scheme(wind input exponential growth and whitecapping energy dissipation)and the JONSWAP scheme(dissipation of bottom friction)resulted in good reproduction of the significant wave height of typhoon waves.A preliminary analysis of the wave characteristics in terms of wind-sea and swell wave revealed that swell waves dominated with the distance of R to the eye of the typhoon,while wind-sea prevailed in the outer region up to six to eight times the R values despite a clear misalignment between wind and waves.The results support the hypothesis that nonlinear wave-wave interactions may play a key role in the formation of wave characteristics.

Evaluation of numerical wave model for typhoon wave simulation in South China Sea

The simulating waves nearshore(SWAN) model has typically been designed for wave simulations in near-shore regions. In this study, the model's applicability to the simulation of typhoon waves in the South China Sea(SCS) was evaluated. A blended wind field, consisting of an interior domain based on Fujita's model and an exterior domain based on Takahashi's model, was used as the driving wind field. The waves driven by Typhoon Kai-tak over the SCS that occurred in 2012 were selected for the numerical simulation research. Sensitivity analyses of time step, grid resolution, and angle resolution were performed in order to obtain optimal model settings. Through sensitivity analyses, it can be found that the time step has a large influence on the results, while grid resolution and angle resolution have a little effect on the results.

Numerical simulation of characteristics of semidiurnal tidal waves in sea region around Taiwan

POM97, an oceanic model, has been used for the first time to the numerical study on the tidal waves of the as Regions around Taiwan. In this paper, we have got the result that the semidiurnal tidal waves of these area mainly are the co-operating tides which come from the south of 23'N of the western Pacific. Those semidiurnal tidal waves affecting the Taiwan Straits come respectively from the south and the north entrance of the channel, and the north tidal wave is stronger than the south one. The strongest tidal field is the area from the Meizhou Bay to the Xinhua Bay along the coast of Fujian Province, where the biggest amplitude of the M2 partial tide can reach 240 cm. The strongest tidal cur- rent fields lie in the Penghu watercourse, where the maximum velocity of the M2 partial tide can arrive at 196 m/s. In the horizontal structure of the tidal currets, we have found that there is a stream dot in the north of the channel, besides, there still exist four new ones. As for the vertical structure, it mainly is biassed to the right at the surface, and to the left near the bottom layer.

Simulation of the extreme waves generated by typhoon Bolaven (1215) in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea

Record-breaking high waves occurred during the passage of the typhoon Bolaven（1215）（TYB） in the East China Sea（ECS） and Yellow Sea（YS） although its intensity did not reach the level of a super typhoon.Winds and directional wave measurements were made using a range of in-situ instruments mounted on an ocean tower and buoys.In order to understand how such high waves with long duration occurred,analyses have been made through measurement and numerical simulations.TYB winds were generated using the TC96 typhoon wind model with the best track data calibrated with the measurements.And then the wind fields were blended with the reanalyzed synoptic-scale wind fields for a wave model.Wave fields were simulated using WAM4.5 with adjustment of C_d for gust of winds and bottom friction for the study area.Thus the accuracy of simulations is considerably enhanced,and the computed results are also in better agreement with measured data than before.It is found that the extremely high waves evolved as a result of the superposition of distant large swells and high wind seas generated by strong winds from the front/right quadrant of the typhoon track.As the typhoon moved at a speed a little slower than the dominant wave group velocity in a consistent direction for two days,the wave growth was significantly enhanced by strong wind input in an extended fetch and non-linear interaction.

Surface wave simulation during winter with sea ice in the Bohai Sea

Sea ice can attenuate wave energy significantly when waves propagate through ice covers.In this study,a third-generation wave model called simulating wave nearshore(SWAN)was advanced to include damping of wave energy due to friction in the boundary layer below the ice.With the addition of an eddy viscosity wave-ice model,the resulting new SWAN model was applied to simulate wave height in the Bohai Sea during the freezing winter.Its performance was validated with available buoy data near the ice edge,and the new model showed an improvement in accuracy because it considered the ice effect on waves.We then performed a wave hindcast for the Bohai Sea during a freezing period in the winter of 2016 that had the severest ice conditions in recent years and found that the mean significant wave height changed by approximately 16.52%.In the Liaodong Bay,where sea ice concentration is highest,the change reached 32.57%,compared with the most recent SWAN model version.The average influence of sea ice on wave height simulation was also evaluated over a five-year(2013-2017)hindcast during January and February.We found that the wave height decrease was more significant in storm conditions even the eddy viscosity wave-ice model itself showed no advantage on damping stronger waves.

A Novel Method for Forecasting Freak Wave Occurrence in A Short Crested Coastal Sea

In order to forecast the distribution of crest amplitudes and the occurrence of freak waves in a short crested coastal sea,a novel transformed linear simulation method is initially proposed in this paper.A Hermite transformation model expressed as a monotonic cubic polynomial serves as the foundation for the novel simulation technique.The wave crest amplitude exceedance probabilities of two sea states-one with a directional wave spectrum based on the measured wave elevation data at the Yura coast and the other with a typical directional JONSWAP wave spectrum-have been predicted using the novel simulation method that has been proposed.The likelihood that a particular critical wave crest amplitude will be exceeded is directly correlated with the probability that freak waves will occur.It is shown that the novel simulation approach suggested can provide predictions that are more precise than those obtained from the Rayleigh crest amplitude distribution model,the Jahns and Wheeler crest amplitude distribution model,or the conventional linear simulation method.This study also demonstrated that the nonlinear simulation method is less effective than the novel simulation method in terms of efficiency.

Study on the growth of wind wave frequency spectra generated by cold waves in the northern East China Sea

The growth of frequency spectra and spectral parameters of wind waves generated by cold waves, a kind of severe weather system, in the northern East China Sea is studied in this paper. Based on a third-generation wave action model(the Simulating WAves Nearshore model), simulations were developed to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of wind waves and to output spectral data. It is shown that the cold wave-induced spectra can be well described by the modified Joint North Sea Wave Project spectral form. The growth of wave spectra is comprehensively reflected by the evolution of the three characteristic parameters: peak frequency, spectral peak and wave energy. Besides, the approximations of dependences between spectral parameters and the three types of universal induced factors are obtained with the least squares method and compared systematically. Fetch and peak frequency turn out to be suitable parameters to describe the spectral parameters, while the dependences on the inverse wave age vary in different sea areas. In general, the derived relationships improve on results from previous studies for better practical application of the wind wave frequency spectrum in the northern East China Sea.

Estimation of Wave Crest Amplitudes Distribution and Freak Wave Occurrence in A Short Crested Mixed Sea

In this study we have for the first time proposed a novel transformed linear simulation method for the estimation of wave crest amplitudes distribution and freak wave occurrence in a short crested mixed sea with a bimodal 3D spectrum. For implementing the proposed transformed linear simulation method, a Hermite transformation model expressed in a monotonic cubic polynomial has been constructed so that the first four moments of the original true process match the corresponding moments of the transformed model. The proposed novel simulation method has been applied to forecast the freak wave occurrence in two short crested mixed sea states, one with a directional wave spectrum based on the measured surface elevation data at the coast of Yura, and the other one with a typical directional bimodal Torsethaugen wave spectrum. It is shown in the two cases that the proposed novel simulation method can offer more accurate forecasting results than those obtained from the traditional linear simulation method or by using Rayleigh distribution model. It is also demonstrated in this article that the proposed novel simulation method is more efficient than the nonlinear simulation method.

Energy Harvesting From Sea Waves With Consideration of Airy and JONSWAP Theory and Optimization of Energy Harvester Parameters

One of the new methods for powering low-power electronic devices at sea is a wave energy harvesting system. In this method, piezoelectric material is employed to convert the mechanical energy of sea waves into electrical energy. The advantage of this method is based on avoiding a battery charging system. Studies have been done on energy harvesting from sea waves, however, considering energy harvesting with random JONSWAP wave theory, then determining the optimum values of energy harvested is new. This paper does that by implementing the JONSWAP wave model, calculating produced power, and realistically showing that output power is decreased in comparison with the more simple Airy wave model. In addition, parameters of the energy harvester system are optimized using a simulated annealing algorithm, yielding increased produced power.

Experimental and Numerical Studies of the Wave-Induced Responses of a River-to-Sea Ship

The ship motions and wave-induced loads of a new type of river-to-sea ship are investigated experimentally and numerically. A river-to-sea ship is an unconventional type of container ship characterized by high breadth to draft ratio and low length to breadth ratio, which makes it more prone to hydroelasticity than conventional ships of the same size. A segmented model was tested under two loading conditions, namely, ballast and loaded conditions, to determine the vertical motions and wave-induced loads under each condition. Results are compared with numerical simulations in the frequency domain. The wave-induced responses are calculated by a nonlinear time domain code at each time step. The response amplitude operators of vertical ship responses in regular waves are analyzed, and the wave-induced responses are consistent with the experimental results.

Wave Period Distributions in Non-Gaussian Mixed Sea States

The wave period probability densities in non-Gaussian mixed sea states are calculated by utilizing a transformed Gaussian process method. The transformation relating the non-Gaussian process and the original Gaussian process is obtained based on the equivalence of the level up-crossing rates of the two processes. A saddle point approximation procedure is applied for calculating the level up-crossing rates in this study. The accuracy and efficiency of the transformed Gaussian process method are validated by comparing the results predicted by using the method with those predicted by the Monte Carlo simulation method.

Three-dimensional dynamic sea surface modeling based on ocean wave spectrum

In conventional marine seismic exploration data processing,the sea surface is usually treated as a horizontal free boundary.However,the sea surface is affected by wind and waves and there often exists dynamic small-range fluctuations.These dynamic fluctuations will change the energy propagation path and affect the final imaging results.In theoretical research,different sea surface conditions need to be described,so it is necessary to study the modeling method of dynamic undulating sea surface.Starting from the commonly used sea surface mathematical simulation methods,this paper mainly studies the realization process of simple harmonic wave and Gerstner wave sea surface simulation methods based on ocean wave spectrum,and compares their advantages and disadvantages.Aiming at the shortcomings of the simple harmonic method and Gerstner method in calculational speed and sea surface simulation effect,a method based on wave equation and using dynamic boundary conditions for sea surface simulation is proposed.The calculational speed of this method is much faster than the commonly used simple harmonic method and Gerstner wave method.In addition,this paper also compares the new method with the more commonly used higher-order spectral methods to show the characteristics of the improved wave equation method.

On the Generation and Evolution of Internal Solitary Waves in the Andaman Sea

Internal solitary waves(ISWs)are ubiquitous in the Andaman Sea,as revealed by synthetic aperture radar images;however,their generation mechanisms and corresponding influencing factors remain unknown.Based on a nonhydrostatic two-dimensional model,the generation of ISW packets along the transect of a channel lying between Batti Malv Island and Car Nicobar Island is investigated.Moreover,the influences of topographic characteristics,seasonal stratifications,and tidal forcings are analyzed through a series of sensitivity runs.The simulation results indicate that bidirectional rank-ordered ISW packets are generated by the nonlinear steepening of internal tides.An east-west ISW asymmetry is observed,which is attributed to distinct topographic characteristics.The surrounding sills can also generate internal wave beams,which modulate the intensity of ISWs.However,the topographic structure of the west flank of the ridge mainly contributes to the suppression of westward ISWs,which decreases the modulating effect of internal wave beams.During the spring tide,the generation of ISWs is enhanced.During the neap tide,ISWs are weak,and the east-west ISW asymmetry is less obvious.Moreover,seasonal stratification only has a minor effect on the generation and evolution of ISWs.

WAVEWATCHⅢ不同海冰源项的海浪模拟效果对比

为了验证第三代海浪模式WAVEWATCHⅢV5.16中不同海冰损耗源项在秋季波弗特海对海冰存在下海浪的模拟能力,建立自波弗特海至马更些河河口的两级嵌套海浪模型,对2014年8月1日至9月31日该海域北极风暴作用下的暴风浪有效波高进行模拟研究,并利用浮标实测数据对模拟结果进行对比分析。结果表明,在应用于大范围海域、缺乏海冰有效剪切模量、黏性系数等属性参数的前提下,离海冰较近、海浪能量受海冰控制作用较为明显的区域,各海冰源项中IC1源项表现最好,能够表现出更加符合波弗特海海域特定的冰情、冰况的能量耗散特征。

渤海WAVEWATCH Ⅲ■不同海冰模型的模拟结果比较

渤海是中国主要的海冰存在区域,同时渤海地区也是我国的经济重心,海上交通发达,经济活动频繁。海冰的存在对于海上波浪情况会产生重要的影响。随着渤海海冰范围的缩减,包括航运和海上建设在内的经济发展也在持续增加,这需要可靠的波浪和海冰预测来应对这种不断变化的环境,同时对经济活动影响最重大的海冰边缘区的波浪模拟变得越来越重要。本文使用WAVEWATCH Ⅲ■不同海冰模型对渤海的海浪进行了模拟,并研究比较了不同海冰模型的差异。研究发现,在海冰模型中,其IC0和IC1均不是真实的理论模型,它们不具备模拟海冰覆盖海域下海浪的能力。IC2和IC3为理论模型,其衰减率随着频率变化,并且可以对高频部分进行有效的衰减,同时在低频区域的衰减率也处于合理的范围,而IC0与IC1则无法做到。针对海冰覆盖海域的海浪模拟,应首选IC2或IC3,同时根据实地海冰的情况来确定参数。

跨海桥梁基础波浪力断面对比与研究

桥梁基础在波浪环境下的施工安全关乎桥梁建设的稳定性,需要给予足够的重视。利用数值模拟手段,基于改进的RNG κ-ε模型,采用VOF法模拟自由液面,在保持相同迎浪断面的情况下,建立圆形、圆端形、矩形和多边形4种不同断面形式桥梁基础受波浪作用的三维数值模型,对比其受力差异,并结合流场数据加以分析。结果表明:相同波浪条件下4种不同断面形式的结构所受到水平波浪力中以圆形结构为最小,矩形结构为最大,其总水平波浪力幅值较圆形结构增大10%左右;桥梁基础结构在波浪的作用下,基础周围会受到绕流作用,使得结构部分位置处的流速增大并出现流速集中现象,在矩形结构周围这一现象最为突出,多边形结构的情况与之类似,而圆形及圆端形结构的流速集中现象则相对较弱;按规范计算得到的等效圆柱波浪力相较于数值模拟结果大23%~29%,按等效方柱计算得到的波浪力相较于数值模拟结果大10%~13%。从工程设计的角度看,采用圆弧形的结构设计有助于减小波浪荷载和削弱桥梁基础局部的流速增大与流速集中现象。

海浪谱法模拟海面场景仿真参数选取准则

为提升海面场景模拟的物理真实感,本文探讨了仿真参数对海洋粗糙面模拟精确性的影响,并建立了海表模拟中仿真参数的选取准则。依据海浪谱和随机过程统计理论,采用自相关函数研究了海面相关长度随风速变化规律。通过建立海浪蒙特卡罗仿真模型,结合随机粗糙面误差分析,提出了不同风速条件下海面场景仿真参数的选取准则。研究表明:将海表模拟的采样间隔限定在顺风向相关长度的0.1~0.5倍,可显著提高海面场景模拟的精确度;而当海面仿真参数超出上述范围时,可能导致海面场景模拟失真,进而影响其视觉真实感。本文所提出的仿真参数选取标准可为开发航海模拟器提供技术支撑。

跨海大桥不同类型下部结构波浪力特性

为研究海洋环境中下部结构所受波浪力及最危险来波方向,本文以头门港跨海特大桥为背景,以低桩承台桥墩、通航孔桥墩和高桩承台桥墩三种下部结构缩尺模型为研究对象,基于物理模型试验和CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)数值模拟,研究波浪力作用下的跨海大桥下部结构受力性能。通过下部结构物理模型顺桥向、斜桥向、横桥向迎浪时的水平波浪力时间曲线,对比分析物理模型试验和数值模拟得到的波浪力,并进行桥上行车性能的研究。结果表明:三种下部结构最危险的来波方向均为顺桥向,且受桥墩尺寸与结构形式的影响,迎浪侧的结构尺寸越大,产生的波浪力越大;桥墩部分和桩基部分的波浪力由速度力控制,而承台部分的波浪力由惯性力控制,当下部结构受波浪作用时,各部位水平波浪力的峰值并不同时出现,但均是承台处率先达到峰值;跨海大桥下部结构中水平波浪力峰值最大的部位与波浪作用位置有关;波浪力过大会影响桥梁行车的舒适性。

堤前红树林对直立堤波压力影响的数值模拟研究

基于非静压模型SWASH,建立数值波浪水槽,通过设置有无红树林的对比实验,系统研究了波浪-红树林-直立堤相互作用时的水动力特性,并分析了波陡,相对水深,厄塞尔数,红树林长度、密度、特征直径等因素对直立堤堤前波高、迎浪面最大波压力的影响。研究结果表明:无红树林时Goda公式无法准确估算直立堤上的冲击荷载;在模型比尺为1∶10的数值实验中,2 m宽的堤前红树林可使波高衰减6%~45%,波压力衰减11%~74%,然而,在相对波高较大且红树林特征参数较小时会引起堤前波高增大4%~26%;在本文考虑的水力条件下,最大波压力随波陡减小而减小58%~93%,随相对水深增大而减小42%~72%,随厄塞尔数减小而减小87%~96%;堤前波高和波压力衰减率随红树林宽度、密度及特征直径的增加而非线性增加。研究结果可为进一步认识红树林的消浪效应及红树林生态系统与海堤组合的海岸防护工程的设计与规划提供科学的依据。

波浪滑翔器船体横向稳定性分析

波浪滑翔器是一种广泛应用于海洋探测的新型海洋移动观测平台,往往将传感器搭载于波浪滑翔器船体上。为确保搭载不同传感器的波浪滑翔器安全进行海洋探测任务,通过船舶稳性原理初步确定波浪滑翔器船体的搭载范围,通过AQWA对不同搭载配置的波浪滑翔器船体进行规则波与不规则波仿真,探究波浪条件对船体横摇运动的影响并确定了3级海况下波浪滑翔器的搭载范围,结果表明:当有效载荷重量超过船体质量的4%(2 kg)或桅杆高度超过1 m时,初稳性高值GM会显著减小;在3级海况下,当搭载载荷质量与搭载高度乘积MH<2 kg·m时能够确保波浪滑翔器进行海洋探测任务时能够安全运行;通过水池实验与海试实验对仿真结果进行了可靠性验证。为波浪滑翔器海洋探测的搭载设计提供了有效参考。