Pragmatist View of Human Rights:Theoretical Explanations of China’s Human Rights Practice

The pragmatist view of human rights represents a the-oretical condensation of the Chinese practice in human rights devel-opment.In view of the problem of circular idling between rights and claims caused by the traditional view of human rights of focusing on contents and not valuing implementation,social segmentation caused by empty talks on interests and claims while ignoring social develop-ment,and the phenomenon of the issue of human rights completely becoming empty and useless political rhetoric,the pragmatic view of human rights,based on the fact that there is a gap between the claims and realization of human rights,emphasizes that instead of blindly ex-panding the types of rights in term of text,it is better to base on prac-tice and promote the maximum realization of existing rights through development.The pragmatist view of human rights attaches impor-tance to relevant economic,social and cultural basis to promote the realization of human rights,rather than only focusing on the claims themselves;it pays greater attention to enhancing the realization of rights,rather than the distribution of rights under the total limit;it ad-vocates more for cooperativism in the realization of rights,rather than confrontation.The pragmatic concept of human rights takes Marxism as its theoretical basis and the gene of practice and the dimension of development as its theoretical characteristics,and promotes the devel-opment of human rights through the realization of rights.

Taking a Path of Human Rights Development Suitable to the Economic Basis and Humanistic Environment of China, Realizing“Chinese Dream”

The Sixth Beijing Forum on Human Rights is opened today, which is co-spon- sored by the China Society for Human Rights Studies and the China Foundation for Human Rights Development. First, on behalf of the China Foundation for Human Rights Development, I would like to express warm congratulations to the opening of the Forum, and heartfelt thanks tothe friends who have always cared for and supported for the development and progress of human rights cause of China.

Promoting the Realization of the Right to Peace to Accelerate the Peace and Progress of Mankind

Since the 18;National Congress of the Communist Party of China,General Secretary Xi Jinping has issued a series of important expositions on peace and development,whose impact is increasingly important for the current process of global governance.Xi has pointed out that Chinese civilization has upheld harmony in handling

The Profound Revelation of Human Social Relations and the Profound Realization of Information Right of Citizens——The social significance of network technique advancement in the perspective of “Entity Cube”

The R＆D group of relationship searching in Microsoft Asia Research Institute explains ＂Entity Cube＂ launched in 2008 as follows：

The Function and Realization of Labor Rights in the Labor Code System

Abstract:The fundamental right-based and human right-based nature of labor rights forms the subjective and objective theory of labor rights.The derived objective protection function and subjective realization function constitute the theoretical basis of the labor code system.The objective function of labor rights requires the labor code to provide corresponding institutional guarantees,while the subjective function demands that the code ensure the full realization of labor rights.The dual functions of labor rights are reflected in the structural framework and content logic of the labor code separately:on the one hand,labor rights can serve as the structural thread for narrating and systematically organizing the labor code,with the specific types of labor rights protection and functional systems jointly forming the framework of the code;on the other hand,the content arrangement of the labor code is guided by the value of realizing labor rights,explor-ing the pathways for the code’s realization of labor rights in different situations.

Justification and System Arrangement of Virtual Property Rights——Comments on Article No. 127 of General Provisions of the Civil Law

In the process of formulating the General Provisions of the Civil Law of P. R. China, the attribute of virtual property rights has changed from real rights to non-real rights. Article No. 127 thereof does not clarify the nature of virtual property rights after all, and the place where virtual property is put in the "Civil Rights" chapter of General Provisions of the Civil Law makes the concept even more complex and confusing. The "relationships paradigm" protection of virtual property does not have a definite classification criterion, nor stands opposite to the "rights paradigm." There are two different ways to justify the "theory of virtual property as a real right" under the "rights paradigm" protection, namely, essentialism and consequentialism. The former resulted from utilizing features in a demonstration and identifying disposal rights with real rights, while the latter resulted from adherence to the dichotomy system of property rights comprising real rights and creditor's rights. From the perspective of larceny in Criminal Law and virtual property insurance in The Social Insurance Law, the attribute of virtual property rights is irrelevant to creditor's rights. The attribute of virtual property rights shall be defined as virtual property rights so that it can be included in the system of civil rights. The uniqueness of virtual property is enough to become an object of emerging civil rights; intangible property rights as a superordinate theoretical concept cannot reflect the essence of virtual property rights. The legislative frame of virtual property rights shall be comprised of the subject, object, exercise, publication and change of the rights.

To Realize People's Right To Social Security

The right to social security is the basic right of citizens of a country. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which came into effect for China on June 27, 2001, stipulates in its Article 9 that "the States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to social security, including social insurance." It also says in its Article 2 (1) that "each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to take steps, individually and through international assistance and co-operation, especially economic

数据分类分级确权对数据要素价值实现的影响

数据确权是释放数据要素价值的基础,同时也是数据要素市场正常运行和不断发展的关键支撑。研究梳理了数据确权相关概念以及如何建立产权体系以实现数据确权的路径。在此基础上,本研究明晰了数据分类分级确权的具体方式,并基于价值链分析其对数据价值实现中各个环节的影响。研究结果表明,在数据采集环节数据分类分级确权制度能够激励数据供给,提高数据质量,同时激发市场活力;在数据组织环节,它细分了技术工作,保护隐私数据,并挖掘潜在价值;在数据流通环节,它能调节负外部性、降低交易成本、优化资源配置;最后,在数据利用环节,它在数据合规监管和数据价值再开发方面发挥了关键作用。

产权理论视角下传统村落生态产品价值实现的测度与优化路径——以湖南四个典型传统村落为例

传统村落作为人与自然和谐相处的典范,蕴含着丰富的生态产品,如何在乡村生态文明的建设下,把握传统村落生态产品价值实现状况,助推传统村落生态产品价值的实现尤为重要。本研究通过问卷调查、数据分析、实地调查法,基于产权理论划分传统村落生态产品类型,并构建传统村落生态产品价值实现指标体系,同时以湖南四个典型传统村落为例,开展传统村落生态产品价值实现的测度与优化路径研究。结果表明:产权理论视角下传统村落生态产品分为私人生态产品、准公共生态产品和公共生态产品三类,包含生态物质产品、生态文化服务、生态调节服务三要素;传统村落生态产品价值实现的测度差异度低,整体价值实现水平一般,得分在57.08~60.85之间,其中横岭村得分最高,芋头村得分最低。根据价值实现的测度结果与实地调研情况,针对性地提出了旅游开发型与农业主导型传统村落的优化路径,以此助推传统村落生态产品价值实现,促进传统村落的活化与可持续发展。

自愿碳交易市场:产权量化标准与生态价值实现路径

碳环境容量是一种重要的生态产品。自愿碳交易市场通过多样化标准,对众多类型的碳环境容量增益形式的产权进行量化,拓展了产权理论的界定内容,为各种减碳固碳项目的生态价值实现提供了有效路径。产权量化是碳环境容量实现其价值的基础,自愿碳交易标准包括方法学和认证程序,方法学提供碳环境容量产权量化的度量衡,使之转化为可监测、可度量的碳交易产品;认证程序确立了碳环境容量产权量化的流程和必要的监督机制,保障了产权量化的真实可靠性。碳环境容量的增益形式是多样的,需要不同的标准对其产权进行量化。国际国内自愿碳交易实践中多样性的自愿碳交易标准使各种类型的减碳固碳项目找到了实现其生态价值的市场化路径。因此,我国应当制定多层次自愿碳交易产权量化标准,并构建完善的市场体系,激励前沿方法学创新,加强国内国际标准之间的互补和融合,进一步拓展并量化碳环境容量增益形式。

未届期股东出资责任执行的构造解析

股东出资加速到期规则的实质是公司、债权人与股东利益博弈后的立法选择。债权人得对未届出资期限股东强制执行的法理基础并非执行力主观范围扩张,程序正当的逻辑起点在于股东认缴出资之公司责任财产属性。不应扩大解释《变更追加规定》等司法解释的涵摄范围,未届期股东仅在公司不能清偿债务的前提下,承担未出资本金范围内的出资责任。未经程序确权,债权人变更追加未届期股东为被执行人之穿透式执行力扩张有悖程序法理。加速到期之诉虽可填补执行名义缺位的纰漏,实现程序勾连,但其程序法价值主要在于补足债权执行的程序要件。对未届期股东出资责任的执行应当回归债权执行的基本定位,在债权执行构造内,实现对债权人的个别清偿,以体现程序殊相。未来亟待出台司法解释或指导案例,明晰出资加速到期规则与执行程序的衔接适用细则,厘清对未届期股东出资责任执行的程序脉络,提供程序保障规范,实现公司、股东与债权人利益关系的妥适处理。

债权人撤销权行使的法律效果

《民法典》第542条关于债权人撤销权行使效果的规定近年来争议颇大。根据《合同编通则解释》的最新规定,撤销权行使既可致使债务人的行为自始绝对无效,也可发挥债权人得请求相对人向债务人承担返还财产等法律后果的效力。根据我国现行强制执行规则,要使撤销权的请求力发挥一种不可替代的作用,应允许行使撤销权的债权人代位受领相对人向债务人提出的给付。为与代位权制度保持适度的规范体系平衡,行使撤销权的债权人可以通过《民法典》有关抵销的规定,代为受领相对人的给付而直接实现债权。当债务人为企业法人时,债权人撤销权的行使效果应注意与《企业破产法》规定的破产管理人撤销权的衔接适用。

债权人保护视角下的离婚财产协议

离婚协议中有关财产及债务处理的条款存在诈害债权的情形时,可根据其性质参照适用或直接适用债权人撤销权的规定,且原则上应当属于无偿处分财产权益。相关条款无偿性的判断以法定的或司法裁判确定的财产分配比例为参考基准,当事人在条款中约定的分配比例显著超出合理基准,且实际影响债权人债权实现的,其超出部分构成可被撤销的诈害行为。债权人应当承担条款具有诈害性的举证责任,其行使撤销权的范围限于其债权和超出部分的数额,且应当在除斥期间内行使,以避免债权撤销权对离婚协议意思自治的过度介入。

自然人破产程序中的居住权问题审视与规范建议

居住权作为《民法典》中新出现的用益物权类型,现有相关配套规定尚不够具体和明晰,而且由于自身用益物权之特性,在破产程序中对债权的公平清偿和价值实现有一定影响。随着自然人破产制度的逐步推行,居住权与各类破产债权的冲突问题将更加凸显,妥善平衡债务人、债权人以及居住权人的利益是解决问题的关键。首先要明确居住权在破产程序中的存在形式和冲突类型,明确债权人、债务人和居住权人的诉求,通过完善居住权主体、客体的相关规定,丰富居住权概念,将社会性居住权和投资性居住权区分规定,多方充分协商,灵活处理不同类型居住权,力求最终实现居住权基本生活保障功能与破产法公平清偿目标的平衡。

登记对抗主义下相对性物权说之批判

登记对抗主义物权变动规则由设立要件与对抗要件构成,其适用难点在于如何解释对抗要件所产生的登记对抗效力。相对性物权说在承认未登记物权仍为物权属性可对抗一般债权的前提下,主张未登记物权不能对抗特殊债权乃对抗要件发挥其登记对抗效力的必然结果,进而认为,在登记对抗主义下,依据合同设立的未登记物权具有相对性。然而,该学说偏离了物权界定规则与登记对抗规则的位阶关系,对域外法的借鉴未能作出契合本土的诠释,导致设立要件与对抗要件的功能错位。实质上,相对性物权说是以物权的相对性替换债权物权化。特殊债权优先受偿与登记对抗效力不存在必然联系,因而不应纳入登记对抗效力的调整范围。

论债权人撤销权的实现

债权人撤销权判决在不同场合下,或者具有回复物权的效力,或者具有请求返还不当得利的效力。对于前者,债务人可基于物权请求权要求相对人返还原物,撤销权判决因而获得了强制执行力。债务人若怠于追回原物,债权人可直接申请强制执行为相对人占有的财物。对于后者,债务人须另行主张权利,撤销权判决无强制执行力。债务人若怠于行使权利,债权人可代位提起返还不当得利等诉讼。当债务人与相对人借助诉讼方式诈害债权并获得了相关裁判文书时,债权人则只能借助第三人撤销之诉来保全债权。由于第三人撤销之诉判决本身不具备执行的条件,债务人若怠于追回其责任财产,债权人同样需要代位提起不当得利返还等诉讼,或者代位申请执行回转。

论《合同编解释》对撤销权人的三重保护——以《合同编解释》第46条为中心

《合同编解释》第46条对债权人撤销权提供了三重保护,债权人可以在撤销权诉讼中同时请求相对人恢复原状或履行到期债务。这一规则使得撤销权诉讼可以兼具形成之诉与给付之诉的性质,但法院裁判仍应以债权人的请求为限,而不得在债权人未请求时直接判决给付内容。基于撤销权诉讼判决的给付内容,债权人可以在获得其与债务人的诉讼生效法律文书时,向相对人申请强制执行,并依撤销权诉讼中给付内容的性质可能需要适用有关代位执行的规定。在债务人具有多个债权人的场合,应当区分债权人是否获得撤销权中的给付判决,分别确定受偿规则。《合同编解释》第46条关于保全的规则并未突破一般诉讼保全规则,可从程序法上为撤销权人提供必要的保护。

新型职业农民社会保障权实现路径探析

新型职业农民队伍是全面实现乡村振兴战略的重要人才基础。加强新型职业农民各项权利的法治化保障,有利于人才队伍建设,促进新型职业农民社会保障权的完满实现,具有深厚的理论意义和现实需求。当前,新型职业农民社会保障权在法律实现这一层面上面临着权利内涵阐释不足、老龄化压力使权利实现难度增加、社会保障权权利供给的法律制度不完善等困境。推动社会保障权内涵阐释与认知转型,优化新型职业农民培育与配套医疗服务体系,完善社会保障权的权利供给法律制度,是推动新型职业农民社会保障权实现的有效路径。

债权人撤销权的法律效果及债权的实现路径——以《民法典合同编通则解释》第46条为中心

债权人撤销权诉讼胜诉后,只有债务人的财产实际恢复,才能实现债的保全效果;同时,也只有撤销权诉讼的胜诉成果能够最终转化为债权人债权的实现,才能激励债权人积极行使撤销权。如此才能使民法典规定的债权人撤销权制度充分发挥作用。《民法典合同编通则解释》第46条从执行程序的角度给出了解决路径:首先,明确债权人撤销权行使的法律效果为“撤销加返还”—债权人可以在撤销权诉讼中同时请求相对人承担返还财产、折价补偿、履行到期债务等法律后果。其次,在符合管辖规定的前提下,债权人可以请求受理撤销权诉讼的人民法院一并审理其与债务人之间的债权债务关系,实现一次性解决纠纷。最后,债权人可以基于其与债务人之间债权债务关系的执行依据、撤销权诉讼的胜诉生效裁判形成的连环给付关系,通过强制执行程序实现自己的债权。