Inetetamab combined with tegafur as second-line treatment for human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-positive gastric cancer: A case report

BACKGROUND Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER-2)plays a vital role in tumor cell proliferation and metastasis.However,the prognosis of HER2-positive gastric cancer is poor.Inetetamab,a novel anti-HER2 targeting drug independently developed in China,exhibits more potent antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity than trastuzumab,which is administered as the first-line treatment for HER2-positive gastric cancer in combination with chemotherapy.In this case,the efficacy and safety of inetetamab combined with tegafur was investigated as a second-line treatment for HER2-positive gastric cancer.CASE SUMMARY A 52-year-old male patient with HER2-positive gastric cancer presented with abdominal distension,poor appetite,and fatigue two years after receiving six cycles of oxaliplatin combined with tegafur as first-line treatment after surgery,followed by tegafur monotherapy for six months.The patient was diagnosed with postoperative recurrence of gastric adenocarcinoma.He received 17 cycles of a combination of inetetamab,an innovative domestically developed anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody,and tegafur chemotherapy as the second-line treatment(inetetamab 200 mg on day 1,every 3 wk combined with tegafur twice daily on days 1–14,every 3 wk).Evaluation of the efficacy of the second-line treatment revealed that the patient achieved a stable condition and progression-free survival of 17 months.He tolerated the treatment well without exhibiting any grade 3-4 adverse events.CONCLUSION Inetetamab combined with chemotherapy for the treatment of metastatic HER2-positive gastric cancer demonstrates significant survival benefits and acceptable safety.

Effect of insulin and metformin on methylation and glycolipid metabolism of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γcoactivator-1A of rat offspring with gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective:To discuss the effect of insulin and metformin on amethylation and glycolipid metabolism of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1A(PPARGC1A) of rat offspring with gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM).Methods:A total of 45 pregnant rats received the intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to establish the pregnant rat model of GDM.A total of 21 pregnant rats with GDM were randomly divided into three groups,with 7ruts in each group,namely the insulin group,metformin group and control group.Rats in the insulin group received the abdominal subcutaneous injection of 1 mL/kg recombinant insulin glargine at 18:00 every day.Rats in the metformin group received the intragastric infusion of metformin hydrochloride at 18:00 every day,with the first dose of 300 mg/kg.The doses of two groups were adjusted every 3 d to maintain the blood glucose level at 2.65-7.62 mmol/L.Rats in the control group received the intragastric infusion of 1 mL normal saline at 18:00 every day.After the natural delivery of pregnant rats.10 offspring rats were randomly selected from each group.At birth,4 wk and 8 wk after the birth of offspring rats,the weight of offspring rats was measured.The blood glucose level of offspring rats was measured at 4wk and 8 wk,while the level of serum insulin,triglyceride and leptin was measured at 8 wk.Results:The weight of offspring rats at birth in the insulin group and metformin group was significantly lower than the one in the control group(P<0.05),and there was no significant difference at 4 wk and 8 wk among three groups(P>0.05).The fasting blood glucose and random blood glucose in the insulin group and metformin group at 4 wk and 8 wk were all significantly lower than ones in the control group(P<0.05);there was no significant difference between the insulin group and metformin group(P>0.05).The expression of PPARGC1 A mRNA in the insulin group and metformin group was significantly higher and the methylation level of PPARGC1 A was significantly lower than the one in the control group(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference between the insulin group and metformin group(P>0.05).Insulin and leptin at 8 wk in the insulin group and metformin group were significantly higher,while triglyceride was significantly lower than the one in the control group(P<0.05);triglyceride level of rats in the insulin group was significantly higher than the one in the metformin group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in insulin and leptin level of offspring rats between the insulin group and metformin group(P>0.05).Conclusions:GDM can induce the methylation of PPARGC1 A of offspring rats to reduce the expression of PPARGC1 A mRNA and then cause the disorder of glycolipid metabolism when the offspring rats grow up;the insulin or metformin in the treatment of pregnant rats with GDM can reduce the methylation level of PPARGC1 A and thus improve the abnormal glycolipid metabolism of offspring rats.

Down-regulated expressions of PPAR_γ and its coactivator PGC-1 are related to gastric carcinogenesis and Lauren's classification in gastric carcinoma

Objective： To explore the relationship between peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma （PPARγ） and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 （PGC-1） expression in gastric carcinoma （GC）, and analyze their correlations with clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes of patients. Methods：The two-step immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of PPARγ and PGC-1 in 179 cases of GC, and 108 cases of matched normal gastric mucosa. Besides, 16 cases of fresh GC specimens and corresponding normal gastric mucosa were detected for PGC-1 expression with Western blotting. Results： The positive rates of PPART and PGC-1 expression were significantly lower in GC （54.75%, 49.16%） than in normal gastric mucosa （70.37%, 71.30%）, respectively （P〈0.05）. The decreased expression of PGC-1 in GC was confirmed ha our Western blot analysis （P=0.004）. PPAR7 and PGC-1 expressions were related to Lauren＇s types ofGC （P〈0.05）. Positive correlation was found between PPART and PGC-1 expression in GC （rk=0.422, P〈0.001）. The survival time of PPART negative and positive patients was 36.6±3.0 vs. 38.5_＋2.7 months, and no statistical difference was found between the 5-year survival rates of two groups （34.4% vs. 44.1%, P=0.522, log-rank test）; the survival time of PGC-1 negative and positive patients was 36.2±2.8 vs. 39.9±2.9 months, while no statistical difference was found between the 5-year survival rates of the two groups （32.0% vs. 48.2%, P=0.462, log-rank test） Conclusions＇. Decreased expression of PPARγand PGC-1 in GC was related to the Lauren＇s classification. Their expressions in GC were positively correlated, indicating that their fimctions in gastric carcinogenesis may be closely related.

Inhibitory roles of protein kinase B and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator on hepatic HMG-CoA reductase promoter activity

Since we had previously demonstrated that siRNAs to tristetraprolin (TTP) markedly inhibited insulin stimulation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) transcription, we investigated the effects of transfecting rat liver with TTP constructs. We found that transfecting diabetic rats with TTP did not increase HMGR transcription but rather led to modest inhibition. We then investigated whether co-transfection with protein kinase B, hepatic form (AKT2), might lead to phosphorylation and result in activation of HMGR transcription. We found that this treatment resulted in near complete inhibition of transcription. Transfection with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g coactivator (PGC-1a) also inhibited HMGR transcription. These results show that although TTP is needed for activation of HMGR transcription, it cannot by itself activate this process. AKT2 and PGC-1a, which mediate the activation of gluconeogenic genes by insulin, exert the opposite effect on HMGR.

Clinical outcomes of lenvatinib plus transarterial chemoembolization with or without programmed death receptor-1 inhibitors in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND Programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)inhibitors have been approved as secondline treatment regimen in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),but it is still worth studying whether patients can benefit from PD-1 inhibitors as first-line drugs combined with targeted drugs and locoregional therapy.AIM To estimate the clinical outcome of transarterial chemoembolization(TACE)and lenvatinib plus PD-1 inhibitors for patients with unresectable HCC(uHCC).METHODS We carried out retrospective research of 65 patients with uHCC who were treated at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from September 2017 to February 2022.45 patients received the PD-1 inhibitors,lenvatinib,TACE(PD-1-Lenv-T)therapy,and 20 received the lenvatinib,TACE(Lenv-T)therapy.In terms of the dose of lenvatinib,8 mg was given orally for patients weighing less than 60 kg and 12 mg for those weighing more than 60 kg.Of the patients in the PD-1 inhibitor combination group,15 received Toripalimab,14 received Toripalimab,14 received Camrelizumab,4 received Pembrolizumab,9 received Sintilimab,and 2 received Nivolumab,1 with Tislelizumab.According to the investigators’assessment,TACE was performed every 4-6 wk when the patient had good hepatic function(Child-Pugh class A or B)until disease progression occurred.We evaluated the efficacy by the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors(mRECIST criteria).We accessd the safety by the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events,v 5.0.The key adverse events(AEs)after the initiation of combination therapy were observed.RESULTS Patients with uHCC who received PD-1-Lenv-T therapy(n=45)had a clearly longer overall survival than those who underwent Lenv-T therapy(n=20,26.8 vs 14.0 mo;P=0.027).The median progression-free survival time between the two treatment regimens was also measured{11.7 mo[95%confidence interval(CI):7.7-15.7]in the PD-1-Lenv-T group vs 8.5 mo(95%CI:3.0-13.9)in the Lenv-T group(P=0.028)}.The objective response rates of the PD-1-Lenv-T group and Lenv-T group were 44.4%and 20%(P=0.059)according to the mRECIST criteria,meanwhile the disease control rates were 93.3%and 64.0%(P=0.003),respectively.The type and frequency of AEs showed little distinction between patients received the two treatment regimens.CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the early combination of PD-1 inhibitors has manageable toxicity and hopeful efficacy in patients with uHCC.

Distinct expression profiles of transcriptional coactivators for thyroid hormone receptors during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis

The biological effects of thyroid hormone (T3) are mediated by the thyroid hormone receptor (TR). Amphibian metamorphosis is one of the most dramatic processes that are dependent on T3. T3 regulates a series of orchestrated developmental changes, which ultimately result in the conversion of an aquatic herbivorous tadpole to a terrestrial carnivorous frog. T3 is presumed to bind to TRs, which in turn recruit coactivators, leading to gene activation. The best-studied coactivators belong to the p160 or SRC family. Members of this family include SRC1/NCoA-1, SRC2/TIF2/GRIP1, and SRC3/pCIP/ACTR/AIB-1/RAC-3/TRAM-1. These SRCs interact directly with liganded TR and function as adapter molecules to recruit other coactivators such as p300/CBP. Here, we studied the expression patterns of these coactivators during various stages of development. Amongst the coactivators cloned in Xenopus laevis, SRC3 was found to be dramatically upregulated during natural and T3-induced metamorphosis, and SRC2 and p300 are expressed throughout postembryonic development with little change in their expression levels. These results support the view that these coactivators participate in gene regulation by TR during metamorphosis.

Role of Neuropeptide Y and Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Coactivator-1α in Stress Cardiomyopathy

Death following situations of intense emotional stress has been linked to the cardiac pathology described as stress cardiomyopathy, whose pathomechanism is still not clear. In this study, we sought to determine, via an animal model, whether the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α) and the amino peptide neuropeptide Y (NPY) play a role in the pathogenesis of this cardiac entity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats in the experimental group were subjected to immobilization in a plexy glass box for 1 h, which was followed by low voltage elec-tric foot shock for about 1h at 10s intervals in a cage fitted with metallic rods. After 25 days the rats were sacrificed and sections of their hearts were processed. Hematoxylin-eosin staining of cardiac tissues revealed the characteristic cardiac lesions of stress cardiomyopathy such as contraction band necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis. The semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis for PGC-1α mRNA expression showed significant overexpression of PGC1-α in the stress-subjected rats (P<0.05). Fluorescence immunohistochemistry revealed a higher production of NPY in the stress-subjected rats as compared to the control rats (P=0.0027). Thus, we are led to conclude that following periods of intense stress, an increased expression of PGC1-α in the heart and an overflow of NPY may lead to stress car-diomyopathy and even death in susceptible victims. Moreover, these markers can be used to identify stress cardiomyopathy as the cause of sudden death in specific cases.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 positive breast cancer

The body of evidence investigating human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER2)directed therapy in patients with breast cancer(BC)has been growing within the last decade.Recently,the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs)has been of particular interest in the treatment of human malignancies.This literature commentary is intended to highlight the most recent findings associated with the widely-studied TKI agents and their clinical significance in improving the outcomes of HER2 positive BC.

Activation of G-protein-coupled receptor 39 reduces neuropathic pain in a rat model

Activated G-protein-coupled receptor 39(GPR39)has been shown to attenuate inflammation by interacting with sirtuin 1(SIRT1)and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γcoactivator 1α(PGC-1α).However,whether GPR39 attenuates neuropathic pain remains unclear.In this study,we established a Sprague-Dawley rat model of spared nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain and found that GPR39 expression was significantly decreased in neurons and microglia in the spinal dorsal horn compared with sham-operated rats.Intrathecal injection of TC-G 1008,a specific agonist of GPR39,significantly alleviated mechanical allodynia in the rats with spared nerve injury,improved spinal cord mitochondrial biogenesis,and alleviated neuroinflammation.These changes were abolished by GPR39 small interfering RNA(siRNA),Ex-527(SIRT1 inhibitor),and PGC-1αsiRNA.Taken together,these findings show that GPR39 activation ameliorates mechanical allodynia by activating the SIRT1/PGC-1αpathway in rats with spared nerve injury.

白藜芦醇通过SIRT1/PGC-1α影响牛肌管细胞线粒体生物发生和肌纤维类型转化

以牛肌管细胞为研究对象,通过添加白藜芦醇探究其对牛肌管细胞肌纤维类型转化的影响及其作用机制。通过噻唑蓝法和比色法对细胞活力和相关代谢酶活力进行测定,对成肌调节因子、肌球蛋白重链(myosin heavy chains,MyHCs)以及线粒体生物发生相关分子的基因和蛋白表达量进行测定。结果表明,白藜芦醇处理显著提高了Myf5、Myf6、MyoG和MyoD的基因表达水平(P<0.05),促进了牛肌管细胞分化。白藜芦醇处理显著提高了慢肌纤维蛋白(slow MyHC)的表达,降低了快肌纤维蛋白(fast MyHC)表达,同时上调了MyHC I和MyHC IIa基因表达水平,下调了MyHC IIx和MyHC IIb基因表达水平(P<0.05)。白藜芦醇还能显著提高牛肌管细胞中的琥珀酸脱氢酶和苹果酸脱氢酶活性,降低乳酸脱氢酶活性(P<0.05),此外,白藜芦醇显著提高了沉默信息调节因子1(silent information regulator 1,SIRT1)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子1α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α,PGC-1α)、核呼吸因子(nucleus respiratory factors,NRF)-1、线粒体转录因子A(mitochondrial transcription factor A,TFAM)的基因和蛋白表达水平(P<0.05)。添加SIRT1抑制剂6-氯-2,3,4,9-四氢-1H-咔唑-1-甲酰胺(1H-carbazole-1-carboxam,EX527)后,显著削弱了白藜芦醇诱导的肌纤维类型转化(P<0.05),白藜芦醇对SIRT1、PGC-1α、NRF-1和TFAM的基因和蛋白表达的促进作用被EX527显著削弱(P<0.05)。综上所述,白藜芦醇通过激活SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路促进线粒体生物发生,进而促进牛肌管肌纤维类型的转化。

基于SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路探讨抑眩宁颗粒干预缺血性眩晕的作用机制

目的:探讨抑眩宁颗粒对沉默信息调节因子1(SIRT1)/过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅激活因子1α(PGC-1α)信号通路的调控作用及对缺血性眩晕大鼠眩晕症状的改善作用。方法:对清洁级SD大鼠进行电刺激逃避反射训练3 d后建立缺血性眩晕模型。将大鼠分为模型组、抑眩宁颗粒组(6 g/kg)、SIRT1抑制剂(EX527)组(5 mg/kg)、抑眩宁颗粒+EX527组(抑眩宁颗粒6 g/kg+EX5275 mg/kg),各组给予相应药物干预7 d;另取16只清洁级SD大鼠作为假手术组(进行造模前训练,仅穿线不结扎)。采用跳台逃避实验测定跳台逃避潜伏期;多普勒激光血流仪测量大鼠前庭神经核组织血流量,计算血流量下降率;苏木精-伊红染色观察大鼠脑组织病理特征;酶联免疫吸附法检测大鼠脑组织丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、一氧化氮(NO)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量;蛋白免疫印迹法检测大鼠脑组织SIRT1、PGC-1α、B淋巴细胞瘤-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2)蛋白表达水平。结果:与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠脑组织神经细胞变形、固缩和凋亡,跳台逃避潜伏期、给药后血流量下降率、脑组织MDA、NO、IL-1β、TNF-α含量、Bax蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05),SOD活性、SIRT1、PGC-1α和Bcl-2蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,抑眩宁颗粒组大鼠脑组织凋亡变异的细胞数量减少,胶质周围的正常细胞数量增多,跳台逃避潜伏期、给药后血流量下降率、脑组织MDA、NO、IL-1β、TNF-α含量及Bax蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),SOD活性、SIRT1、PGC-1α和Bcl-2蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05);EX527组大鼠脑组织神经细胞严重变形,固缩和凋亡现象明显,跳台逃避潜伏期、给药后血流量下降率、脑组织MDA、NO、IL-1β、TNF-α含量及Bax蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05),SOD活性、SIRT1、PGC-1α和Bcl-2蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05)。EX527可逆转抑眩宁颗粒对缺血性眩晕大鼠的改善作用(P<0.05)。结论:抑眩宁颗粒可能通过激活SIRT1/PGC-1α通路、抑制氧化应激和炎症反应,进而改善缺血性眩晕大鼠眩晕症状。

交互记忆系统视角下顾客参与共同设计对定制企业价值共创效果的影响

为探索定制企业如何基于顾客的共同设计实现价值共创,基于交互记忆系统理论,刻画“顾客参与的虚拟团队”中交互记忆系统的行为特征,并将企业的协同型顾客敏捷性和产品适应性创新作为价值共创效果的衡量,构建顾客参与共同设计对价值共创效果影响的研究模型。采用问卷调研法获取了304份有效的定制企业样本。研究表明:顾客的认知参与、情感参与对交互记忆系统的行为特征具有积极影响;交互记忆系统的3个行为特征,即专业性、可信性、协调性,对价值共创效果具有积极影响,企业的吸收能力在此过程中产生正向的调节作用。

石见穿诱导铁死亡抑制小鼠食管癌发生发展的研究

背景食管癌是一种在中国乃至全球范围内常见的消化道恶性肿瘤,具有很高的发病率和致死率。石见穿(SJC)作为传统中药,其清热解毒、活血镇痛之功常用于食管癌的治疗中。药理实验研究证明,SJC具有抗癌性,可有效治疗多种恶性肿瘤。目的基于铁死亡探讨SJC抑制C57小鼠食管原位癌发生发展的作用和机制。方法2022年2月—2023年2月选取SPF级C57BL/6雌鼠90只,随机分为对照组(Control组,n=15)、单纯4NQO诱癌组(4NQO组,n=25)、4-硝基喹啉N-氧化物(4NQO)+SJC低剂量组[4NQO/SJC(91 mg)组,n=25]和4NQO+SJC高剂量组[4NQO/SJC(182 mg)组,n=25]。采用4NQO诱导的方式进行C57小鼠食管癌原位模型的制备。观察小鼠活动情况,记录其精神状况和进食饮水情况,每隔8周分组测量小鼠体质量并进行记录。32周后进行食管组织苏木素-伊红(HE)染色和病理学分析。测定食管组织Fe^(2+)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,采用蛋白质印迹法检测小鼠食管组织中核受体共激活因子4(NCOA4),谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(GPX4)蛋白质的表达水平。采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制小鼠的生存曲线,生存曲线的比较采用Breslow检验。结果造模8、16、24、32周4NQO组、4NQO/SJC(91 mg)组、4NQO/SJC(182 mg)组小鼠体质量低于Control组,32周4NQO/SJC(91 mg)组、4NQO/SJC(182 mg)组小鼠体质量高于4NQO组(P<0.05)。Breslow检验结果显示,4组小鼠生存曲线比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=9.907,P=0.019)。HE染色结果可见,4NQO组小鼠食管上皮组织呈现异常增生,细胞排列紊乱,出现角化珠等异常病理改变;与4NQO组比较,4NQO/SJC(91 mg)组和4NQO/SJC(182 mg)组食管上皮组织病理学改变明显改善。4NQO组、4NQO/SJC(91 mg)组、4NQO/SJC(182 mg)组Fe^(2+)、MDA均低于Control组,GSH均高于Control组(P<0.05);4NQO/SJC(91 mg)组、4NQO/SJC(182 mg)组Fe^(2+)、MDA均高于4NQO组,GSH均低于4NQO组(P<0.05);4NQO/SJC(182 mg)组Fe^(2+)、MDA均高于4NQO/SJC(91 mg)组,GSH均低于4NQO/SJC(91 mg)组(P<0.05)。4NQO组NCOA4低于Control组、4NQO/SJC(91 mg)组、4NQO/SJC(182 mg)组,GPX4高于Control组、4NQO/SJC(91 mg)组、4NQO/SJC(182 mg)组(P<0.05);4NQO/SJC(91 mg)组、4NQO/SJC(182 mg)组GPX4高于Control组(P<0.05)。结论SJC可干预食管癌的发生发展,其机制可能与NCOA4介导的铁蛋白吞噬作用相关。

Mechanism of acupuncture in attenuating cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury based on nuclear receptor coactivator 4 mediated ferritinophagy

OBJECTIVE:To explore the effect of acupuncture treatment on cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury(CIRI)and reveal the underlying mechanism of the effect based on nuclear receptor coactivator 4(NCOA4)mediated ferritinophagy.METHODS:Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into four groups:the sham group,model group,acupuncture group,and sham acupuncture group.After 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO),reperfusion was performed for 24 h to induce CIRI.The rats were treated with acupuncture at the Neiguan(PC6)and Shuigou(GV26)acupoints.Their neurological function was evaluated by taking their Bederson scores at 2 h after ischaemia and 24 h after reperfusion.Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was applied to assess the cerebral infarct volume at 24 h after reperfusion.The malondialdehyde(MDA)and ferrous iron(Fe^(2+))levels were observed after 24 h of reperfusion using an assay kit.Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of NCOA4 and ferritin heavy chain 1(FTH1)at 24 h after reperfusion.Moreover,the colocalization of ferritin with neurons,NCOA4 with microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3),and NCOA4 with ferritin was visualized using immunofluorescence staining.RESULTS:Acupuncture significantly improved neurological function and decreased cerebral infarct volume in the acupuncture group.Following CIRI,the expression of NCOA4,LC3 and FTH1 was increased,which enhanced ferritinophagy and induced an inappropriate accumulation of Fe^(2+)and MDA in the ischaemic brain.However,acupuncture dramatically downregulated the expression of NCOA4,LC3 and FTH1,inhibited the overactivation of ferritinophagy,and decreased the levels of MDA and Fe^(2+).CONCLUSIONS:Acupuncture can inhibit NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy and protect neurons against CIRI in a rat model.

Argatroban promotes recovery of spinal cord injury by inhibiting the PAR1/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway

Argatroban is a synthetic thrombin inhibitor approved by U.S.Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of thrombosis.However,whether it plays a role in the repair of spinal cord injury is unknown.In this study,we established a rat model of T10 moderate spinal cord injury using an NYU Impactor ModerⅢand performed intraperitoneal injection of argatroban for 3 consecutive days.Our results showed that argatroban effectively promoted neurological function recovery after spinal cord injury and decreased thrombin expression and activity in the local injured spinal cord.RNA sequencing transcriptomic analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes in the argatroban-treated group were enriched in the JAK2/STAT3 pathway,which is involved in astrogliosis and glial scar formation.Western blotting and immunofluorescence results showed that argatroban downregulated the expression of the thrombin receptor PAR1 in the injured spinal cord and the JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway.Argatroban also inhibited the activation and proliferation of astrocytes and reduced glial scar formation in the spinal cord.Taken together,these findings suggest that argatroban may inhibit astrogliosis by inhibiting the thrombin-mediated PAR1/JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway,thereby promoting the recovery of neurological function after spinal cord injury.

Nuclear receptor coactivator 6 is a critical regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and gouty arthritis

Transcriptional coactivators regulate the rate of gene expression in the nucleus.Nuclear receptor coactivator 6(NCOA6),a coactivator,has been implicated in embryonic development,metabolism,and cancer pathogenesis,but its role in innate immunity and inflammatory diseases remains unclear.Here,we demonstrated that NCOA6 was expressed in monocytes and macrophages and that its level was increased under proinflammatory conditions.Unexpectedly,nuclear NCOA6 was found to translocate to the cytoplasm in activated monocytes and then become incorporated into the inflammasome with NLRP3 and ASC,forming cytoplasmic specks.Mechanistically,NCOA6 associated with the ATP hydrolysis motifs in the NACHT domain of NLRP3,promoting the oligomerization of NLRP3 and ASC and thereby instigating the production of IL-1βand active caspase-1.Of note,Ncoa6 deficiency markedly inhibited NLRP3 hyperactivation caused by the Nlrp3^(R258W) gain-of-function mutation in macrophages.Genetic ablation of Ncoa6 substantially attenuated the severity of two NLRP3-dependent diseases,folic-induced acute tubular necrosis and crystal-induced arthritis,in mice.Consistent with these findings,NCOA6 was highly expressed in macrophages derived from gout patients,and NCOA6-positive macrophages were significantly enriched in gout macrophages according to the transcriptome profiling results.Conclusively,NCOA6 is a critical regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and is therefore a promising target for NLRP3-dependent diseases,including gout.

Irisin/BDNF signaling in the muscle-brain axis and circadian system: A review

In mammals,the timing of physiological,biochemical and behavioral processes over a 24-h period is controlled by circadian rhythms.To entrain the master clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus to a precise 24-h rhythm,environmental zeitgebers are used by the circadian system.This is done primarily by signals from the retina via the retinohypothalamic tract,but other cues like exercise,feeding,temperature,anxiety,and social events have also been shown to act as non-photic zeitgebers.The recently identified myokine irisin is proposed to serve as an entraining non-photic signal of exercise.Irisin is a product of cleavage and modification from its precursor membrane fibronectin typeⅢdomain-containing protein 5(FNDC5)in response to exercise.Apart from well-known peripheral effects,such as inducing the"browning"of white adipocytes,irisin can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and display the effects on the brain.Experimental data suggest that FNDC5/irisin mediates the positive effects of physical activity on brain functions.In several brain areas,irisin induces the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF).In the master clock,a significant role in gating photic stimuli in the retinohypothalamic synapse for BDNF is suggested.However,the brain receptor for irisin remains unknown.In the current review,the interactions of physical activity and the irisin/BDNF axis with the circadian system are reconceptualized.

Transcription factor EHF interacting with coactivator AJUBA aggravates malignancy and acts as a therapeutic target for gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma

Transcriptional dysregulation of genes is a hallmark of tumors and can serve as targets for cancer drug development.However,it is extremely challenging to develop small-molecule inhibitors to target abnormally expressed transcription factors(TFs)except for the nuclear receptor family of TFs.Little is known about the interaction between TFs and transcription cofactors in gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma(GEA)or the therapeutic effects of targeting TF and transcription cofactor complexes.In this study,we found that ETS homologous factor(EHF)expression is promoted by a core transcriptional regulatory circuitry(CRC),specifically ELF3-KLF5-GATA6,and interference with its expression suppressed the malignant biological behavior of GEA cells.Importantly,we identified Ajuba LIM protein(AJUBA)as a new coactivator of EHF that cooperatively orchestrates transcriptional network activity in GEA.Furthermore,we identified KRAS signaling as a common pathway downstream of EHF and AJUBA.Applicably,dual targeting of EHF and AJUBA by lipid nanoparticles cooperatively attenuated the malignant biological behaviors of GEA in vitro and in vivo.In conclusion,EHF is upregulated by the CRC and promotes GEA malignancy by interacting with AJUBA through the KRAS pathway.Targeting of both EHF and its coactivator AJUBA through lipid nanoparticles is a novel potential therapeutic strategy.

铁蛋白自噬在糖尿病及其相关并发症发病机制中的研究进展

糖尿病(DM)是一种常见的代谢性疾病,其高血糖状态可诱发多种并发症,甚至威胁人类健康和生命安全。铁蛋白自噬作为目前的研究热点,已被证实与糖尿病及其并发症的发生和发展有关。铁蛋白自噬是细胞选择性自噬的一种类型,该过程由核受体共激活因子4(NCOA4)介导,使铁蛋白在自噬体中降解并释放过量的铁离子导致铁过载,引发活性氧积聚,是细胞铁死亡的重要上游机制。现就铁蛋白自噬相关机制以及它在DM及其并发症中的发病机制进行综述,进一步分析通过调控铁蛋白自噬对DM及其并发症的影响,为进一步防治DM及其并发症提供新的思路。

姜黄醇对大鼠抑郁的改善作用及机制实验研究

目的:探讨姜黄醇对大鼠抑郁的改善作用及机制。方法:将18只大鼠作为假手术组,其余大鼠(72只)通过铁死亡诱导剂Erastin诱导抑郁症模型。将造模成功的抑郁大鼠随机分为Erastin组、姜黄醇组(10 mg/kg姜黄醇)、姜黄醇+pcDNA-NC组(10 mg/kg姜黄醇+尾静脉注射pcDNA-NC)、姜黄醇+pcDNA-核受体共激活因子4(NCOA4)组(10 mg/kg姜黄醇+尾静脉注射pcDNA-NCOA4),每组18只。假手术组和Erastin组给予等量0.9%氯化钠溶液。采用糖水偏好实验(SPT)、旷场实验(OFT)、悬尾实验(TST)、强迫游泳实验(FST)进行动物行为学评价。采用透射电子显微镜观察海马组织线粒体形态。采用ELISA试剂盒测定铁含量。采用Western blot检测海马组织自噬及铁死亡相关蛋白表达。结果:假手术组海马组织线粒体结构正常。与假手术组比较,Erastin组神经元中线粒体肿胀,线粒体嵴丢失,蔗糖水偏好、OFT中心区移动距离、OFT交叉次数、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(GPX4)蛋白表达水平显著降低,FST静止时间、TST静止时间、OFT静止时间、总铁和亚铁含量以及NCOA4、微管相关蛋白轻链3-Ⅱ(LC3-Ⅱ)/LC3-Ⅰ、环氧合酶2(COX2)、长链脂酰辅酶A合成酶4(ACSL4)、环加氧酶2(PTGS2)蛋白表达水平显著升高(均P<0.05)。与Erastin组比较,姜黄醇组线粒体肿胀、线粒体嵴丢失现象改善,蔗糖水偏好、OFT中心区移动距离、OFT交叉次数、GPX4蛋白表达水平显著升高,FST静止时间、TST静止时间、OFT静止时间、总铁和亚铁含量以及NCOA4、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、COX2、ACSL4、PTGS2蛋白表达水平显著降低(均P<0.05)。姜黄醇+pcDNA-NCOA4组与Erastin组海马组织线粒体损伤现象相似。与姜黄醇组、姜黄醇+pcDNA-NC组比较,姜黄醇+pcDNA-NCOA4组蔗糖水偏好、OFT中心区移动距离、OFT交叉次数、GPX4蛋白表达水平显著降低,FST静止时间、TST静止时间、OFT静止时间、总铁和亚铁含量以及NCOA4、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、COX2、ACSL4、PTGS2蛋白表达水平显著升高(均P<0.05)。结论:姜黄醇可能通过下调NCOA4介导的铁自噬调控铁死亡,进而起到抗抑郁作用。