Experiment and mechanism investigation on advanced reburning for NO_x reduction:influence of CO and temperature

Pulverized coal reburning, ammonia injection and advanced reburning in a pilot scale drop tube furnace were inves- tigated. Premix of petroleum gas, air and NH3 were burned in a porous gas burner to generate the needed flue gas. Four kinds of pulverized coal were fed as reburning fuel at constant rate of 1g/min. The coal reburning process parameters including 15%~25% reburn heat input, temperature range from 1100 °C to 1400 °C and also the carbon in fly ash, coal fineness, reburn zone stoichiometric ratio, etc. were investigated. On the condition of 25% reburn heat input, maximum of 47% NO reduction with Yanzhou coal was obtained by pure coal reburning. Optimal temperature for reburning is about 1300 °C and fuel-rich stoichiometric ratio is essential; coal fineness can slightly enhance the reburning ability. The temperature window for ammonia injection is about 700 °C^1100 °C. CO can improve the NH3 ability at lower temperature. During advanced reburning, 72.9% NO reduction was measured. To achieve more than 70% NO reduction, Selective Non-catalytic NOx Reduction (SNCR) should need NH3/NO stoichiometric ratio larger than 5, while advanced reburning only uses common dose of ammonia as in conventional SNCR technology. Mechanism study shows the oxidization of CO can improve the decomposition of H2O, which will rich the radical pools igniting the whole reactions at lower temperatures.

Cold-state Experimental Study on Flow Characteristics of Multi-nozzle in Natural Gas Reburning Burner

Based on the prototypes of a 130 t/h boiler, constant proportional cold-state test bench is established, flow characteristics of multi-nozzle in natural gas reburning burner and its influence on the covering effect for the upflow in the furnace are researched. Numerical simulations of this process are also made with standard ?turbulence model. The results show that air flow fullness in furnace is better in the case of the reburning zone with 8 nozzles compared to 4 nozzles and also coverage effect of the reburning flow for the updraft gas in the furnace is better. In the condition each nozzle airflow velocity is constant, the effect of reburning flow on coverage of up-secondary air is best when the incident angle for four corners is 14.17?, while Center of the furnace wall is 84.57. And while the best incident angle is invariable, the effect of reburning flow on coverage of up-secondary air is best when the speed of reburning gas in the corners of furnace is 51 m/s, the same to the center of the furnace wall’s.

Experimental Research and Mathematical Modelling for Coal Reburning in Furnace

Reburning technology is one of the most cost-effective NOx reduction strategies for coal combustion systems. In this paper, a nitric oxide submodel incorporated into a comprehensive coal combustion model was developed for predicting NOx reduction in a 93 kW laboratory-scale coal combustion furnace by reburning. This NO submodel, including reburning mechanism, requires the solution of only two transport equations to model the behavior of NO reduction in the reburning process. A number of experiments have been performed in the same furnace, and the experimental data obtained from the optimized reburn configuration was used to validate the model. Measurements and predictions both show above 50% reduction of NO emissions for the optimized reburning process. Profile comparisons show that the predicted temperature and oxygen concentration match well with the measurements, and the general trend of predicted NO concentration is very similar to that measured. The results of this study show that the present nitric oxide submodel depicts quite well the observed behaviour of NO annihilation in the reburning process. It is expected that this usable and computationally economic model represents a useful tool to simulate the gaseous fuel reburning process for the researchers concerned with practical combustors.

Numerical Study on Reduction of NO_x and Unburned Carbon in Micronized Coal Reburning

Three dimensional numerical simulation of bituminous coal reburning in a full-scale tangentially fired boiler was conducted with CFD method to study the effects of reburn zone length, the height of reburn nozzles, the stoichiometric ratio in reburn zone, the reburn fuel fraction and the reburn coal fineness on NOx reduction efficiency and unburned carbon in fly ash. The results indicate that the NOx reduction efficiency reaches the largest value when the relative height of reburn nozzles is about 0.21 and the stoichiometric ratio is between 0.8 and 0.9 in reburn zone; NOx reduction efficiency increases with reburn zone length, reburn fuel fraction and the decrease of reburn coal particle size; the smaller the coal particle size is, the better the burnout performance of coal is.

Detailed in-furnace measurements with reburning of superfine pulverized coal in high CO_(2)concentration

This paper presents detailed measurements of gaseous species during the reburning process with high CO_(2)concentration in a bench-scale furnace.Superfine pulverized coal,with the average particle size below or around 20μm,is used as the reburning fuel.The data of flue gas concentration(NOx,HCN,NH_(3),CH_(4),O_(2),CO,CO_(2)etc.)is obtained in order to reveal the intrinsic connection between NOx emissions and other influential gaseous species at different positions of the furnace.The finding concludes that the advantage of superfine pulverized coal with regard to NO reduction is more efficient in homogeneous stage rather than heterogeneous stage.Meanwhile,the evolution of HCN and CH_(4)agrees well with each stage of NO reduction,which indicates that these gaseous species are favorable for NO abatement.Eventually,oxygen consumption rate for superfine pulverized coal is relatively faster,conducive to strengthen both homogeneous and heterogeneous NO reduction under CO_(2)reburning condition.

The effect of biomass pyrolysis gas reburning on N_2O emission in a coal-fired fluidized bed boiler

The fossil fuel consumption and pollutant emissions in a coal fired fluidized bed boiler could be reduced by biomass pyrolysis gas reburning.The influence of three kinds of biomass pyrolysis gases on the emission of N_2O in a laboratory scale fluidized bed was investigated using the mechanism of GRI3.0 in this paper.The results showed that:the effect of sawdust pyrolysis gas reburning on N_2O was more significant than that of rice husk and orange peel under the same conditions;the increase of initial oxygen content from 1% to 8% in flue gas would restrain the decomposition of N_2O;the N_2O decomposition was enhanced by increasing reaction temperature from 1073.15 K to 1323.15 K,and the decomposition rate may reach 99% at 1223.15 K.

氨再燃过程中NO还原及再生成机理

以氨再燃技术为应用背景,采用Chemkin软件选取Zhang机理在PFR反应器模型中进行NO/O_(2)/H_(2)O/N_(2)气氛下氨再燃的动力学模拟,考察了温度(1173~1573K)、氧浓度(0~4%)、再燃比(1%~30%)对再燃性能的影响.结果表明:在研究参数范围内,氨再燃脱硝效果显著,脱硝率可达97%以上,在1350~1469K温度窗口内能实现80%以上的脱硝率.并从反应路径角度对氨再燃过程中存在的NO还原区、平衡区、NO再生成区进行了分析.当氧浓度高于1.5%时,会出现NO再生成区,且氧浓度越高NO反弹越大最终NO浓度越高.而再燃比的影响需要综合考虑脱硝率和未反应氨,在(10%±3%)范围内为佳.

天然气调质煤粉再燃中关键参数的实验研究

针对煤粉再燃技术,提出了一种结合再循环烟气输送煤粉和天然气调质的方案。其目的在于提高再燃煤粉的还原能力,从而降低燃煤锅炉产生的氮氧化物排放。为了探索如何利用天然气中高活性成分,创造一个更有利于煤粉还原NO_(x)的环境,利用模拟实际燃煤锅炉条件下的多反应控制段携带流反应器实验系统,研究了天然气调质的整个过程。结果表明,天然气调质产生的大量还原性物质,如CO*、OH*、H和CHi等优化了煤焦的物理化学结构,增强了煤焦还原氮氧化物的能力。与传统的再循环烟气输送煤粉相比,添加天然气调质后,NO_(x)的还原效率提高了约12.23%。通过实验和数据分析,解析了天然气调质技术对于煤粉再燃的显著影响,并提出了在工程应用中的具体参数要求。从工程应用角度来看,为了实现高效率的氮氧化物还原,并兼顾煤粉的燃烬和经济性,需要对再燃区的过量空气系数、停留时间和燃料比进行精确控制,分别为0.8、0.6 s和20%。总的来说,采用天然气调质技术可在保证氮氧化物超低排放的同时,尽量减少活性气体的使用,从而提高系统运行的经济性。该灵活的天然气使用技术不仅在实验室条件下取得了良好的效果,也为工程实践提供了可行的方案,保证系统运行的经济性。

回收矿热炉炉气作为回转窑辅助燃料的节能系统

为了解决目前回转窑-矿热炉工艺流程中存在CO_(2)、NO_(x)排放量高、煤耗大等问题,基于计算流体力学(CFD)、多反应耦合条件,结合回收矿热炉炉气CO等可燃成分的净化装置,采用SolidWorks软件建立回转窑三维物理模型,利用ICEM软件对物理模型进行网格划分,建立了回转窑炉气-煤粉气固两相燃料混合燃烧模型,使用FLUENT软件开展回转窑中废气再燃技术的数值研究,探究废气再燃技术对回转窑煤耗量和烟气成分的影响。结果表明:焙烧区域在温度满足实际生产的前提下,此节能系统可将回转窑的NO_(x)排放量由0.100 9%(体积分数)降低至0.057 4%(体积分数);回收矿热炉炉气中余热能量约为78.411 GJ·h^(-1);回转窑的烟煤损耗量可减少3.7 t·h^(-1),约占总煤耗量的40.6%;每年减少的CO_(2)排放量和灰渣等固体废弃污染物排放量分别为69 796、1 750t。

200MW四角切圆燃烧锅炉改造工况数值模拟

煤粉再燃是降低NOx排放的一项新技术。利用CFD软件平台,采用数值模拟方法对某电厂200MW 四角切圆燃烧锅炉改造前后炉内燃烧状况进行研究。改造方案1 采用空气分级,方案2 在1 基础上,增加细粉再燃。计算结果表明:改造后在最上面一层一次风喷口的高度区域,温度骤然下降,而CO 浓度很高,形成一个相对低氧,低温的还原性气氛区域。再燃降低NOx 48.9%左右。改造后煤粉燃尽率下降且燃尽所需时间也增加,降低了电厂的经济性。煤粉颗粒在炉内运动具有很大随机性,停留时间差异很大。平均而言,煤粉喷入高度越高,停留时间也越短。

气体再燃低NO_x排放试验研究

在一台具有空气分离、燃料分级燃烧等多用途的一维热态试验台上,研究了天然气再燃燃烧过程中停留时间、空气过量系数、温度、煤种等一些关键因数对NOx释放规律的影响.结果表明:提高再燃区停留时间有利于降低NOx的排放,其最佳停留时间为0.6s;再燃区过量空气系数存在一个最佳值(0.8～0.9);脱氮效率随着再燃量的增加而增大,随着再燃区温度的增加而增大;对于不同煤种,均能起到显著的降低NOx排放作用;试验室的脱氮率为70%～80%,NOx的排放浓度可在200mg/Nm3以下.

超细煤粉的细度对再燃还原NO的影响

以烟煤和褐煤混煤的超细煤粉作为再燃燃料,用N2、O2、CO2、NO配制模拟烟气,在立式携带流反应器中进行了煤粉再燃还原NO的实验,研究了超细煤粉的细度对炉内1300℃高温烟气中再燃还原NO的影响.结果表明:①超细煤粉在再燃区内最佳停留时间约为0.8s;② NO的还原效率随着超细煤粉细度提高而增大;③在再燃燃料比为20%～25%、再燃区的初始氧浓度为4%～6%的工况范围内,煤粉细度对NO还原效率的影响显著;④在保证一定的NO排放浓度水平的情况下,使用较细的超细煤粉作为再燃燃料时,可以减少再燃燃料的投入量.

采用超细煤粉再燃技术 降低氮氧化物排放

采用超细煤粉再燃,降低氮氧化物排放的技术是将超细煤粉作为再燃燃料,解决常规粒度煤粉再燃未完全燃烧损失较大、氮氧化物还原率低的问题。该技术符合我国以煤为主的能源结构,初始投资和运行成本较低,是一种很有前途的低氮氧化物排放技术。介绍再燃低氮氧化物技术及其影响因素,提出该技术工程应用需注意的问题。

选择性非催化还原法在电站锅炉上的应用

对一台HG-410／9．8-YW15型煤粉锅炉，在已进行常规煤粉再燃改造基础上进一步结合了选择性非催化还原（selective non—catalytic reduction，SNCR）的改造，即对该锅炉采用了联合Reburning／SNCR技术。通过实验运行表明：当仅有再燃投入运行时，NOx可以低于350mg／m^3（标准状态，6％O2，干烟气）；而当结合了SNCR运行时，NOx则达到了200mg／m^3以下，同时尾部氨泄漏小于7．6mg／m^2。低负荷情况下脱硝率较高，对于51％负荷（φNH3）／φNO）等于1．0），NOx降至160mg/m^3，而此时的尾部氨泄漏只有1．14mg/m^3。此外，根据负荷及φ（NH3）／φ（NO）的不同，单独SNCR技术在再燃的基础上也实现了38．2％-73．9％的脱硝率。尾部烟道中的氨分布呈现出前墙高于后墙的现象。SNCR的投运对飞灰含碳量、排烟温度及CO排放等几乎没有影响，但会造成尾部排烟量的增加，即对锅炉效率造成了约0．5％的损失。

生物质再燃脱硝的试验研究

采用恒温沉降炉研究了秸秆、稻壳2种生物质及一种煤粉作为再燃燃料的NO还原特性,针对燃料种类、过量空气系数、停留时间及再燃比例4个因素的改变对脱硝率的影响进行了实验研究,同时对3种燃料的再燃燃尽特性进行了分析。研究表明:生物质脱硝能力明显高于煤粉,提高再然比例及减小过量空气系数,3种燃料的脱硝率有不同程度的提高,其中秸秆脱硝率最高,稻壳中等,煤粉最低;在一定的再燃停留时间内(650 ms),延长停留时间,脱硝率增加,超过这一停留时间,脱硝率增加缓慢。生物质与煤粉相比,在相同反应条件下能获得更高的脱硝效果,同时其不完全燃烧损失保持在合理的范围内。

生物质燃料再燃研究进展

生物质能是可再生能源,生物质燃料具有CO2净排放为零的特性,对它的利用可减少温室气体排放,符合实现可持续发展的要求。生物质燃料再燃方式包括直接再燃、间接再燃和高级再燃等3种方式,都能有效减少NOx排放。利用木柴直接再燃的研究较多,采用人工模拟生物质气化气是研究间接再燃的有效途径。生物质燃料种类、尺寸、组分,燃料携带气,燃料喷入位置、燃尽风、再燃区过量空气系数等多种因素影响再燃。对我国开展生物质燃料再燃研究提出了建议。

600MW超临界燃煤锅炉生物质气体再燃的数值研究

利用FLUENT数值软件对某电厂600 MW超临界前后墙对冲旋流燃煤锅炉进行了600℃时玉米秆气化气、稻秆气化气和小麦秆气化气再燃的数值模拟,研究了不同生物质气化气、再燃量对炉内燃烧、炉膛出口烟气温度及NO、CO2、CO生成的影响.结果表明:小麦秆气、玉米秆气、稻秆气的最大脱氮率分别是41%、40%、38%;随着生物质气体再燃量的增加炉膛出口CO2、NO排放浓度降低,温度和CO浓度升高;生物质气体再燃能有效降低NO排放浓度,而且对锅炉的正常运行影响较小;麦秆气、玉米秆气和稻秆气的脱氮率依次降低.

煤气再燃还原氮氧化物的特性研究

电厂煤粉锅炉燃煤过程产生的氮氧化物对环境的污染非常严重。为了降低氮氧化物(NO_x)的排放,并且利用现有的地下气化煤气气源,把煤气作为再燃燃料还原煤燃烧已生成的NO_x,研究煤气再燃还原NO_x的化学动力学特性。煤气中对NO_x还原起主要作用的气体是H_2、CO和CH_4,其比例是5.6:4.7:1,构造了一个适用于煤气再燃还原NO_x的化学反应机理(200个反应46种物质),利用该机理研究了O_2浓度、温度、初始的NO浓度、压力对煤气再燃还原NO_x的影响,并给出了计算结果,利用这些机理可以很好地预测燃烧过程中的NO_x排放特性,优化反应过程和运行参数。

生物质再燃降低NO_x排放的实验研究

在多功能燃烧脱硝实验装置上，对不同种类生物质再燃脱硝进行了实验研究，考察了生物质特性及实验工况对脱硝效果的影响。结果表明，生物质再燃能够取得55％～70％的脱硝效率，当实验参数选取在一定范围内时，随着再燃区温度的提高、过量空气系数的减少、再燃比的增加、NO初始浓度的提高以及燃料粒径的减小，NOx还原率逐渐提高。相同的实验工况下，玉米秸再燃取得的脱硝效果最好，麦秸、花生壳次之，杨木屑较差。

煤种及煤粉细度对炉内再燃过程脱硝和燃尽特性的影响

煤粉再燃技术是目前电站锅炉降低NOx排放的一种有效技术。本文在一维沉降炉上进行了不同煤种、不同煤粉细度的煤粉再燃脱硝降低NOx排放的试验研究。试验结果表明:高挥发分的煤种在再燃降低NOx时的效果更显著。对于同一煤种,采用细度更细的煤,合适的再燃区停留时间,可以获得高的降低NOx排放效果,并可使煤粉的燃尽率达到90%左右。本文还采用最小燃尽高度的方法探讨了再燃过程中煤粉细度的选择方法,分析得出,为使再燃区的煤粉能完全燃烧,充分发挥还原NOx的效果,必须采用细粉或者超细粉。