Receptor activator of nuclear factorκB ligand/osteoprotegerin axis and vascular calcifications in patients with chronic kidney disease

Vascular calcifications are commonly observed in patients with chronic kidney disease （CKD） and contri-bute to the excessive cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rates observed in these patients populations. Although the pathogenetic mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated, recent evidence suggests a link between bone metabolism and the development and progression of vascular calcifications. Moreover, accumulating data indicate that receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand/osteoprotegerin axis which plays essential roles in the regulation of bone metabolism is also involved in extra-osseous bone formation. Further studies are required to establish the prognostic significance of the above biomarkers as predictors of the presence and severity of vascular calcifications in CKD patients and of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Moreover, randomized clinical trials are needed to clarify whether inhibition of osteoclast activity will protect from vascular calcifcations.

The Role of Toll-Like Receptors and Nuclear Factor κB p65 Protein in the Pathogenesis of Otitis Media

The role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κB p65) proteins in the pathogenesis of otitis media is explored. In recent years, the incidence of otitis media has been rising globally, becoming a significant threat to human health. More and more studies have found that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), as a member of the Toll-like receptor family, can promote the generation of inflammatory factors and is closely related to the body’s immune response and inflammatory response. Nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) is a nuclear transcription factor that can interact with various cytokines, growth factors, and apoptotic factors, participating in processes such as oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in the body [1]. This article elaborates on the structure, function, and signaling pathways of TLR4 and NF-κB p65 proteins in the pathogenesis of otitis media, aiming to provide more precise targets and better therapeutic efficacy for the diagnosis and treatment of otitis media. The role of inflammation in disease.

Role of osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand axis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Concomitantly with the increase in the prevalences of overweight/obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) has worldwide become the main cause of chronic liver disease in both adults and children. Patients with fatty liver display features of metabolic syndrome(Met S), like insulin resistance(IR), glucose intolerance, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Recently, epidemiological studies have linked obesity, Met S, and NAFLD to decreased bone mineral density and osteoporosis, highlighting an intricate interplay among bone, adipose tissue, and liver. Osteoprotegerin(OPG), an important symbol of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-B ligand/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B/OPG system activation, typically considered for its role in bone metabolism, may also play critical roles in the initiation and perpetuation of obesityrelated comorbidities. Clinical data have indicated that OPG concentrations are associated with hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, vascular calcification, endothelial dysfunction, and severity of liver damage in chronic hepatitis C. Nonetheless, the relationship between circulating OPG and IR as a key feature of Met S as well as between OPG and NAFLD remains uncertain. Thus, the aims of the present review are to provide the existent knowledge on these associations and to discuss briefly the underlying mechanisms linking OPG and NAFLD.

Increased Expression of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand in Osteoblasts from Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Patients with Low Bone Mineral Density

Persistent generalized low bone mineral density (BMD) has been reported in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).However,the exact mechanisms and causes of the low BMD in AIS patients are largely unknown.The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels in osteoblasts (OBs) from AIS patients with low BMD and with comparison made between the patients and controls.Twenty AIS patients and eight age-matched controls were included in the present study.The BMD of lumbar spine and proximal femur was measured in all subjects.OBs from the cancellous bone of each subject was harvested and primarily cultured.The mRNA and protein expression of RANKL and OPG in OBs was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting.The results showed BMD was lower in AIS patients than in controls.A significantly higher mRNA and protein expression of RANKL was observed in OBs from AIS patients,while no significant difference was found in the expression of OPG between AIS patients and controls.As a result,RANKL/OPG ratio in patients with AIS was remarkably higher than controls.Our study preliminarily demonstrated expression of RANKL was higher in OBs from AIS patients with low BMD as compared with controls,suggesting the unbalanced RANKL/OPG ratio caused by an over-expression of RANKL in OBs may be responsible for the low BMD in AIS patients.

Effect of Triptolide on Expression of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand in Rat Adjuvant Induced Arthritis

The effect of triptolide （TP） on the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand （RANKL） and osteoprotegerin （OPG） was explored in rat adjuvant induced arthritis （AA）. AA was induced in Wistar rats. Arthritis rats were treated with TP and methotrexate （MTX） at the onset （day 9） of arthritis. On the peak of arthritis （day 24）, the expression of RANKL and OPG protein in the joints and RANKL mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMC） was detected. TNF-α and IL-1β levels in peripheral blood were determined. Bone erosion scores were also evaluated. The results showed that bone erosion scores in TP and MTX groups were lower than in AA group （.P〈0.01） ; The expression levels of RANKL in the synovium （P〈0.01） and bone （P〈0.05）, and OPG level in synovium （P〈0.05） were lower in TP group than in AA group （P〈0.05）. In TP group, the expression levels of RANKL mRNA and TNF-α, IL-1β in PBMC were lower than in AA group （all P〈0.01）. It was concluded that TP could inhibit rat adjuvant arthritis bone erosion by suppressing the expression of RANKL.

Influence of baicalin on the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and osteoprotegerin in human periodontal ligament cells

Objective To study the effect of baicalin on the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand(RANKL)and osteoprotegerin(OPG)in cultured human periodontal ligament(HPDL)cells.Methods Small interfering RNA(siRNA)eukaryotic expression vector targeted transforming growth factor βⅡ receptor(TGF-β RⅡ)was constructed and transfected into T cells.HPDL cells with T cells transfected with siRNA or not were placed in the culture medium that had been added with lipopolysaccharide(LPS)and baicalin.The obtained solution was divided into six groups according to the components(group Ⅰ:HPDL cells+LPS+T cells transfected with siRNA1+baicalin;group Ⅱ:HPDL cells+LPS+T cells transfected with siRNA1;group Ⅲ:HPDL cells+LPS+T cells+baicalin;group Ⅳ:HPDL cells+LPS+T cells;group Ⅴ:HPDL cells+baicalin;group Ⅵ:HPDL cells)and was cultured for 48 hours.RT-PCR was used to observe the effect of baicalin on the expression of OPG-RANKL in HPDL cells.Results The ratio of RANKL/OPG in group Ⅰ was lower than that in group Ⅱ(P<0.01)and higher than that in group Ⅲ(P<0.01);The ratio of RANKL/OPG in group Ⅲ was lower than that in group Ⅳ(P<0.01);the ratio of RANKL/OPG in group Ⅳ was higher than that in group Ⅵ(P<0.01);the ratio of RANKL/OPG in group Ⅴ was lower than that in group Ⅵ(P<0.05).Conclusion ① Baicalin could decrease the ratio of RANKL/OPG in HPDL cells.② The TGF-β signaling transduction plays an important role in the effect of baicalin on the RANKL/OPG ratio in HPDL cells.③ Baicalin acts not only through TGF-β to regulate RANKL/OPG in HPDL cells,but also through other pathways.

PCNA、Bcl-2及EGFR在喉癌组织中的表达及与临床病理特征、生存的关系

目的探讨增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2)及表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)在喉癌组织中的表达及与临床病理特征、生存的关系。方法选取2017年3月—2020年1月在苏州大学附属第一医院因喉癌行手术治疗的92例患者的喉癌组织及对应癌旁组织标本。检测癌组织与癌旁组织PCNA mRNA、Bcl-2mRNA、EGFR mRNA相对表达量,多元线性回归分析其癌组织表达与临床病理特征的关系。随访3年,采用Kaplain-Maier曲线分析不同PCNA、Bcl-2、EGFR表达水平患者生存情况差异。结果癌组织PCNA mRNA、Bcl-2 mRNA、EGFR mRNA相对表达量高于癌旁组织(P<0.05)。不同年龄、肿瘤部位患者PCNA mRNA、Bcl-2 mRNA、EGFR mRNA相对表达量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);低分化,临床分期Ⅲ、Ⅳ期及淋巴结转移患者PCNA mRNA、Bcl-2 mRNA、EGFR mRNA相对表达量分别高于中、高分化,临床分期Ⅰ、Ⅱ期,无淋巴结转移患者(P<0.05)。多元线性回归分析结果显示,肿瘤分化程度、临床分期、淋巴结转移是喉癌组织PCNA mRNA、Bcl-2 mRNA、EGFR mRNA表达的影响因素。Kaplain-Maier曲线分析结果显示,PCNA mRNA高表达患者3年无进展生存率、总生存率分别为59.57%和70.21%,低于低表达患者的80.00%和88.89%(P<0.05);Bcl-2 mRNA高表达患者3年无进展生存率、总生存率分别为60.78%和70.59%,低于低表达患者的80.49%和90.24%(P<0.05);EGFR mRNA高表达患者3年无进展生存率、总生存率分别为59.09%和70.45%,低于低表达患者的79.17%、87.50%(P<0.05)。结论喉癌组织PCNA、Bcl-2、EGFR呈高表达,且其高表达状态与肿瘤分期高、分化程度低、淋巴结转移有关,PCNA、Bcl-2、EGFR表达水平可在一定程度上反映患者预后。

五味子乙素通过TLR4/NF-κB信号通路对急性胰腺炎大鼠肺部损伤的影响

目的:探讨五味子乙素通过Toll样受体4(TLR4)/核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路对急性胰腺炎(AP)大鼠肺部损伤的影响。方法:取SD大鼠,通过胆胰管内逆行注射5%牛磺胆酸钠方法诱导建立AP肺损伤模型,经随机数表法分为模型组、五味子乙素组、TLR4过表达载体组、TLR4空载组、五味子乙素+TLR4过表达载体组,每组12只大鼠,再取12只SD大鼠仅翻动肠管不注射5%牛磺胆酸钠,作为假手术组。以药物分别干预大鼠后,检测各组大鼠肺功能及各组大鼠腹水量与肺组织湿重/干重(W/D);HE染色检测各组大鼠肺组织病理形态并评分;检测各组大鼠动脉血气;全自动生化分析仪检测大鼠血清淀粉酶,ELISA检测炎症细胞因子IL-6、IL-18水平;蛋白免疫印迹法检测肺组织TLR4/NF-κB通路蛋白表达;免疫组织化学染色检测肺组织TLR4蛋白表达。结果:与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠肺组织出现病理损伤改变,模型组大鼠MV、PEF、PaO_(2)、OI显著降低(P<0.05),Ri、腹水量与W/D、PaCO_(2)、Holfbauer评分、血清淀粉酶、IL-6与IL-18水平、肺组织TLR4阳性细胞比例、TLR4与MYD88蛋白表达、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65水平显著升高(P<0.05)。与模型组、五味子乙素+TLR4过表达载体组分别相比,五味子乙素组大鼠肺组织病理损伤改变程度均减轻,MV、PEF、PaO_(2)、OI均升高(P<0.05),Ri、腹水量与W/D、PaCO_(2)、Holfbauer评分、血清淀粉酶、IL-6与IL-18水平、肺组织TLR4阳性细胞比例、TLR4与MYD88蛋白表达、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65水平均降低(P<0.05);TLR4过表达载体组大鼠肺组织病理损伤改变程度均加重,MV、PEF、PaO_(2)、OI均降低(P<0.05),Ri、腹水量与W/D、PaCO_(2)、Holfbauer评分、血清淀粉酶、IL-6与IL-18水平、肺组织TLR4阳性细胞比例、TLR4与MYD88蛋白表达、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65水平均升高(P<0.05)。与模型组相比,TLR4空载组大鼠各指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:五味子乙素可通过下调TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,抑制炎症,减轻AP大鼠肺部损伤,修复肺功能。

三黄益肾胶囊调控NF-κB信号通路减轻糖尿病肾病大鼠炎症反应的机制研究

目的:旨在探究三黄益肾胶囊治疗糖尿病肾病(DN)可能的炎症反应机制。方法:按照随机数字表法将60只大鼠分为正常组、模型组、厄贝沙坦组及三黄益肾低、中、高剂量组,每组10只。除正常组外,其余各组大鼠用高糖高脂饲料联合链脲佐菌素(STZ)注射建立DN模型。正常组和模型组给予生理盐水2 mL灌胃;厄贝沙坦组给予厄贝沙坦11.51 mg/kg灌胃;三黄益肾低、中、高剂量组分别给予三黄益肾胶囊0.41、0.81、1.62 g/kg灌胃。各组大鼠均1次/d,连续给药4周。比较各组大鼠空腹血糖(FBG)、体质量、24 h尿白蛋白、肾功能指标、肾组织病理学变化、肾组织抗氧化相关指标(SOD、GSH-Px活性及MDA水平)、肾组织炎症介质[白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)]、肾组织诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、肾组织CD68、CC趋化因子受体2(CCR2)表达、肾组织CC趋化因子配体2(CCL2)、NF-κB P65、p-NF-κB P65、IκB、p-IκB表达。结果:与模型组比较,各三黄益肾胶囊组大鼠体质量高,FBG、血清肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)及24 h尿蛋白水平低,肾脏组织病理变化减轻,三肾组织中SOD、GSH-Px活性高,MDA水平低,IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α水平低,肾组织中iNOS水平低,肾组织CCR2与CD68共定位水平低,CCL2、p-NF-κB P65、p-IκB蛋白表达低。结论:三黄益肾胶囊治疗DN的机制可能与抑制肾组织中NF-κB信号通路激活,减轻肾脏氧化应激及炎症反应有关。

骨保护素/核因子κB受体活化因子/核因子κB受体活化因子配体调节骨代谢及其靶向治疗在口腔领域的应用

背景:骨保护素/核因子κB受体活化因子/核因子κB受体活化因子配体是偶联破骨细胞、成骨细胞分化和活化的重要细胞因子,是调节骨代谢的关键因子,影响着免疫系统、骨的再生和重塑,与牙槽骨的生理性及病理性改建密切相关。目的:分析总结骨保护素/核因子κB受体活化因子/核因子κB受体活化因子配体信号通路对牙槽骨改建的影响及其靶向治疗在口腔领域应用研究中的进展。方法:检索中国知网及PubMed数据库收录的相关文献。中文检索词为“骨保护素,抗RANKL抗体,核因子κB受体活化因子配体,牙周炎,正畸牙移动,种植,牙齿萌出,根尖周病变,牙槽骨吸收”,英文检索词为“OPG,anti-RANKL antibody,RANKL,periodontitis,orthodontic tooth movement,implant,tooth eruption,periapical lesion,alveolar bone resorption”,最终纳入63篇文献进行归纳总结。结果与结论:①抗核因子κB受体活化因子配体通过靶向抑制破骨细胞形成和牙槽骨吸收来治疗口腔疾病;②局部和全身抗核因子κB受体活化因子配体治疗可以抑制牙周炎、种植体周围炎、根尖周病变的进展,且其在预防正畸后复发、增强正畸支抗和种植体骨结合方面也发挥重要作用;③核因子κB受体活化因子配体通过靶向促进破骨细胞分化来治疗口腔疾病;④核因子κB受体活化因子配体治疗可以加速正畸牙移动、缩短治疗周期、减少正畸并发症的发生;⑤虽然抗核因子κB受体活化因子配体治疗存在局限性,但是可以通过合理应用如应用前排除危险因素,应用期间定期口腔维护、避免创伤性牙槽手术等措施来规避。

Inhibiting 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3 alleviates pathological changes of a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

Extracellular amyloid beta(Aβ) plaques are main pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease.However,the specific type of neuro ns that produce Aβ peptides in the initial stage of Alzheimer’s disease are unknown.In this study,we found that 5-hydroxytryptamin receptor 3A subunit(HTR3A) was highly expressed in the brain tissue of transgenic amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1 mice(an Alzheimer’s disease model) and patients with Alzheimer’s disease.To investigate whether HTR3A-positive interneurons are associated with the production of Aβ plaques,we performed double immunostaining and found that HTR3A-positive interneurons were clustered around Aβ plaques in the mouse model.Some amyloid precursor protein-positive or β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1-positive neurites near Aβ plaques were co-localized with HTR3A interneurons.These results suggest that HTR3A-positive interneurons may partially contribute to the generation of Aβ peptides.We treated 5.0-5.5-month-old model mice with tro pisetron,a HTR3 antagonist,for 8 consecutive weeks.We found that the cognitive deficit of mice was partially reversed,Aβ plaques and neuroinflammation we re remarkably reduced,the expression of HTR3 was remarkably decreased and the calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T-cell 4 signaling pathway was inhibited in treated model mice.These findings suggest that HTR3A interneurons partly contribute to generation of Aβ peptide at the initial stage of Alzheimer’s disease and inhibiting HTR3 partly reve rses the pathological changes of Alzheimer’s disease.

Nuclear factor kappa B: A marker of chemotherapy for human stage Ⅳ gastric carcinoma

AIM： To detect the nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB） condition in human stage IV gastric carcinoma patients and to explore the correlation between NF-κB activation and survival of these patients after chemotherapy. METHODS： Expression of NF-κB-p65 was determined by immunohistochemical analysis. Activity of NF-κB DNA-binding in carcinoma tissue was detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to show the relation between NF-κB and progression-free survival （PFS） or overall survival （OS） of the patients. RESULTS： The positive expression rate of NF-κB-p65 in 60 gastric cancer tissue samples was 76.7% （46160）. The expression of NF-κB-p65 was reduced in adjacent carcinoma and normal tissue samples. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay （EMSA） analysis showed a strong activation of NF-κB in cancer tissue samples. A survival difference was found in NF-κB-p65 positive and negative patients. NF-κB-p65 expression was negative in cancer tissue samples （n = 14）. PFS was 191.40 ± 59.88 d and 152.93 ±16.99 d, respectively, in patients with positive NF-κB-p65 expression （n = 46） （P = 0.4028）. The survival time of patients with negative and positive NF-κB-p65 expression was 425.16 ±61.61 d and 418.85 ±42.98 d, respectively （P = 0.7303）. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed no significant difference in PFS or OS. The 46 patient tissue which positive NF-κB-p65 expression was found in the tissue samples from the 46 patients whose PFS and OS were 564.89 ± 75.94 d and s 352.37 ±41.32 d, respectively （P = 0.0165）. CONCLUSION： NF-κB is activated in gastric carcinoma tissue, which is related to the OS after chemotherapy.

骨保护素/核因子кB受体活化因子配体、小泛素样修饰蛋白特异性蛋白酶1、脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征病情程度的关系及其预测心血管事件价值分析

目的分析骨保护素(OPG)/核因子кB受体活化因子配体(RANKL)、小泛素样修饰蛋白特异性蛋白酶1(SENP-1)、脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(Lp-PLA2)与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)病情程度的关系及各指标预测心血管事件(CVE)价值。方法纳入2021年9月至2022年9月于河北省胸科医院接受治疗的120例OSAHS患者,根据病情分为轻度组、中度组、重度组,比较三组患者的基线资料,采用多元logistics回归分析OPG/RANKL、SENP-1、Lp-PLA2与阻塞性OSAHS病情程度的关系。随访1年,记录120例患者随访期间心血管事件(CVE)的发生情况,将发生CVE的患者纳入CVE组,将未发生CVE的患者纳入非CVE组,比较两组入院时OPG/RANKL、SENP-1、Lp-PLA2水平;采用受试者操作特性(ROC)曲线评估OPG/RANKL、SENP-1、Lp-PLA2预测OSAHS患者CVE发生风险的价值。结果重度组体重指数、颈围、腰围、臀围、RANK、SENP-1、Lp-PLA2高于中度组、轻度组,中度组高于轻度组(P<0.05),OPG、OPG/RANK低于中度组、轻度组,中度组低于轻度组(P<0.05)。多元logistics回归分析结果显示,颈围、颈围、腰围、RANKL、SENP-1、Lp-PLA2高水平是OSAHS患者病情加重的危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05)。OPG、OPG/RANKL高水平是OSAHS患者病情加重的保护因素(OR<1,P<0.05)。CVE组OPG、OPG/RANKL低于非CVE组,RANKL、SENP-1、Lp-PLA2高于非CVE组(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,OPG/RANKL、SENP-1、Lp-PLA2单一及联合检测预测OSAHS患者发生CVE的曲线下面积均>0.70,具有较好预测效能,且联合检测预测效能更高。结论OPG/RANKL、SENP-1、Lp-PLA2水平与OSAHS患者病情严重程度密切相关,并可有效预测OSAHS患者发生CVE的风险。

基于核因子κB受体活化因子配体信号通路激活破骨细胞治疗骨结核的研究进展

骨结核是一种严重危害人体健康的骨科感染性疾病,其病灶组织破坏的最大特点是骨质的吸收及破坏,其中破骨细胞是骨吸收的主要细胞。破骨细胞是由造血干细胞分化而来的多核细胞,通常是由核因子κB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand,RANKL)与核因子κB受体活化因子(receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB,RANK)调控产生。结核分枝杆菌可以通过RANKL信号通路激活破骨细胞生成转录因子,以增强破骨细胞对骨质的吸收。笔者通过综述RANKL信号通路的结构及破骨细胞的研究进展,以及它们在骨结核临床治疗中可能发挥的潜在作用,为该领域的研究提供新的思路。

脂氧素A4抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB通路减缓脓毒症性急性肾损伤

目的探讨脂氧素A4(LXA4)通过抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB通路减缓脓毒症性急性肾损伤(SAKI)。方法将40只无特定病原体级雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为SAKI组、SAKI+LXA4组、假手术组、假手术+LXA4组,每组10只。采用盲肠结扎穿孔术进行SAKI造模,SAKI+LXA4组、假手术+LXA4组在术后30 min腹腔注射LXA4(40 ng/kg)。各组小鼠在造模术后24 h收集血清、尿液、肾组织。酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定各组小鼠血肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(Bun)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α),尿液中性粒细胞明胶酶相关性脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)及肾损伤分子1(KIM-1);HE及PAS染色观察小鼠肾脏损伤情况;实时荧光定量PCR检测各组小鼠肾脏Toll样受体4(TLR4)、髓样分化因子88(MyD88)、核因子-κB p65(NF-κB p65)mRNA水平;免疫组化法、蛋白免疫印迹实验检测各组小鼠TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB p65、磷酸化NF-κB p65(p-NF-κB p65)的表达。结果ELISA实验提示SAKI组Scr、Bun、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、NGAL、KIM-1水平均高于SAKI+LXA4组(P<0.05),假手术组及假手术+LXA4组Scr、Bun、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、NGAL、KIM-1无明显上升;HE及PAS染色提示SAKI组肾损伤程度明显高于SAKI+LXA4组(P<0.05),假手术组及假手术+LXA4组无明显肾损伤;实时荧光定量PCR提示SAKI组较SAKI+LXA4组TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB p65 mRNA升高(P<0.05),假手术组与假手术+LXA4组TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB p65 mRNA均低于SAKI组及SAKI+LXA4组(P<0.05);免疫组化法、蛋白免疫印迹实验结果提示SAKI组较SAKI+LXA4组TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB p65、p-NF-κB p65表达升高(P<0.05),假手术组与假手术+LXA4组TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB p65、p-NF-κB p65表达均低于SAKI组及SAKI+LXA4组(P<0.05)。结论TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB通路在SAKI发生发展中起重要作用,LXA4可能通过抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路减缓SAKI。

基于TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB通路介导的NLRP3炎性小体活性探讨振腹推拿改善CUMS模型大鼠海马组织炎性损伤的手法机制研究

目的 观察振腹推拿对抑郁症模型大鼠海马组织Toll样受体4(Toll-like Receptor 4,TLR4)/髓样分化因子88(myeloiddifferentiationfactor88,MyD88)/核因子-κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)通路介导的NLR蛋白3(NLR protein 3,NLRP3)炎性小体活性的影响,探讨振腹推拿改善抑郁症模型大鼠海马区炎性损伤的作用机制。方法 将40只大鼠随机分为4组,采用慢性不可预见性温和应激方法复制抑郁症大鼠模型。采用离子钙接头蛋白-1(ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1,Iba1)免疫荧光染色检测各组大鼠海马组织海马回(cornuammonis, CA)的小胶质细胞活化程度,采用酶联免疫吸附法法检测大鼠海马组织中肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor, TNF)-α、白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-1β、IL-6、IL-10的含量,采用蛋白免疫印迹法和实时荧光定量PCR(Real time-PCR,RT-PCR)法检测各组大鼠海马组织中TLR4、MyD88、磷酸化核因子-κB(phospho-nuclear factor kappa-B,p-NF-κB)、NLRP3、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD,ASC)蛋白及其基因表达。结果 (1)与正常组比较,模型组大鼠海马组织CA1、CA2、CA3、CA4区的活化小胶质细胞占比均显著升高(P<0.01)。与模型组大鼠比较,振腹组、氟西汀组大鼠海马组织CA1、CA2、CA4区的活化小胶质细胞占比均显著降低(P<0.01),氟西汀组大鼠海马组织CA3区的活化小胶质细胞占比与模型组相比降低有统计学差异(P<0.05),振腹组大鼠海马组织CA3区的活化小胶质细胞占比与模型组相比仅有降低趋势。(2)与正常组比较,模型组大鼠海马组织TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶-1含量显著升高(P<0.01),IL-10含量显著降低(P<0.01)。与模型组大鼠比较,振腹组、氟西汀组大鼠IL-10含量均显著升高(P<0.01),TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、Caspase-1含量均显著降低(P<0.01)。(3)与正常组比较,模型组大鼠海马组织TLR4、MyD88、p-NF-κB、NLRP3、ASC的蛋白和mRNA含量均显著升高(P<0.01)。与模型组大鼠比较,氟西汀组大鼠海马组织TLR4、MyD88、p-NF-κB、NLRP3的蛋白含量均显著降低(P<0.01),ASC的蛋白含量下降有统计学意义(P<0.05);氟西汀组大鼠TLR4、MyD88、p-NF-κB、NLRP3、ASC的mRNA含量均显著降低(P<0.01)。与模型组大鼠比较,振腹组大鼠海马组织TLR4、ASC的蛋白含量下降有统计学意义(P<0.05),MyD88、p-NF-κB、NLRP3的蛋白含量显著降低(P<0.01);振腹组大鼠TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB、NLRP3的mRNA含量均显著降低(P<0.01),ASC的mRNA含量均降低有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 振腹推拿缓解抑郁模型大鼠抑郁样行为的其机制与抑制海马组织中TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB通路介导的NLRP3炎性小体活性、改善海马组织炎性损伤有关。

Transcription factors specificity protein and nuclear receptor 4A1 in pancreatic cancer

Specificity protein(Sp)transcription factors(TFs)Sp1,Sp3 and Sp4,and the orphan nuclear receptor 4A1(NR4A1)are highly expressed in pancreatic tumors and Sp1 is a negative prognostic factor for pancreatic cancer patient survival.Results of knockdown and overexpression of Sp1,Sp3 and Sp4 in pancreatic and other cancer lines show that these TFs are individually pro-oncogenic factors and loss of one Sp TF is not compensated by other members.NR4A1 is also a prooncogenic factor and both NR4A1 and Sp TFs exhibit similar functions in pancreatic cancer cells and regulate cell growth,survival,migration and invasion.There is also evidence that Sp TFs and NR4A1 regulate some of the same genes including survivin,epidermal growth factor receptor,PAX3-FOXO1,α5-andα6-integrins,β1-,β3-andβ4-integrins;this is due to NR4A1 acting as a cofactor and mediating NR4A1/Sp1/4-regulated gene expression through GC-rich gene promoter sites.Several studies show that drugs targeting Sp downregulation or NR4A1 antagonists are highly effective inhibitors of Sp/NR4A1-regulated pathways and genes in pancreatic and other cancer cells,and the triterpenoid celastrol is a novel dual-acting agent that targets both Sp TFs and NR4A1.

优化溃结方对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠结肠Toll样受体/髓样分化因子88/核转录因子κB信号通路的影响

目的观察优化溃结方对溃疡性结肠炎(UC)大鼠结肠Toll样受体/髓样分化因子88/核转录因子κB(TLR/MyD88/NF-κB)信号通路的影响。方法将40只雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、优化溃结方组、柳氮磺吡啶组,每组10只。除空白组外,其余3组均参考三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)/乙醇二次致炎法结合束缚法建立UC气滞血瘀型大鼠模型。造模成功后优化溃结方组大鼠予优化溃结方药液1.674 g/(kg·d)灌胃,柳氮磺吡啶组大鼠予柳氮磺吡啶药液0.54 g/(kg·d)灌胃,空白组、模型组不予任何治疗。14天后检测各组大鼠血清白细胞介素17A(IL-17A)、IL-10、IL-22水平,结肠组织MyD88、TLR2、TLR4、NF-κB p65蛋白和mRNA表达水平。结果与空白组相比,模型组血清IL-17A、IL-22水平显著升高(P<0.05),IL-10水平显著下降(P<0.05);与模型组相比,优化溃结方组、柳氮磺吡啶组IL-17A、IL-22水平显著降低(P<0.05),IL-10水平显著升高(P<0.05);优化溃结方组IL-17A、IL-22、IL-10水平与柳氮磺吡啶组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与空白组相比,模型组结肠组织MyD88、TLR2、TLR4、NF-κB p65蛋白和mRNA表达均显著增加(P<0.05);与模型组相比,柳氮磺吡啶组、优化溃结方组MyD88、TLR2、TLR4、NF-κB p65蛋白和mRNA表达均显著下降(P<0.05);优化溃结方组MyD88、TLR2、TLR4、NF-κB p65蛋白和mRNA表达与柳氮磺吡啶组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论优化溃结方可能通过调节TLR/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路,降低炎症因子水平,减轻炎症反应,修复结肠组织的超微结构,从而修复UC大鼠结肠黏膜屏障功能。

Potential PET Ligands for Imaging of Cerebral VPAC and PAC Receptors: Are Non-Peptide Small Molecules Superior to Peptide Compounds?

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) have been known for decades to mediate neuroendocrine and vasodilative actions via G-protein-coupled receptors of Class B. These are targets of imaging probes for positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission tomography (SPECT) in tumor diagnostics and tumor grading. However, they play only a subordinate role in the development of tracers for brain imaging. Difficulties in development of non-peptide ligands typical for cerebral receptors of PACAP and VIP are shared by all members of Class B receptor family. Essential landmarks have been confirmed for understanding of structural details of Class B receptor molecular signalling during the last five years. High relevance in the explanation of problems in ligand development for these receptors is admitted to the large N-terminal?ectodomain markedly different from Class A receptor binding sites and poorly suitable as orthosteric binding sites for the most small-molecule compounds. The present study is focused on the recently available receptor ligands for PAC1, VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors as well as potential small-molecule lead structures suitable for use in PET or SPECT. Recently, biaryl, cyanothiophene and pentanamide structures with affinities in nM-range have been proposed as non-peptide ligands at VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors. However, most of these ligands have been classified as non-competitive related to the orthosteric binding site of endogenous peptide ligands of VPAC receptors. For PAC1 receptors have been identified hydrazide compounds for which an inhibitory and potentially competitive mechanism of receptor binding has been postulated based on molecular docking studies.

生腺布液汤对干燥综合征NOD小鼠B细胞活化因子及B细胞活化因子受体表达的影响

目的:观察生腺布液汤对干燥综合征(SS)NOD模型小鼠颌下腺及血清中B细胞活化因子(BAFF)及B细胞活化因子受体(BAFFR)的影响,探索生腺布液汤治疗SS的作用机制。方法:将24只8周龄雌性NOD小鼠随机分为模型组、硫酸羟氯喹组及生腺布液汤组,每组8只,另取8只同周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠设为正常对照组。给药组分别予生腺布液汤1.75 g/ml灌胃及硫酸羟氯喹溶液0.0026 g/ml灌胃,模型组及正常组予等量蒸馏水,连续8周。实验期间记录小鼠的一般情况及每日饮水量;HE染色观察各组小鼠颌下腺组织病理变化;免疫组化法检测颌下腺组织BAFF、BAFFR表达;ELISA法检测血清BAFF含量。结果:与模型组相比,生腺布液汤组和硫酸羟氯喹组小鼠饮水量下降(均P<0.05),血清BAFF及颌下腺组织BAFF、BAFFR表达降低(均P<0.05),颌下腺组织中淋巴细胞浸润减少,未见明显浸润灶等组织结构破坏。结论:生腺布液汤能够改善干燥综合征NOD小鼠口干症状,减轻颌下腺淋巴细胞浸润程度,其作用机制可能与降低颌下腺及血清BAFF、BAFFR表达相关。